考虑随机需求的供应链合作广告与存货策略

基于单一制造商与单一零售商所组成的渠道结构,放宽了市场需求为确定性的假设,引入了存货因子这一决策变量,先后考察了Stackelberg主从博弈和Nash合作博弈时制造商与零售商的最优广告策略及零售商的最优存货策略,比较了不同博弈结构下的均衡策略及相应期望利润,并利用Nash讨价还价模型对合作利润进行了分配.通过一个数学算例验证了有关结论.     

基于产品渠道相容性的双渠道供应链协作策略

基于消费者效用理论,分析了制造商与零售商采用Bertrand和Stackelberg 2种博弈策略下,产品的网络渠道相容性特征和零售商创新投入对供应链各方定价和利润的影响,及供应链整体利润的变化情况。研究结果表明,虽然制造商开通双渠道扩大了市场需求,零售商与供应链整体的利润均下降,制造商维持双渠道面临困难。制造商通过设定合理的批发价,将提高供应链整体的利润。另外制造商在设定批发价后采用Bertrand博弈,并鼓励零售商采取供应链最优创新投入力度,将进一步提高供应链整体利润,最后提出了制造商合作策略。这些为制造商基于产品网络渠道相容性选择双渠道,及供应链合作方式与策略提供了依据。     

考虑渠道权力结构和产品双重差异的再制造闭环供应链最优定价决策

针对具有不同渠道权力结构和回收拆解产品质量差异、新产品与再制造产品价格差异的再制造闭环供应链,主要研究其成员企业最优定价决策问题。构建了包含制造/再制造商、零售商、消费者和回收拆解商的三级再制造闭环供应链决策模型;采用Stackelberg主从博弈确定不同渠道权力结构下各成员企业的最优定价策略及其利润,并重点探讨废旧产品回收率τ、产品替代系数δ两个关键参数对它们的影响;将该决策模型应用到汽车发电机再制造闭环供应链案例。研究结果表明：1） 对于3种渠道权力结构,当制造/再制造商和零售商为主导者时,其自身利润和再制造闭环供应链总利润均最大;而当回收拆解商为主导者时,其自身利润和总利润却最小;2） 随着τ和δ的提高,单位新产品与再制造产品的最优批发价、最优零售价均增加,单位废旧产品的最优回收价则降低;制造/再制造商和零售商的利润下降,回收拆解商的利润上升,导致再制造闭环供应链的总利润呈U形。研究能够为各成员企业的最优定价决策提供有效支持与参考。     

考虑公平关切的低碳双渠道供应链决策研究

在制造商具有公平关切特征的情形下,构建两级供应链模型,比较研究零售商单、双渠道各决策者的定价及减排策略,采用主从博弈方法探究制造商的公平关切和产品碳系数对供应链效益的影响。研究表明,零售商开通双渠道并不一定能获得更多的利润;最优定价、减排量在公平关切程度和产品碳系数下,有不同的变化趋势;此外,当制造商考虑利润分配公平时将给供应链各方成员及整体利润造成一定的负面影响,但制造商利润占整个供应链利润的比重有所上升,达到其追求利润分配公平的目的。     

消费者展厅行为对线上线下渠道价格竞争的影响研究

在线下实体零售商和线上网络零售商并存的渠道结构中，考虑线上线下零售商的三种定价博弈，即线上零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈、线下零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈以及线上线下零售商同时定价的Nash博弈。研究发现，在线下零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈中，发生展厅行为的消费者数量最多；在线上线下零售商同时定价的Nash博弈中，发生展厅行为的消费者数量次之；而在线上零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈中，发生展厅行为的消费者最少。在上述三种定价博弈中，存在消费者展厅行为都将导致线上零售商利润提高，线下零售商的利润下降，并且对线上线下零售商的渠道总利润也存在负面影响。在线上线下零售商同时定价的Nash博弈中，消费者展厅行为对线上零售商利润的提升效果最弱。在线上零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈中，消费者展厅行为对线下零售商利润以及线上线下零售商渠道总利润的负面影响最小。     

基于互补产品的双渠道供应链合作广告博弈分析

针对互补产品的双渠道供应链合作广告问题,在考虑互补产品溢出效应的基础上,构建以制造商为领导者的Stackelberg主从博弈分散决策模型和集中决策模型,通过求解模型给出不同决策模式下制造商最优广告策略、零售商最优广告策略及最优合作广告分担率,最后以数值算例验证相关结论。研究结果表明：制造商关于某产品的广告投入水平与制造商关于该产品及其互补产品在网络渠道、零售渠道的边际利润正相关,且制造商关于其互补产品在网络渠道、零售渠道的边际利润对制造商关于该产品的广告投入的影响水平取决于产品的溢出效应系数;制造商对某产品的合作广告分担率除了与该产品及其互补产品在各渠道的边际利润有关外,还与零售商广告对网络渠道的影响性质有关。     

沿海产业合作污染治理的微分对策

构建了基于连续时间的海洋产业和陆域产业关于沿海环境建设项目中投资合作的微分对策动态模型,运用汉密尔顿-亚柯比-贝尔曼方程求出海洋产业和陆域产业在Nash非合作博弈、Stackelberg主从博弈及协同合作博弈情形下的最优策略,并对反馈均衡结果进行了比较。研究结果显示,与另外两种博弈情形相比,协同合作博弈情形下的系统收益最大,沿海污染存量最少;Stackelberg主从博弈情形下的收益水平与污染存量都优于Nash非合作博弈情形下的收益水平和污染存量,且在Stackelberg主从博弈情形下,海洋产业的激励因子在沿海环境投资建设中具有协调和激励作用,可以提高海陆产业双方以及沿海产业整个系统的收益,得出该情形下海洋产业和陆域产业在沿海环境投资建设中的系统最优收益分配比例,使得沿海产业总系统利润最大化。     

不对称信息下闭环供应链的定价策略

应用博弈理论,研究由单一制造商和单一零售商构成的闭环供应链系统中各成员的定价策略,分析在制造商为领导者,但零售商具有私人回收成本的情况下零售商的谎报行为,给出了信息不对称情况下双方的定价策略,将其与对称信息下的相应定价策略进行了比较,分析了零售商的谎报行为对闭环供应链各成员利润的影响.     

考虑异质性消费者渠道偏好的多渠道销售定价决策

随着电子商务的飞速发展，越来越多的商家开通了多渠道的销售模式。假定基于异质性消费者均偏实体店消费并可以以折扣价从网络渠道购买商品，对用Stackelberg博弈分析制造商和零售商均开通网络渠道的多渠道定价决策问题展开研究。结果表明：与传统的单渠道供应链比较，制造商批发价变大、最优利润增加，同时对市场的控制力增强，零售商则在其所占网络市场份额大于某临界值时提高零售价(小于此临界值时降低零售价)以获取最优利润，但最优利润总是低于传统单渠道时的利润；制造商的最优利润随其所占网络市场份额的增加而增加，数值实验表明，受网络渠道认可度及网络折扣率的影响，零售商的最优利润随着其所占网络市场份额的增加可能增加也可能减少；数值实验还表明，制造商的最优利润随消费者网络渠道认可度的变大而增加，随着网络折扣率的增加而减少，零售商的最优利润则随网络渠道认可度的变大而减少，随着网络折扣率的增加而增加。所得结论对开通网络渠道并按折扣价销售的多渠道供应链定价具有指导意义。     

双渠道供应链预测信息分享的绩效研究

构建了一个双源渠道的二级供应链模型,采用Stackelberg主从博弈分析了预测信息对制造商和零售商的绩效影响,比较了信息共享和信息不共享两种情况下的最优定价策略,考察了预测信息精度、渠道竞争在零售商信息分享决策中的作用。研究表明,在一定的条件范围内,零售商可以从信息分享中获利,零售商具有主动分享其私有信息的动机。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.