一步法制备明胶-阿拉伯树胶电子墨水微胶囊

采用硬脂酸对TiO2纳米颗粒进行表面改性处理,以明胶-阿拉伯树胶为壁材,通过 一步复凝聚法制备了白色电子墨水微胶囊.傅立叶变换红外光谱仪及动态光散射仪分析表明,改性后的TiO2在四氯乙烯中具有良好的分散性.对分散体系进行微胶囊化处理后,颗粒能够均匀而稳定地分布在微胶囊内.调节明胶-阿拉伯胶用量、滴酸速度及浓度等,获得了无粘连、囊壁光滑、厚度可控的微胶囊.在10 V/靘的直流电场作用下,胶囊内改性TiO2纳米颗粒表现出良好的电场响应可逆移动特征.     

黄绿电子墨水微胶囊的制备及性能研究

利用十八胺改性的酞菁绿G作为绿色显示颗粒,span80为电荷控制剂,四氯乙烯为分散介质,油溶黄为背景色,制备稳定的电泳液,采用界面聚合法制备出电子墨水微胶囊。研究了改性后的酞菁绿G颗粒在电泳液中分散性和颗粒大小分布,通过SEM照片证明,当十八胺的质量分数为4%时,酞青绿G在四氯乙烯下分散效果最好。对电泳液进行微胶囊化处理后,在E=50V/mm电场下,微胶囊中的颗粒可以进行可逆运动。     

用于显示技术的炭黑表面改性及其特性研究

采用浓硝酸(50%)与硅烷偶联剂(KH550)分别对炭黑进行了表面改性。采用SEM、EDS研究了改性炭黑的粒径、形貌及元素含量;采用金相显微镜和紫外-可见光分光光度计分析了改性炭黑在四氯乙烯中的分散性。利用自制电泳装置测试了氧化改性炭黑的电场响应特性。结果表明,表面改性后的炭黑电导率下降,具有更优良的分散性与电场响应特性。电荷控制剂span-80可以有效提高改性炭黑在TCE中的分散性。     

多层铜布线表面CMP后颗粒去除研究

针对目前清洗技术存在的问题进行了详细分析,研究了微电子材料表面污染物的来源及其危害,并介绍了表面活性剂在颗粒去除方面的作用。研究了化学机械抛光(CMP)后Cu布线片表面的颗粒吸附状态,分析了铜片表面颗粒的吸附机理。采用非离子表面活性剂润湿擦洗方法,使Cu表面的颗粒处于易清洗的物理吸附状态。利用金相显微镜和原子力显微镜(AFM)在清洗前后进行对比分析,实验采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)刷子分别对铜片和铜布线片进行清洗,发现非离子界面活性剂能够有效去除化学机械抛光后表面吸附的杂质,达到了较好的清洗效果。     

一种有效去除CMP后表面吸附杂质的新方法

CMP后大量颗粒吸附在芯片表面,根据颗粒在芯片表面的吸附状态,确立优先吸附模型.利用特选的表面活性剂优先吸附在芯片表面可以有效控制杂质的吸附状态,使之处于易于清洗的物理吸附.实验表明,特选的非离子界面活性剂能够有效去除CMP后表面吸附的杂质,达到较好的清洗效果.     

电子墨水用SiO2白色电泳颗粒的表面包裹及荷电

采用控制正硅酸乙酯在氨水-无水乙醇中水解的方法,制备出适合电子墨水使用的白色SiO2颗粒。将经H2O2浸泡,由甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)表面改性的SiO2颗粒,与苯乙烯单体分散在异丙醇中,采用自由基共聚法在SiO2颗粒表面包裹不同厚度的聚苯乙烯包4裹层。采用场发射扫描电镜(Field Emission Scanning Electron Micro-scopes)、高分辨率透射电镜(High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopes)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Ray)、纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析(Zetasizer)等分析方法,研究了包裹前后SiO2颗粒的表面形貌、颗粒尺寸及包裹层厚,包裹后颗粒的表面化学键合情况,颗粒在四氯乙烯中的表面Zeta电位以及在四氯乙烯中的分散性。结果表明:自制SiO2颗粒呈球形,粒径约300 nm,SiO2颗粒表面包裹了聚苯乙烯,包裹层较为均匀完整,层厚约为10～25 nm,并随包裹颗粒时所加苯乙烯单体量增大而变厚,颗粒在四氯乙烯中的表面Zeta电位由-4.26 mV提高到-49.47 mV,包裹后颗粒在电势为9 V的电场下,响应时间理论计算值到达40 ms,颗粒在四氯乙烯中的分散性良好,分散后静置48 h,分散率可达到87%。     

化学沉铜工艺技术探讨

（接上期） 在化学镀铜液中，添加微量的含羧基、醚基的高分子表面活性剂，它能有效地防止低溶液的表面张力，提高溶液对小孔、深孔的润湿能力；另外，还能缩短氢气在反应面上的滞留的时间，改善镀层结构，提高镀层韧性；同时，这些高分子化合物还能有效地、选择性地吸附在溶液中的分散颗粒的表面，使其失去催化活性。常使用高分子化合物为聚乙二醇、聚乙醇硫醚等。     

阴/非离子型表面活性剂对CMP后SiO2颗粒的去除效果

为了更有效地去除铜晶圆化学机械抛光(CMP)后清洗残留的SiO₂颗粒,选择了2种阴离子型表面活性剂(SLS、TD-40)和2种非离子型表面活性剂(AEO-5、JFC-6),通过接触角、表面张力、电化学、分子动力学模拟实验探究了4种表面活性剂在铜表面的润湿性、吸附构型及吸附稳定性。通过优化表面活性剂质量浓度,选择达到吸附稳定时的质量浓度配置4种表面活性剂来清洗铜晶圆,利用扫描电子显微镜观测铜表面形貌,对比它们的清洗效果。随后选择TD-40和JFC-6进行复配,研究复配后表面活性剂对硅溶胶颗粒的去除效果。实验结果表明,使用体积比为2∶1的TD-40与JFC-6进行复配得到的CMP清洗液对SiO₂颗粒的去除效果比单一表面活性剂的更好。     

利用表面活性剂有效去除ULSI衬底硅片表面吸附颗粒

甚大规模集成电路(ULSD)对衬底硅片表面洁净度的要求越来越高。抑制颗粒在衬底表面的沉积,应使衬底表面与颗粒表面必须具有相同的ξ-电势。表面活性剂具有润湿作用,能够降低表面张力,可以控制颗粒在硅片表面的吸附状态。实验证实在清洗液中加入适当的表面活性剂能够达到较好的去除颗粒的效果,实现工业应用。     

分散剂对纳米铁酸盐制备的影响及TEM表征

纳米颗粒在水介质中的分散是一个分散与絮凝平衡的过程，尽管物理方法可以较好地实现纳米颗粒在水等液相介质中的分散，但一旦机械力的作用停止，颗粒间由于范德华力的作用，又会相互聚集起来；而采用化学法，即在悬浮体中加入分散剂，使其在颗粒表面吸附，可以改变颗粒表面的性质，从而改变颗粒与液相介质、颗粒与颗粒间的相互作用，使颗粒间有较强的排斥力，这种抑制浆料絮凝的作用更为持久。实际生产中常将物理分散与化学分散结合起来，利用物理手段解团聚，加入分散剂实现浆料稳定化，可以达到较好的分散效果。本文以柠檬酸和聚乙二醇作为分散剂，利用TEM方法探讨了不同浓度条件下所获得的纳米铁酸盐形态的条件。     

Electric vehicles

The renewed interest in electric vehicles (EVs) in the wake of the California Air Resources Board mandate that 2% of the vehicles lighter than 3750 lb (1700 kg) sold by each manufacturer in that state in 1998 be zero-emission vehicles is examined. The reasons why replacing an internal combustion vehicle (ICV) with an electrically powered equivalent greatly reduces air pollution, not only where the EV is driven, but over the rest of the map as well are discussed. Three drawbacks that have kept EVs from taking over, despite the fact that they are quieter and more reliable as well as less polluting than their internal combustion counterparts, are discussed. They offer limited range on a simple charge, long recharge time, and higher cost than ICVs. The importance of an appropriate infrastructure is stressed     

Electric regeneration

Electricity is often featured in the media for its role in causing pollution: acid rain and the greenhouse effect are two side effects of power generation. However, electricity plays a vital role in the treatment of many liquid and gaseous effluents and in new techniques that are being developed to recycle wastes and recover valuable resources from them. The author concludes that electricity can solve more problems than it creates     

DSP-Based Sensorless Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis Tools for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Applications

The integrity of electric motors in work and passenger vehicles can best be maintained by frequently monitoring its condition. In this paper, a signal processing-based motor fault diagnosis scheme is presented in detail. The practicability and reliability of the proposed algorithm are tested on rotor asymmetry detection at zero speed, i.e., at startup and idle modes in the case of a vehicle. Regular rotor asymmetry tests are done when the motor is running at a certain speed under load with stationary current signal assumption. It is quite challenging to obtain these regular test conditions for long-enough periods of time during daily vehicle operations. In addition, automobile vibrations cause nonuniform air-gap motor operation, which directly affects the inductances of electric motors and results in a noisy current spectrum. Therefore, it is challenging to apply conventional rotor fault-detection methods while examining the condition of electric motors as part of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain. The proposed method overcomes the aforementioned problems by simply testing the rotor asymmetry at zero speed. This test can be achieved at startup or repeated during idle modes where the speed of the vehicle is zero. The proposed method can be implemented at no cost using the readily available electric motor inverter sensors and microprocessing unit. Induction motor fault signatures are experimentally tested online by employing the drive-embedded master processor (TMS320F2812 DSP) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.      

电力系统中电参数的高精度测试

提出在电力系统中正确、合理地计量电参数的参数自适应准同步采样法不仅适用于线性系统，而且在非线性系统中也表现出色，文中给出了此方法的理论依据及误差分析，通过对计算机模拟结果的分析可以看出，只进行2次迭代即可达到较高的精度，不仅相对误差大为减小，而且运算次数也相对减少。     

Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

With the requirements for reducing emissions and improving fuel economy, automotive companies are developing electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of these environmentally friendlier vehicles and implementing the advanced electrical architectures to meet the demands for increased electric loads. In this paper, a brief review of the current trends and future vehicle strategies and the function of power electronic subsystems are described. The requirements of power electronic components and electric motor drives for the successful development of these vehicles are also presented.     

Electric shock hazard

A long-standing expert on electric-shock hazards summarizes the studies that determined the effective body impedance under varying conditions. He describes perception currents, reaction currents, let-go currents, and fibrillating currents. Turning to means for reducing low-voltage (120-240-volt) hazards, double insulation, shock limitation, isolation transformers, and the use of either high frequency or direct current are discussed for various environments. Macroshock is always a hazard in the home, in industry, and in the hospital. But the extreme vulnerability to microshock of patients with cardiac catheters, for example, requires special precautions in intensive-care and coronary-care units. Equipment such as the ground-fault interrupter (GFI) and a special isolation transformer are cited.     

The Electric Century

The 20th century saw greater changes in daily life than did any other century in history-a transformation in large part due to electrical technologies. The milestones included: the spread of electric power; instantaneous telecommunications; household appliances; factory automation; radio and television broadcasting; movies, videos, and other sources of information and entertainment; electronics for aviation and space exploration; instrumentation for scientific research; health technologies; computers; and the Internet. Clearly, the 1900s deserve to be called the Electric Century. The author gives a sampling of important and interesting events that illustrate the remarkable progress made over the past 100 years.     

Human Sensitivity to Electric Shock Induced by Power-Frequency Electric Fields

This article discusses the sensory effects of electric shock produced by contact with objects in power-frequency electric fields. Data are presented from a variety of experiments in which human subjects were exposed to capacitive discharges, and other stimuli related to 60-Hz ac electric field induction. Thresholds of perception are quantified, as well as suprathreshold reaction levels, up to tolerance limits. Several variables are considered, including capacitance, electrode size, mode and locus of contact on the body, electrode polarity, skin temperature, effects of mechanical force in touching an electrode, and differences in sensitivity among individuals. Sensitivity factors are related to basic neuroelectric functions. Considerations for the extrapolation of the present data to other than 60-Hz electric field environments are discussed.     

Reliability Impact of Solar Electric Generation upon Electric Utility Systems

The introduction of solar electric systems into an electric utility grid brings new considerations in the assessment of the utility's power supply reliability. This paper summarizes a methodology for estimating the reliability impact of solar electric technologies upon electric utilities for value assessment and planning purposes. Utility expansion and operating impacts are considered. Sample results from photovoltaic analysis show that solar electric plants can increase the reliable load-carrying capability of a utility system. However, the load-carrying capability of the incremental power tends to decrease, particularly at significant capacity penetration levels. Other factors influencing reliability impact are identified.