不同渥堆发酵方法对普洱茶品质的影响

摘 要: 目的 研究不同渥堆发酵方法对普洱茶品质的影响, 为普洱茶渥堆发酵提供理论依据。方法 以三级晒青茶为原料, 分别以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、电子鼻结合感官审评方法对比数控渥堆发酵(NC pile-fermentation)及传统渥堆发酵对普洱茶品质的影响。结果 PCA（主成分分析）及聚类分析表明, 两种渥堆发酵出堆样的香气有差异, 但差异不明显, Loading（传感器区别贡献率分析）分析表明, 甲基类（W1S）、硫化物（W1W）类香气物质对数控发酵出堆的贡献率大于传统发酵出堆样,GC-MS分析结果表明数控发酵出堆样的甲基类含量高于传统发酵,甲氧基类化合物在普洱茶陈香风味物质中起着重要作用, 进一步佐证了感官审评中数控发酵出堆样陈香更浓郁。 聚类分析和感官审评结果表明, 数控渥堆发酵更利于品质稳定的普洱茶的形成。HPLC结果表明, 两种渥堆发酵方式的化学物质变化规律基本相同, 但数控发酵出堆样的氨基酸、茶多酚、水浸出物、咖啡碱、总儿茶素及没食子酸含量均低于传统发酵出堆, 总儿茶素及咖啡碱含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,其余含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05), 进一步佐证了感官审评传统发酵滋味比数控发酵醇厚。 结论 数控发酵可加工几十千克至数吨茶叶, 加工周期短, 且发酵过程中品质变化稳定性比传统发酵好, 传统发酵滋味比数控发酵滋味醇厚度高且化学成分含量高于数控发酵, 但继续摸索数控发酵技术的参数设置, 可以弥补这一缺点。     

灵芝发酵过程中挥发性风味物质的变化研究

采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用检测灵芝发酵液中挥发性风味物质在发酵过程中的变化规律.结果表明:灵芝发酵初期发酵液中检测出73种化合物,发酵第2天检测出75种化合物、发酵第4天检测出61种化合物,发酵第6天检测出55种化合物,其中醇类、醛类、酯类是灵芝发酵液中主要的挥发性风味物质.试验结果为灵芝发酵过程中风味物质的产生和变化提供了理论依据.     

数控与传统发酵普洱茶抗氧化活性与化学成分的比较

分别应用数控与传统方法进行普洱茶发酵,应用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定发酵样品的化学成分,结合电子鼻和感官审评比较发酵样品品质特征,并测定比较出堆样品的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,2种发酵过程水浸出物、茶多酚、茶黄素、茶红素、儿茶素含量降低,茶褐素、咖啡碱含量增加,但数控发酵过程中,化学成分含量变化速度更快,且"堆味"更少。数控发酵出堆样的总抗氧化活性、超氧阴离子清除活性能力低于传统发酵,羟自由基清除活性高于传统发酵,而DPPH自由基清除活性二者之间没有显著性差异。总之,数控与传统发酵茶叶化学物质变化规律相同,但发酵速度更快,香气更好。     

榨菜叶酸菜发酵剂研究

通过对蔬菜发酵中几种常见乳酸菌的发酵生理特点的研究,筛选出适合榨菜叶发酵酸菜的发酵剂,得出最优混合发酵剂为肠膜明串珠菌3%、短乳杆菌1%、植物乳杆菌1%,可生产出质地、风味俱佳,与自然发酵无明显差别的酸菜,但发酵时间从自然发酵的15d左右缩短为5d左右。     

发酵型香菇酒生产工艺的研究

本研究采用发酵法生产香菇酒,在发酵过程中调整香菇发酵醪的糖度和酸度,保证发酵的正常进行。通过正交试验确定出发酵型香菇酒的最佳发酵条件及生产工艺参数,并采用菌种驯化、低温成熟等工艺酿制出风味纯正、酒体丰满、营养丰富的发酵型香菇酒,为充分利用香菇资源开辟了一条新途径。     

少孢根霉发酵菠萝果渣促进粗多酚溶出的研究

以干燥的菠萝果渣为实验原料,通过单因素实验考察氮源种类、氮源添加量、水分含量、麦麸添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间对少孢根霉发酵菠萝果渣促进粗多酚溶出的影响,确定出适宜的发酵工艺条件,该条件下粗多酚的溶出率比用水直接浸提增加126.28%.同时HPLC分析表明,发酵前后果渣中提取的多酚类物质其种类几乎不变,只是含量显著增加.     

蔬菜腌渍发酵乳酸菌剂的研究

初筛出了适合生产发酵蔬菜的SⅠ 、LI、M5、M8、M4 五株乳酸菌 ,以不同组合发酵蔬菜 ,确定出最佳的发酵菌剂为 2株乳酸杆菌LⅠ 、M8和 2株乳酸球菌M5、SI 按 1∶1∶1∶1组合。在实验条件下 ,接种该发酵菌剂M5M8SILI( 1∶1∶1∶1 )的蔬菜 ,发酵速度快 ,生产出的酸白菜口感适合 (总酸为 0 83%) ,菜色正常 ,特别是在发酵期间未检测出亚硝酸盐 ,菜中也无亚硝酸盐残留。     

自然发酵小米菌株的筛选及发酵特性研究

为了探究发酵对小米淀粉消化特性的影响，从小米自然发酵液中分离纯化出四株不同菌株，经体外模拟消化实验以淀粉消化率为指标筛选出乳酸片球菌为优势发酵菌种，通过对发酵方式、菌液接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行优化得出最佳发酵条件为纯种发酵，每15 g小米接种2 mL菌液，在40℃发酵72 h,在此条件下小米中抗性淀粉显著增加，为67.90%,远高于同等条件自然发酵的28.71%。     

红火龙果带皮发酵干红生产工艺研究

以红皮红肉的火龙果为原料，通过不同酵母对其进行发酵实验，筛选出合适的酵母，对筛选出酵母的发酵条件进行优化实验，并对实验结果进行极差、方差分析。结果表明：葡萄酒活性干酵母适合火龙果干红发酵；最佳发酵工艺条件为：发酵温度为30℃，pH4.3，发酵时间为5d。     

"双曲生料发酵"酿制高粱烧酒的研究

研究了一种新的生料酿酒发酵方法。结果表明:在高粱生料发酵过程中加入另一种自制的芳香酒曲,酒的香味得到明显改善,出酒率较高。发酵温度、料水比是影响发酵时间和出酒率的主要因素。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.