复合电刷镀镍–钨–钴–纳米碳化硅及其性能

采用电刷镀工艺在45钢表面制备了Ni-W-Co-n-Sic(纳米碳化硅)复合镀层,镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO_4·7H_2O 393 g/L,Na_2WO_4·2H_2O 23 g/L,H_3BO_3 31 g/L,柠檬酸42 g/L,Na_2SO_4 6.5 g/L,CoSO_4·7H_2O 3 g/L,NaF 5g/L,n-SiC 0~30 g/L,温度25~45℃,pH 1.4~2.4,电压5~7 V,镀笔速率0.8 m/s,时间25 min。以Ni-W-Co合金镀层的外观为指标,筛选得到较适合的复合电刷镀电压为6 V。研究了镀液n-SiC含量对镀层的组织结构、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,镀液中n-SiC含量为15~25 g/L时,可以获得颗粒均匀分布、无微裂纹的Ni-W-Co-n-SiC复合镀层。随镀液中n-SiC含量增大,复合镀层的晶化程度、Ni固溶度和显微硬度均提高,耐磨性改善,但摩擦因数的变化不大。     

电刷镀镍–氧化钇纳米复合镀层的组织与耐蚀性

采用电刷镀工艺制备了Ni–Y2O3纳米复合镀层,镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO4·6H2O 230~255 g/L,柠檬酸三钠90~105 g/L,乙酸铵20~30 g/L,Y2O3 15 g/L,表面活性剂0.01 g/L,pH 7.2~7.5,温度20°C,电压12 V,电笔速率100~120 mm/s,时间15 min。分别利用电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站表征了镀层的表面形貌、微观结构和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,与快速镍镀层相比,Ni–Y2O3纳米复合镀层更为平整、致密,晶粒相对细小。Ni–Y2O3复合镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位和腐蚀速率分别为-184.86 mV和0.0596 mm/a,腐蚀后表面只是局部存在轻微的凹坑,因此Ni–Y2O3复合镀层的耐腐蚀性能明显优于快速镍镀层。     

电刷镀镍–石墨烯复合镀层的制备及导热性能

采用电刷镀技术在45钢表面制备了镍-石墨烯(GE)复合镀层。镀液配方和工艺条件为:NiSO_4·6H_2O 220 g/L,CH_3COONH_4 40 g/L,(NH_4)_3C_6H_5O_7 45 g/L,GE 0.5 g/L,NH_3·H_2O 100~130 mL/L,十二烷基硫酸钠适量,pH 7.3~7.5,电压+12 V,镀笔速率10~12 m/min,时间5 min。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、拉曼光谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和激光热导仪表征了Ni–GE复合镀层的微观结构、GE分布和导热性。与纯Ni镀层相比,Ni–GE复合镀层更致密,晶粒尺寸更小。复合电刷镀Ni–GE层的沉积速率(8.4μm/min)低于电刷镀Ni层的沉积速率(10.4μm/min)。Ni–GE复合镀层在25℃与100℃下的热导率较Ni镀层分别提高了11.5%和25.8%,导热性更优。     

羧基配位剂对电镀镍–磷合金的影响

以羧基类物质作配位剂,在A3钢板表面电沉积制备Ni–P合金镀层。镀液基础组成和工艺参数为:NiSO4·6H2O 240 g/L,NiCl2·6H2O 45 g/L,NaH2PO2·H2O 50 g/L,H3BO3 35 g/L,NaF30 g/L,pH 2.0,温度70°C,电流密度2.5 A/dm2,时间20 min。研究了镀液中羧基配位剂含量对Ni–P镀层沉积速率和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随羧基配位剂含量增大,沉积速率减小,镀层耐蚀性先改善后变差。其适宜含量为20~30 g/L。羧基配位剂含量为25 g/L时,镀层外观光亮、结合力良好,耐蚀性和耐磨性优于未加配位剂的镀层。镀层的P含量为18.11%,属于高磷非晶态Ni–P镀层。羧基配位剂具有细化镀层晶粒的作用,使镀层表面更为平整、致密。     

镍?钴?纳米氧化铝复合电刷镀层在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用电刷镀技术在45钢上制备了Ni-Co-纳米Al_2O_3复合镀层,镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO_4·7H_2O 100～125 g/L,CoSO_4·7H_2O 50g/L,NiCl_2·6H_2O 40g/L,HCOOH 18g/L,CH_3COOH 48g/L,盐酸150g/L,硫酸肼0.1g/L,纳米Al_2O_3 20g/L,正接,电压10～12V,镀笔速率5～8m/min,时间30min。通过塔菲尔曲线测试、电化学阻抗谱分析和浸泡腐蚀试验对比了电刷镀Ni-Co合金镀层、Ni-Co-纳米Al_2O_3复合镀层和挂镀硬铬层在5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性。结果表明,Ni-Co-纳米Al_2O_3复合镀层表面平整、均匀、致密,纳米Al_2O_3均匀分布,耐蚀性优于Ni-Co合金镀层和硬铬镀层,有望取代硬铬镀层在中性腐蚀环境中的应用。     

电压对电刷镀三价铬镀层性能的影响

在45钢表面电刷镀得到三价铬镀层,镀液组成和工艺条件为:Cr2(SO4)36H2O 0.4 mol/L,甲酸铵0.5 mol/L,氨基乙酸0.5 mol/L,H3BO30.6 mol/L,NaH2PO2 H2O 0.3 mol/L,pH=1.5,温度50°C,镀笔移动速率15 cm/s。研究了电压对镀铬层显微结构、表面粗糙度、厚度、显微硬度和耐磨性的影响。随电压增大,镀层厚度增大,显微硬度和耐磨性均先提高后降低。电压为14 V时,镀层的表面平整,粗糙度为2.387μm,显微硬度为602 HV,耐磨性最好。     

粉体粒度对镍/Ti3SiC2复合镀层耐磨性的影响

采用电沉积法制备了Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层。镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO4·6H2O 250 g/L,NiCl2·6H2O 45 g/L,H3BO340 g/L,Ti3SiC2粉体35 g/L,pH 4.0,温度(55±1)°C,搅拌速率400 r/min,电流密度0.65 A/dm2,时间30 min。研究了Ti3SiC2粉体粒度对Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随Ti3SiC2粉体粒度减小,复合镀层的表面粗糙度减小,耐磨性提高。经磨损试验后,Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层未出现裂纹或剥落等严重的磨损现象,说明Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层具有良好的耐磨性。     

镍-铝颗粒复合电镀工艺

以不锈钢为基体,电沉积制备镍–铝复合镀层。研究了电流密度、pH、搅拌速率、镀液中Al颗粒含量及温度对镍–铝复合镀层外观和Al含量的影响。复合镀的较佳工艺参数为:NiSO4·7H2O(150±2)g/L,NH4Cl(15±1)g/L,H3BO3(15±1)g/L,C12H25SO4Na(0.10±0.01)g/L,明胶0.5g/L,Al颗粒30g/L,消泡剂适量,温度(30±2)°C,pH4.5,电流密度2.5A/dm2,搅拌速率150r/min,时间90min。在较佳工艺下,所得镀层的Al含量为4.4%～5.2%(质量分数),表面较为均匀,但略显粗糙。     

电火花加工用铜基镍–氧化铝复合电极的制备及性能

以纯铜棒为基体,采用复合电镀技术制备了Ni–Al2O3复合电极。镀液组成和工艺条件为:Ni SO4·6H2O 250~300 g/L,Ni Cl2·6H2O 40~50 g/L,Al2O3 10~60 g/L,H3BO3 35~40 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.05 g/L,p H 3~4,阴极平均电流密度2~6 A/dm2,温度30~70°C,时间3 h。分析了镀液中Al2O3颗粒添加量、温度和阴极电流密度对Ni–Al2O3复合镀层Al2O3含量、均匀性和显微硬度的影响。分别以Ni–Al2O3复合电极和纯铜电极为工具,对W7Mo4Cr4V2Co5高速钢进行电火花加工(EDM)试验。在Al2O3添加量30 g/L、阴极电流密度3 A/dm2、温度50°C的条件下,所得镀层厚度为100μm,Al2O3颗粒体积分数为14.48%,显微硬度为434.72 HV,综合性能最佳。Ni–Al2O3复合电极在EDM试验中的相对质量损耗约为纯铜电极的1/5,抗电蚀性更优。     

氨基磺酸盐体系复合电沉积镍-钴-氧化钇工艺的正交优化

通过正交试验对超声波辅助复合电沉积Ni–Co–Y2O3工艺进行优化,得到最佳镀液组成和工艺参数为:Ni(NH2SO3)2·4H2O100 g/L,Co(SO3NH2)2·4H2O 20 g/L,H3BO3 40 g/L,纳米Y2O3 3.0 g/L,p H 4.2,温度40°C,电流密度5 A/dm2,超声波功率300 W,时间1.25 h。在最优工艺下所得Ni–Co–Y2O3复合镀层细致、平整,含0.98%(质量分数)的Y2O3颗粒,显微硬度为538.85 HV,耐磨性较优。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.