火灾损伤混凝土结构红外热像检测与评估

根据红外检测原理，采用红外热像技术对混凝土结构火灾损伤进行实验研究，给出了火灾损伤混凝土红外热像平均温或随时间的变化曲线，建立了混凝土红外热像平均温升与其受火温度及强度损失的回归方程，并运用上述检测模型对火灾损伤的混凝土建筑物进行了检测和评估。     

基于动力测试的钢筋混凝土梁火灾损伤识别方法

为获得混凝土梁的受火损伤程度,提出了基于小波神经网络技术以等效爆火时间为指标的损伤识别新方法。首先建立了简支梁的火灾损伤识别方法,并用数值模拟对其进行了验证;然后建立了的适用于混凝土连续梁火灾损伤识别的三步定位新方法,以三跨连续梁为例对其应用进行了详细说明,数值模拟结果表明该方法准确度较高;最后设计4根足尺寸钢筋混凝土简支梁L1～L4,分别对L1～L4进行60 min、90 min、120 min、150 min的火灾试验及灾后承载力试验,实测了火灾前、后及过程中的结构模态信息及灾后荷载-位移曲线,基于修正后的精细化模型,利用前2阶不完备模态信息构造小波神经网络输入参数,等效爆火时间作为输出参数进行损伤识别,实测值与识别预测值吻合较好,验证该方法的可靠性。     

火灾后混凝土构件的剩余刚度估计

火灾后混凝土构件的剩余刚度是混凝土结构变形性能和抗震分析的重要指标,也是火灾后混凝土构件修复和加固的重要依据之一。该文基于等效弹性模量法、改进分段模型法以及参数反演法方法等计算了标准火灾作用后混凝土构件的剩余刚度,分析了受火时间、含钢率和截面尺寸等因素对剩余刚度的影响规律。计算表明该文发展的三种方法可以方便有效地计算火...     

人工神经网络在高温后静置混凝土抗压强度预报中的应用

根据试验结果,应用人工神经网络(ANN)方法对火灾高温后静置混凝土的抗压强度进行了预报,预报值与试验值吻合良好。探讨了受火温度、高温后静置时间及冷却和养护方式对火灾高温后混凝土抗压强度的影响。此外,利用该网络模型分析了火灾高温下混凝土的抗火性能。表明该方法是可行的。     

足尺钢框架结构中楼板火灾行为数值分析

为研究受火跨位置和数量对结构中混凝土楼板火灾行为影响,基于Vulcan软件,采用厚板单元和梁柱杆单元,结合EC2材料高温本构模型,对钢框架结构中受火顶层楼板(角区格和中区格)和第二层楼板(四区格)的温度和变形进行数值模拟,分析了混凝土膨胀应变对火灾下结构中楼板受火区格变形的影响规律,考察了受火板格薄膜机理、裂缝分布和钢梁内力发展规律。结果表明:楼板温度和变形计算结果与试验结果总体吻合较好,且混凝土膨胀应变对结构中受火区格跨中变形有决定性影响,即膨胀应变取值较大时,计算变形较大;边界条件对受火板格薄膜机理和裂缝分布有决定性影响,且受火板格可分为环型、对边U型和对角U型三种薄膜机理;受火板格附近钢梁弯矩和轴力逐渐增加,且钢梁轴力增加幅度相对较大。     

不同跨受火混凝土连续双向板火灾试验及数值分析

为研究受火跨位置和数量对三跨混凝土连续板火灾行为的影响,对三块混凝土连续板进行边跨、边中两跨和三跨火灾试验,获得了各跨炉温、混凝土和钢筋温度、变形、板角约束力和破坏模式等变化规律。基于ABAQUS软件平台,采用塑性损伤模型,对试验板温度、变形和力学机理进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:受火跨位置和数量对连续板裂缝分布、变形和破坏模式有重要影响;受火跨板底边缘出现垂直板边裂缝,受火跨板顶及其附近内支座出现平行短跨方向裂缝;受火边跨跨中竖向变形随温度升高逐渐增加,而中跨变形趋势取决于自身和边跨火灾工况。此外,数值结果表明受火跨升降温阶段弯矩机制不同;相比跨中,内支座位置弯矩绝对值较大;升降温阶段,试验板内轴力以受压为主;等效塑性拉应变最大值主要位于板顶支座和板底外边缘位置。     

CFRP加固火灾后混凝土短柱抗震性能的试验研究

进行了1根未受火混凝土短柱、1根火灾后混凝土短柱、1根CFRP加固未受火混凝土短柱和3根CFRP加固火灾后混凝土短柱的拟静力试验,考察了CFRP的加固量和加固方式对火灾后混凝土短柱抗震加固效果的影响情况,建议了CFRP加固火灾后混凝土柱抗剪承载力的实用计算方法。研究结果表明:外包CFRP加固可将未受火混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力提高21.8%、可将火灾后混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力提升至未受火试件的111.2%~117.1%、可提高受火前后短柱的极限变形能力和累积滞回耗能。与未受火试件相比,外包CFRP不会提高火灾后加固混凝土短柱的割线刚度。对于相同的加固量,全包CFRP柱的抗剪承载力略优于条带包裹柱。受火前、后和外包CFRP加固前、后混凝土短柱的滞回规则均类似。     

火灾后型钢混凝土框架结构力学性能试验研究及分析

考虑受火时间、荷载比等参数的影响,对火灾后型钢混凝土框架结构的破坏形态、变形性能以及剩余承载力等火灾后性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:火灾后型钢混凝土框架梁出现3个塑性铰而破坏,梁端弯剪变形明显,剪压区混凝土均出现部分脱落。随着受火时间的增加,型钢混凝土框架的剩余承载力逐渐减小。同时,建立了考虑升降温及火灾后全过程的火灾后型钢混凝土框架力学性能分析模型。计算结果与试验结果对比表明,二者吻合较好。可见,提出的模型是正确的。     

两种组合钢框架火灾变形性能的试验研究

利用自行研制的火灾加温试验炉及相关测试装置,对2种不同连接方式共4榀组合钢框架在不同的火灾工况下的火灾变形性能进行了试验研究,火灾工况包括:梁、板、柱同时受火而节点不受火和梁、板受火而柱、节点不受火2种。试验中量测了炉温,H型钢梁、柱及钢筋混凝土楼板中的温度分布,结果表明:裸钢的温度相差很小,而埋入混凝土中的钢的升温曲线与裸钢的有较大差异;混凝土的升温曲线则与钢的升温曲线差别较大,加温初期不久由于混凝土凝结水等的原因致使温升曲线存在有一平缓阶段,且随着距受火面距离增大混凝土的温升曲线有明显的滞后现象,当炉温和裸钢的温度开始下降时,混凝土的温度却仍在升高。该文对框架的变形和组合梁变形进行了分析,经比对2种连接方式组合钢框架的火灾行为后,给出了工程应用建议。     

钢框架结构中钢筋混凝土双向板火灾试验研究

利用自行研制的火灾试验炉,进行了足尺三层钢框架结构中钢筋混凝土双向板在恒载-升温工况下的火灾试验。介绍了钢框架足尺模型与火灾试验炉的设计以及试验观测内容和方法。描述和分析了试验中板的裂缝开展及破坏特征。研究了双向板在受火过程中沿板厚混凝土的温度分布、钢筋的温度变化以及板的平面外和平面内的变形。结果表明:火灾作用下,沿板厚存在非线性温度场及较大的温度梯度;在荷载和温度的耦合作用下,受火板顶沿板边出现密集裂缝,最终形成圆形塑性铰线,由于结构连续性及构件间的相互作用,与受火板相邻的未受火楼板板顶也出现了规则裂缝;火灾中受火板的平面外变形基本对称,最大平面外位移发生在板中心;周边相邻未受火构件对受火板有较强的侧向约束作用,导致板边未产生向外膨胀的平面内位移,而是随板挠度的增长一直向内收缩;整体结构中钢筋混凝土双向板具有较好的抗火性能。     

基于损伤的混凝土大坝可靠度分析

研究了基于损伤概念的混凝土结构可靠度分析方法。通过引入损伤边界面的概念,导出了包含损伤变量的四参数Hsieh-Ting-Chen边界面模型。在此基础上,构造了大体积混凝土结构对应于初始损伤边界面的极限状态方程。通过响应面法和有限元分析的结合,对功能函数进行了拟合,建立了可以用于复杂结构可靠度分析的有效模式。用该模式对一座混凝土重力坝进行了实例分析,得到了较为满意的结果。     

Modeling damage in concrete caused by corrosion of reinforcement: coupled 3D FE model

Reinforced concrete structures, which are exposed to aggressive environmental conditions, such as structures close to the sea or highway bridges and garages exposed to de-icing salts, often exhibit damage due to corrosion. Damage is usually manifested in the form of cracking and spalling of concrete cover caused by expansion of corrosion products around reinforcement. The reparation of corroded structure is related with relatively high direct and indirect costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to have a model, which is able to realistically predict influence of corrosion on the safety and durability of reinforced concrete structures. In the present contribution a 3D chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical model for concrete is presented. In the model the interaction between non-mechanical influences (distribution of temperature, humidity, oxygen, chloride and rust) and mechanical properties of concrete (damage), is accounted for. The mechanical part of the model is based on the microplane model. It has recently been shown that the model is able to realistically describe the processes before and after depassivation of reinforcement and that it correctly accounts for the interaction between mechanical (damage) and non-mechanical processes in concrete. In the present paper application of the model is illustrated on two numerical examples. The first demonstrates the influence of expansion of corrosion products on damage of the beam specimen in cases with and without accounting for the transport of rust through cracks. It is shown that the transport of corrosion products through cracks can significantly influence the corrosion induced damage. In the second example the numerically predicted crack patterns due to corrosion of reinforcement in a beam are compared with experimental results. The influence of the anode?Ccathode regions on the corrosion induced damage is investigated. The comparison between numerical results and experimental evidence shows that the model is able to realistically predict experimentally observed crack pattern and that the position of anode and cathode strongly influences the crack pattern and corrosion rate.     

Application of petrographic examination techniques to the assessment of fire-damaged concrete and masonry structures

The number of building fires has doubled over the last 50 years. There has never been a greater need for structures to be assessed for fire damage to ensure safety and enable appropriate repairs to be planned. Fortunately, even after a severe fire, concrete and masonry structures are generally capable of being repaired rather than demolished.By allowing direct examination of microcracking and mineralogical changes, petrographic examination has become widely used to determine the depth of fire damage for reinforced concrete elements. Petrographic examination can also be applied to fire-damaged masonry structures built of materials such as stone, brick and mortar. Petrography can ensure accurate detection of damaged geomaterials, which provides cost savings during building repair and increased safety reassurance.This paper comprises a review of the role of petrography in fire damage assessments, drawing on a range of actual fire damage investigations.     

基于徐变损伤理论的早龄期大体积混凝土化学-热-力多场耦合模型研究

受水化放热的影响,大体积混凝土在早龄期阶段涉及多个物理场作用,极易发生损伤、开裂等不利行为,会对结构服役期内的耐久性和安全性产生严重的影响。针对此问题,该文基于经典损伤理论框架,发展了一类适用于早龄期大体积混凝土的化学-热-力多场耦合模型,综合地反映了早龄期混凝土的开裂、徐变、温度变形、自收缩变形和龄期效应。通过将水化反应方程与热传导方程联立建立了化学-热场耦合作用模型。进而,基于弹塑性损伤理论框架搭建本构关系,引入考虑损伤影响的微观应力-固化理论以刻画混凝土的线性徐变和非线性徐变,根据温度和水化度的变化求解热膨胀变形和自收缩变形,并考虑了随龄期变化的混凝土力学性能的影响。结合相应的显式求解算法,将上述多场耦合模型应用于Maridal涵洞早龄期力学行为的模拟分析,并探究了混凝土徐变变形的影响。计算结果表明：该文模型可以实现对早龄期大体积混凝土开裂过程的准确模拟,对早龄期混凝土受力性能和开裂行为的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

Energy-based collapse assessment of concrete structures subjected to random damage evolutions

The assessment of structural capacity against collapse is conducive to the optimal design of new structures as well as checking the safety of existing structures. However, the evaluation cannot be typically carried out by means of destructive tests on prototype or reduced scale structures. In this regard, the numerical models that adequately represent the prototype structures can be alternatively used. Specifically, both the nonlinearities and randomness as well as their coupling effect of materials need to be represented in a unified manner in structural analysis. The present paper aims at providing an effective approach to incorporate the stochastic nature of damage constitutive relationships in collapse analysis and assessment of concrete structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. Within the framework of stochastic damage mechanics, the spatial variability of concrete is represented by a two-scale stationary random fields. The concept of covariance constraint is introduced to bridge the two-scale random fields such that the scale-of-fluctuation of the random material property is satisfied at both scales. Random damage evolution induced structural collapse analysis is achieved via the nonlinear stochastic finite element method. To address the randomness propagation across scales, the probability density evolution method is employed. By exerting the absorbing boundary condition associated with an energy-based collapse criterion on the generalized probability density evolution equation, the anti-collapse reliability of concrete structures can be evaluated with fair accuracy and efficiency. Numerical investigation regarding an actual high-rise reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure indicates that the random damage evolution of concrete dramatically affects the structural nonlinear behaviors and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed method provides a systematic treatment of both uncertainties and nonlinearities in collapse assessment of complex concrete structures.     

混凝土结构冻融损伤理论及冻融可靠度分析

该文基于疲劳累积损伤理论,对混凝土的冻融损伤特性进行了可靠性分析。把混凝土结构冻融破坏近似看作由不同正负峰值温度差顺序作用产生的疲劳累积损伤破坏,给出了常幅温差及变幅温差作用下基于疲劳累积损伤的冻融可靠度计算分析模型,并对某一混凝土构件的冻融损伤可靠度进行了计算分析。     

Observed displacement data-based identification method of structural damage in concrete dam

A method for localization and severity assessment of structural damages in concrete dams is proposed. The algorithm works are based on observed displacement data that respond from the structures. Statistical pattern recognition based structural damage detection is often developed exploiting the methods of inversion analysis. The relationship between the observed displacement and damage identification of concrete dams is studied. By using the inversion method, the functional relationship between the observed displacement and damage information is developed to calculate the damage defining parameters, which are damage location and severity, are updated through an optimization scheme. Meanwhile, the damage index of a concrete dam is determined with these methods and principles. These indexes have been applied into the safety monitoring of that dam and satisfactory result has been achieved.     

高温后混凝土在双轴拉压下的强度和变形试验研究

利用大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室的大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,对常温20℃及200℃~600℃高温后的混凝土进行了4种拉压比例的双轴拉压试验,测得了混凝土的强度、应变,并根据试验结果,系统地探讨了高温后混凝土在不同拉压比例下的双轴拉压强度和变形等力学性能,在此基础上,建立了以主应力空间和八面体应力空间表示的高温后混凝土双轴拉压下的破坏准则。这些结论,为受高温后的混凝土结构,如火灾后的建筑物、烟囱、核反应堆安全壳等处于双轴拉压组合荷载作用下混凝土结构的设计、分析提供理论依据。     

Failure analysis method of concrete arch dam based on elastic strain energy criterion

The arch dam is a type of massive water-retaining structure made of concrete. The overall failure mechanism and corresponding analysis criterion are key issues of concern in the dam engineering field. In this paper, the energy evolution of arch dams in the failure process is studied first, which can be decomposed as energy dissipation accompanied by concrete damage and elastic strain energy absorption and release during elastic deformation. An evaluation criterion for failure analysis of concrete arch dams is then established based on elastic strain energy. An orthotropic damage constitutive model for dam concrete is then proposed along with its numerical simulation method, which is established for structural failure analysis. Numerical simulations show that the elastic strain energy in elements increases with increasing overload safety coefficient and finally converges to the concrete material surface energy, at which time the locally plastic damage area develops rapidly and finally leads to cracking failure of structures. The proposed failure analysis criterion for concrete dams under integrated loads is suitable for analyzing dam instability failure, which has great operability and value in engineering applications in the future.     

Experimental Investigation of Strain Behaviour of Heated Cement Paste and Concrete

The material degradation of concrete subjected to fire events has a severe influence on the load‐carrying capacity of support structures. Spalling of concrete layers, exposing the reinforcement bars and degradation of the material properties (Young's modulus, compressive strength) may lead to significant damage of the reduced cross‐section and, therefore, cause failure of the structure. In order to understand the stress build‐up at the heated surface caused by thermal expansion due to fire loading, finally leading to damage and spalling of concrete, the strain behaviour of cement paste and concrete exposed to combined thermo‐mechanical loading is the focus of this work. Hereby, the evolution of thermal strains, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with increasing temperature are investigated experimentally. For this purpose, the specimens are loaded uniaxially while the temperature is increased up to 800 °C. The obtained results provide the proper basis for the development of realistic material models, allowing more sophisticated simulations of structures exposed to fire.