黑曲霉发酵制备高可溶性膳食纤维豆渣工艺优化及其水合性质研究

以豆渣为原料,以可溶性膳食纤维与总膳食纤维的比例(SDE/TDF)为指标,通过正交试验优化黑曲霉发酵豆渣制备高SDF豆渣的工艺,并研究黑曲霉发酵时间对豆渣膳食纤维(DF)水合性质的影响。结果显示黑曲霉发酵豆渣DF的最优条件为:发酵温度30℃,接种量1.5%、料液比1:3(V/V)、发酵初始pH为自然pH值。在此条件下,发酵后的豆渣中SDF的含量占TDF的37.84%,与未发酵豆渣相比,发酵豆渣的SDF/TDF提高了7.19倍,发酵过程中产生的半纤维素酶将半纤维素水解转化为SDF是SDF/TDF升高的主要原因。在最佳发酵条件下发酵36 h时,豆渣DF的持水力增加了55.33%,膨胀力增加了60.67%,结合水力增加了21.74%,因此黑曲霉发酵可作为提高豆渣膳食纤维品质的有效方法。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣上清液的抗氧化功能研究

目的:为深度开发豆渣副食资源,考察了纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣的条件。方法:采用单因素和正交实验,以羟自由基清除率为衡量指标,对纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣的条件进行了优化。结果:以5%的豆渣为碳源,初始pH7.0、接种量4%、装瓶量25mL/250mL、温度为32℃、200r/min、发酵24h,纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣的抗氧化活力最高。结论:实验表明纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣能产生较强的抗氧化活力,在保健食品和绿色饲料方面具有开发潜力。     

毛霉发酵法制备豆渣可溶性膳食纤维的研究

以豆渣为原料,采用毛霉发酵方法制备可溶性膳食纤维。采用单因素试验、部分析因设计、中心组合设计及响应面分析的方法对影响豆渣可溶性膳食纤维制备工艺的因素：培养基含水量、起始pH值、发酵温度、发酵时间等发酵工艺进行分析,并对其进行优化,确定相对较合适的发酵工艺条件：每支250mL三角瓶装干豆渣10g,加水调节其含水量为56.7%,添加蛋白胨2.33%、KH2PO4 0.57%、CaCl2 0.2%、吐温-80 0.2%,调节培养基起始pH6.0,接种后置于25℃发酵80h。在优化的工艺条件下,豆渣可溶性膳食纤维的得率可达42.2%。结果表明,毛霉发酵可以显著提高豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维的含量,应用该方法制备豆渣可溶性膳食纤维具有可行性。     

产α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂菌株筛选及固态发酵条件优化

为了探索制备含有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的降血糖功能性食品的新方法,从传统发酵食品中筛选产α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的菌株,以价廉的农产品加工副产物豆渣为原料,以α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性为考察指标,研究菌株固态发酵豆渣的发酵条件。结果表明:细菌5具有较好的产α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂能力;接种量及豆渣品种对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性影响不明显,当接种量大于2%时,发酵豆渣提取液的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均在50%以上,不同品种的发酵豆渣α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均在50%~57%之间;在豆渣含水量80%,初始pH6~8,发酵温度40℃的条件下发酵48h,发酵豆渣表现出较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。以细菌5发酵豆渣获得降糖功能食品,可以大大提高豆渣的利用价值,为降糖功能食品的开发利用开辟新途径。     

均匀设计优化酿酒酵母液态发酵豆渣工艺及其风味分析

为提高豆渣的利用价值,以豆渣为研究对象,通过均匀设计试验优化酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）液态发酵豆渣工艺,并测定发酵豆渣中的品质指标及挥发性风味物质含量。结果表明,酿酒酵母液态发酵豆渣的最佳工艺条件为：接种量2%、白砂糖0.3%、K2HPO4 0.08%、MgSO4 0.03%、含水量95%、发酵时间28 h。在此最佳发酵条件下,发酵豆渣的氨基酸态氮、可溶性膳食纤维含量及感官评分分别为0.174 5 g/100 g、6.49 g/100 g、27.50分,分别是发酵前的1.51倍、3.57倍、1.42倍。从发酵豆渣中共鉴定出72种挥发性风味物质,包括醇类16种、醛类4种、酮类5种、酯类18种、烷烯烃类19种、呋喃类3种和其他7种,相较于发酵前增加了大量醇、酯类物质,使豆渣具有花草香、果香等独特风味,同时醛类物质下降,削减了豆渣中的豆腥味。     

豆渣毛霉发酵条件的研究

以氨基酸态氮含量和感官评分为指标,考察了水分含量、接种量、发酵温度和时间对豆渣毛霉发酵的影响,优化了其发酵条件,并比较了发酵前后豆渣主要成分的变化。结果显示,豆渣毛霉固态发酵的最优条件为:在水分含量为70%的豆渣中接种其质量的2%毛霉菌悬液,搅匀后于28℃下发酵4天。发酵后的豆渣色泽棕黄,质地松软,入口细腻,滋味鲜美,发酵风味浓郁;其水分和粗蛋白含量明显降低,氨基酸态氮含量和总酸含量升高。     

少孢根霉固态发酵豆渣饮料的研制

采用少孢根霉发酵豆渣,测定了发酵前后豆渣的营养成分及自由基清除能力变化,并以发酵后豆渣为原料生产了发酵豆渣饮料,通过正交试验优化了发酵豆渣饮料的配方,单因素试验优选了均质条件和杀菌条件,结果表明发酵豆渣饮料最佳的配方为发酵豆渣量3%,糖含量8%,酸(柠檬酸与乳酸2︰1)用量0.2%,稳定剂用量0.5%;均质工艺条件为:均质压力25 MPa,温度60℃,饮料的稳定性较好;杀菌工艺条件为:80℃/20 min或80℃/25 min。用此配方及工艺生产出的发酵豆渣饮料理化指标、微生物指标均符合国家标准要求。     

米曲霉发酵豆渣酶解液的研究

目的 对豆渣进行酶解发酵, 提高豆渣的利用率。方法 新鲜豆渣经过蛋白酶和纤维素酶协同部分水解后, 再利用米曲霉进行发酵, 生产食品添加剂。结果 正交实验确立的最优发酵条件为发酵温度为30 ℃, 接种量为4%, 在转速为130 r/min的摇床中发酵48 h。豆渣中52.87%的固形物变为可溶性成分, 约51.8%的蛋白质变为多肽。产物中主要含有多糖、可溶纤维和分子量在5000 Da以下的肽类。     

蛹拟青霉固态发酵法制备大豆渣小肽及其理化特性

以小肽含量为指标,利用蛹拟青霉对大豆渣进行固态发酵,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化了制备大豆渣小肽的条件,并对大豆渣小肽的相对分子质量、表观黏度、溶解度、乳化性和乳化稳定性、抗氧化性进行了测定。结果表明：发酵制备大豆渣小肽的优化条件为10%接种量、22 ℃下发酵15 d,在此条件下小肽含量达到15.35%;大豆渣小肽相对分子质量多数在15 kDa以下,具有良好的溶解性,且不受pH的影响,氮溶解指数基本稳定在95%左右;大豆渣小肽表观黏度不受溶液质量浓度的影响,变化幅度很小,保持在9.8 mPa·s,具有良好的流动性;大豆渣小肽具有一定的乳化性和乳化稳定性,且随着溶液质量浓度的增加而增强;发酵大豆渣小肽比未发酵大豆渣具有更良好的抗氧化能力,比未发酵大豆渣对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率分别提高2.72倍和1.74倍。     

响应面法优化混合菌发酵豆渣提高水溶性蛋白含量

目的以传统豆制品中熟浆豆腐加工工艺制备的豆渣为原料,通过接种葡萄酒酵母和米曲霉进行共发酵,以达到提高豆渣水溶性蛋白含量。方法借助于统计学分析软件SAS及响应面分析法对混合菌种的发酵条件进行优化,同时检测不同发酵条件下的豆渣可溶性蛋白变化情况。结果优化后的最佳混合菌种发酵工艺条件为:豆渣含水量72%、接种量11%、接种比例1.5:1、最适温度32℃。结论发酵后豆渣中水溶性蛋白含量从发酵前0.26 mg/g增至4.15 mg/g,有效地提高了水溶性蛋白含量。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.