油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性诱变及抗药菌株的生物学特性

从江苏省镇江市和扬州市采集菌核病植株的茎,从中分离获得油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）单菌核菌株。32个野生型菌株药剂敏感性（EC50）频率分布数据显示,病菌对腐霉利的敏感基线EC50值为0．1981±0．0220μg／mL,MIC（最小抑菌浓度）值为1．1±0．1595μg／mL。实验未发现田间抗腐霉利菌株。通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利突变体（EC50〉1000μg／mL）。这些抗性突变株经转管培养5～20代后抗药性稳定。它们对同类药剂异菌脲和有机磷类甲基立枯磷也表现高抗,但对苯并咪唑类多菌灵敏感。与野生型敏感菌株相比,抗腐霉利突变株菌丝生长较慢,对油菜茎秆和叶片的致病力均较弱。     

田间烟草赤星病菌繁殖代数与其对杀菌剂敏感性的关系

为合理用药、提高防效,探讨了田间烟草赤星病菌繁殖代数与其对杀菌剂敏感性的关系。室内进行了在田间烟草不同生长时期采集的6个赤星病菌株对杀菌剂敏感性测定,并用聚类分析方法比较了各菌株对杀菌剂敏感性差异。结果表明,不同时期采集的不同繁殖代数烟草赤星病菌株对"菌核净"的敏感性差异显著,其中4号菌株对"菌核净"最不敏感,EC50为193 3644mg/L,已产生一定的抗药性,其次为1号菌株,EC50为102 3738mg/L,对"菌核净"最敏感的是2号和3号菌株,EC50分别为42 0390和58 4109mg/L。表明不论前期还是后期采集的菌株都有对"菌核净"敏感和不敏感的,烟草赤星病菌株的繁殖代数与其对"菌核净"的敏感性无一定规律性。从聚类分析树状图也可以看出这种敏感性的差异情况。     

烟草赤星病防治药剂的筛选

为筛选防治烟草赤星病的高效杀菌剂,测定了5种常用药剂(氟啶胺、啶氧菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、噁唑菌酮)对烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)的室内毒力及田间防效。结果表明,98%氟啶胺对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性最强,EC_(50)为0.138 2 mg/L,其次为95%嘧菌环胺,EC_(50)为3.568 9 mg/L,而95%噁唑菌酮最弱,EC_(50)为30.098 3 mg/L。田间防效试验表明,5种杀菌剂中以50%氟啶胺SC和62%嘧菌环胺WG的防治效果较好,防效分别为70.44%和63.09%;以50%啶酰菌胺WG防治效果最差,为39.53%。综合室内毒力和田间防治试验结果,在烟草赤星病防治中推荐氟啶胺和嘧菌环胺。     

油菜菌核病菌抗腐霉利菌株的生理生化特性及抗药机制初步分析

通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotiniasclerotiorum）突变体。与野生亲本菌株相比,抗性突变株（EC50〉800μg/mL）在高糖（〉40g/L蔗糖）和高盐（〉5g/LNaCl）培养基上生长缓慢,表明对高渗透压比较敏感;菌丝相对电导率较高,显示细胞膜透性增大,胞内电解质渗出较多。试验还发现,在含药培养液中,亲本菌株菌丝内甘油大量合成和积累,增加462.45%,而抗药突变株甘油含量仅稍有增加或有所下降,说明抗腐霉利突变株对外界渗透压的调节能力较低。根据已报道组氨酸激酶（HK）基因序列设计特异引物,经PCR扩增和测序,获得油菜菌核病菌HK基因保守区域序列1605bp。抗、感腐霉利菌株HK基因保守区域在第45位、第81位和第625位碱基不同,但编码的氨基酸一致。因此,油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性及抗药菌株的高渗敏感性与HK基因保守区域碱基突变无关。     

烟草灰霉病菌嘧菌酯抗药性突变菌株的诱导及其生物学习性分析

  目的  为了解烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯潜在的抗药性风险。  方法  通过紫外诱变诱导烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗药性突变菌株,分析其对嘧菌酯的敏感性和生物学习性。  结果  嘧菌酯对烟草灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发具有较高的抑制作用,其抑制孢子萌发的EC₅₀为2.28 mg/L。紫外诱变获得5株不同抗性水平的嘧菌酯抗药性突变菌株,对嘧菌酯抗性是诱变前菌株的1.69~10.41倍。继代培养11代后,各突变菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性稳定;突变菌株菌丝生长速度高于或低于初始菌株;所有突变菌株的分生孢子产量和萌发率均低于初始菌株;突变菌株菌核产量同初始菌株一致或有所降低;所有突变菌株具有致病力,部分致病力强于初始菌株。  结论  嘧菌酯对烟草灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发具有较强的抑制作用;若使用嘧菌酯防治烟草灰霉病,存在烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯产生抗药性的风险。      

烟草赤星病菌对菌核净和苯醚甲环唑的抗药性检测

为了解吉林省和黑龙江省烟草赤星病菌对菌核净和苯醚甲环唑的抗性水平,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了318株烟草赤星病菌对菌核净和苯醚甲环唑的药剂敏感性,建立敏感基线。运用最低抑制浓度法确定抗性菌株及频率,并比较不同采样地点的抗性水平。结果表明,供试敏感菌株对菌核净的敏感性频率分布呈连续的单峰曲线,接近正态分布,其EC₅₀均值2.916 μg/mL可作为两省烟草赤星病菌对菌核净的敏感基线,抗性频率为21.38%;烟草赤星病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线为1.198 μg/mL,抗性频率为18.24%。吉林省和黑龙江省烟草赤星病菌对菌核净和苯醚甲环唑产生了不同程度的抗性,不同地点抗性水平存在差异。本研究为烟草赤星病菌的抗药风险评估奠定了基础,为制定吉林和黑龙江两省烟草赤星病科学防治策略和科学用药提供了依据。     

烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯及其添加水杨肟酸后的敏感性检测

为了解烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性现状,采用菌丝生长速率法,检测了采自山东和湖北烟区的33株烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性,分析了水杨肟酸协同下烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响。结果表明:嘧菌酯对所有供试烟草赤星病菌的EC₅₀介于60.5230~111.7918 mg·L-1,平均为83.9068±2.4339 mg·L-1;嘧菌酯对采自山东烟区和湖北烟区的赤星病菌的平均EC₅₀分别为82.7986±2.5515 mg·L-1和88.0230±6.6785 mg·L-1。在水杨肟酸协同作用下,嘧菌酯对所有供试烟草赤星病菌毒力的EC₅₀介于19.9090~35.6684 mg·L-1,平均为29.2007±0.7801 mg·L-1,比嘧菌酯单独作用毒力提高了0.70~2.98倍,平均提高了1.87倍;添加水杨肟酸的嘧菌酯对采自山东和湖北烟区的赤星病菌毒力的平均EC₅₀分别为28.5494±0.8914 mg·L-1和31.6197±1.3290 mg·L-1,与嘧菌酯单独作用相比,毒力分别提高了1.90和1.78倍。研究表明,嘧菌酯对烟草赤星病菌的菌丝生长具有一定的抑制作用,添加水杨肟酸能够显著提高嘧菌酯对烟草赤星病菌的毒力,但不同菌株之间的提高倍数有差异。      

烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性检测及复配药剂的效果评价

为明确烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性,延缓其对氟吗啉抗药性的产生,采用菌落生长速率法测定了烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性,并利用Wadley方法对不同复配比例的甲霜灵与氟吗啉进行药效评价。选择具有较高抑菌活性的杀菌剂复配比例,采用Abbott模型评价甲霜灵和氟吗啉复配与解淀粉芽孢杆菌ZY-9-13协同使用的效果。结果表明,氟吗啉对71株烟草黑胫病菌菌株的EC50值分布在0.428 5~0.760 8μg/mL之间,平均EC_(50)值为0.588 4μg/mL,敏感性分布呈单峰曲线,未出现抗性菌株。氟吗啉与甲霜灵按体积比1∶10复配时,相加作用最为明显(EC_(50)为0.398 7μg/mL)。复配杀菌剂对解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长无抑制作用,不同浓度的化学复配药剂与ZY-9-13(浓度为10~(10)cfu/mL)协同使用时,对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制效果高于药剂单独使用的抑制效果,两者具有增效作用。     

甘蔗梢腐病原菌的鉴定及其室内毒力测定

由镰刀菌引起的甘蔗梢腐病,是甘蔗生产过程中一种常见病害.更为重要的是,甘蔗梢腐病株中常含有串珠镰刀菌类水溶性毒素,对人畜禽均有毒害作用,严重威胁食品安全及人类和动物的健康.本文针对从海南岛不同甘蔗种植区采集甘蔗梢腐病的典型病斑,对其分离和单孢纯化及鉴定.继而从中挑选了分别来自不同蔗区的4个有效单孢菌株,进而选择了6种常用杀菌剂,于室内对它们分别进行了毒力测定.进一步分别求得不同杀菌剂对相应菌株的剂量反应回归方程,各药剂对相应菌株的抑制中浓度EC 50、EC7 5及相关系数r值等.试验结果表明:多菌灵、灭病威、正品甲津托3种药剂对甘蔗梢腐病菌毒力较强,尤以多菌灵为最佳,其EC50为1.77～2.51μg/mL.菌核净的次之.比较而言,百菌清和代森锰锌2种药剂效果均不如前者的,特别是代森锰锌,其EC 50为62.5～227.63μg/mL.     

戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌作用机制的探讨

为探明戊唑醇对油菜菌核病的防治效果及作用机制,采用生物测定方法,研究戊唑醇的室内毒力、油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）的菌丝干重、菌丝蛋白质含量、菌核萌发、菌核致病力和菌丝体细胞膜电导率。结果表明：戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌具有极强的抑菌作用,EC50和EC90值分别为1.3μg/mL和11.2μg/mL;用戊唑醇处理后,菌丝体干重差异显著,蛋白质含量、菌核萌发率和致病力均随处理浓度的提高而降低;戊唑醇对菌丝体电导率无影响,但对菌丝体的生长有抑制作用。表明戊唑醇通过抑制菌丝干重、菌核萌发率、蛋白质含量和致病力而控制病害发生。     

Sensitivity of Penicillium expansum field isolates to tebuconazole, iprodione, fludioxonil and cyprodinil and characterization of fitness parameters and patulin production

A total of 236 Penicillium expansum field isolates from decayed apple fruit collected from packinghouses and processing industries located in the region of Imathia, Northern Greece were tested for their sensitivity to tebuconazole, fludioxonil, iprodione and cyprodinil. Preliminary fungitoxicity tests on the response of the isolates showed several phenotypes, distinguished according to their sensitivity to fungicides tested. The EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.64 to 5 (average = 0.98) μg/ml for iprodione, 0.9 to 7.3 (average = 2.66) μg/ml for tebuconazole, 0.008 to 1.28 (average = 0.55) μg/ml for cyprodinil and from 0.013 to 0.47 (average = 0.08) μg/ml for fludioxonil. A bimodal distribution of the EC₅₀ values of isolates with distinct sensitive and resistant populations to fludioxonil and tebuconazole were observed. In the case of cyprodinil, a much broader, hundred-fold, range of sensitivity was found, probably indicating that some isolates are relatively insensitive to cyprodinil compared to the most sensitive ones. Isolates exhibiting simultaneously reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and fludioxonil or tebuconazole and iprodione or to tebuconazole and cyprodinil were also observed at low frequencies. A small portion of the population (7.5%) showed multiple resistance to tebuconazole, fludioxonil and iprodione. Study of fitness determining parameters showed that the resistance to tebuconazole, fludioxonil and iprodione had a significant adverse effect on mycelial growth rate and pathogenicity. Contrary to that, these fitness parameters were not affected in the isolates showing reduced sensitivity to cyprodinil. Analysis of patulin production on YES-agar growth medium and on artificially inoculated apple fruit showed that all isolates were mycotoxigenic. Most of the cyprodinil-insensitive isolates produced patulin at concentrations similar to or relatively higher (up to 1.5-fold on growth medium) than the sensitive ones. In contrast, a significant reduction (up to 98% of multiple resistant isolates) in patulin production was observed in all other phenotypes, indicating an adverse effect of fitness penalties on the mycotoxigenic ability of resistant isolates. The above mentioned data clearly show a considerable risk for the selection of P. expansum isolates resistant to fludioxonil, iprodione, tebuconazole and cyprodinil. The potential risk of increased patulin contamination of apples and their byproducts by the appearance and predominance of highly mycotoxigenic isolates of P. expansum resistant to the anilinopyrimidines is discussed.     

Effect of chemical treatments on ochratoxigenic fungi and common mycobiota of grapes (Vitis vinifera)

The effect of the application of two fungicides (cyprodinil alone and a mixture of cyprodinil and fludioxonil) on the mycoflora of grapes, especially ochratoxigenic fungi, was studied. Different doses and application times were analyzed. Grape mycobiota was isolated and identified, and the classification of black aspergilli was carried out. We found that 81.7% of the isolates belonged to Aspergillus niger aggregate and 18.3% to Aspergillus carbonarius. The ability to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) medium in 238 isolates. Most A. carbonarius (97.2%) produced detectable amounts of OTA, while only 2.9% of the A. niger aggregate were OTA producers. Most of the isolates (58%) produced less than 2.5 microg OTA per g of CYA. That, together with the highest levels of black aspergilli detected near harvest, proved the reported theory that they are primarily responsible for OTA in grapes. The fungicides studied had a significant effect on black aspergilli in three of the four vineyards sampled, as the natural increase of black aspergilli when approaching harvest was in general lower in all the fields treated with fungicides as compared to the control treatment. A mixture of cyprodinil (37.5%) and fludioxonil (25%) applied at veraison and 21 days before harvest was the most effective treatment to prevent black aspergilli in grapes, together with a single application of this mixture at veraison followed by an application of cyprodinil (50%) 21 days before harvest. No OTA was detected in musts (n=112) produced from either the control treatment or the treated grapes.     

Method development and validation for cyprodinil and fludioxonil in blueberries by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography,and their degradation kinetics

A method of analysis for residues of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in blueberries was developed. Fungicide residues were determined by solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC with nitrogen-phosphorous detection. The effect of pH values and fibre coatings was studied. The solid-phase microextraction fibre coating selected was 100 µm polydimethylsiloxane. The method was selective, with adequate precision and high accuracy and sensitivity. Apparent recoveries ranged within the 99–101% range for cyprodinil and the 98–100% range for fludioxonil; LODs and LOQs were 1.2 and 3.9 µg/kg for cyprodinil and 0.4 and 1.3 µg/kg for fludioxonil, respectively. Statistical parameters indicated a matrix effect; consequently, calibration was performed on spiked samples. Degradation of cyprodinil and fludioxonil was studied in a blueberry field located in Concordia (Argentina), with fruit from Emerald and Jewel varieties. The degradation of these fungicides in both blueberry varieties studied followed first-order rate kinetics for both fungicides, and the half-life for cyprodinil was 2.2 and 3.4 days for Emerald and Jewel cultivars, respectively, and for fludioxonil was 12.7 and 16.3 days, respectively.     

Effect of anilinopyrimidine resistance on aflatoxin production and fitness parameters in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

Mutants of Aspergillus parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidine fungicides were isolated at a high mutation frequency after UV-mutagenesis and selection on media containing cyprodinil. In vitro fungitoxicity tests resulted in the identification of two predominant resistant phenotypes that were highly (R₁-phenotype) and moderately (R₂-phenotype) resistant to the anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil, pyrimethanil and mepanipyrim. Cross-resistance studies with fungicides from other chemical groups showed that the highly resistance mutation(s) did not affect the sensitivity of R₁-mutant strains to fungicides affecting other cellular pathways. Contrary to that, a reduction in the sensitivity to the triazoles epoxiconazole and flusilazole, the benzimidazole carbendazim, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboximide iprodione and to the strobilurin-type fungicide pyraclostrobin was observed in R₂-mutant strains. Study of fitness parameters of anilinopyrimidine-resistant strains of both phenotypic classes showed that all R₁ mutant strains had mycelial growth rate, sporulation and conidial germination similar to or even higher than the wild-type parent strain, while these fitness parameters were negatively affected in R₂ mutant strains. Analysis of the aflatoxin production showed that most R₁ mutant strains produced aflatoxins at concentrations markedly higher than the wild-type parent strain. A considerable reduction in the aflatoxin production was observed on cultured medium and on wheat grains by all R₂ mutant strains, indicating a possible correlation between fitness penalties and aflatoxigenic ability of A. parasiticus. The potential risk of increased aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and their byproducts by the appearance and predominance of highly aflatoxigenic mutant strains of A. parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidines is discussed.     

大理州烟草黑胫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性测定

采用含药平板法建立烟草黑胫病菌对杀菌剂烯酰吗啉的敏感基线,并测定了2013年从云南省大理州各烟区分离纯化的烟草黑胫病菌菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性。结果显示,烟草黑胫病菌的敏感基线为1.4656 μg/mL;68个田间菌株对烯酰吗啉的EC₅₀值在0.5857~2.5254 μg/mL之间,平均为1.1118 μg/mL。表明烯酰吗啉对烟草黑胫病菌的活性较高,大理州烟草黑胫病菌的抗药性风险较低。烯酰吗啉可用于大理州烟草黑胫病的有效防控,但应与其他杀菌剂进行合理的轮换使用。     

Determination of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in the fermentative process of must by high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection

BACKGROUND: A quantitative, selective and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of new fungicides cyprodinil, fludioxonil and their commercial formulation Switch in model solutions of must and wine, as well as samples during alcoholic fermentation. A study of the dissipation of residues was carried out. RESULTS: The proposed method is based on liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection. Dichloromethane was the most appropriate solvent for extracting cyprodinil and fludioxonil in samples. Quality parameters of the proposed method presented good recovery (ca. 97% for almost all compounds) and precision (between 4.8% and 5.4%), and limits of quantification were lower than maximum residue limits (MRLs) in grapes. CONCLUSIONS: There is no matrix effect in the analysis of cyprodinil and fludioxonil. The application of the fermentative process on cyprodinil and fludioxonil fungicides causes a decrease in the concentrations of these compounds. This decrease is slightly higher, the higher the initial concentration, without observing the appearance of any product in degradation. Fludioxonil shows a higher reduction when the compounds are presented together in Switch. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

The fate of fungicide and insecticide residues in Australian wine grape by-products following field application

Pesticides applied to grape vines before harvest may concentrate in the grape seed due to their high oil solubility. Twenty-four samples of grape marc, representing a range of red and white wine grape varieties, were collected and analysed for selected fungicides and insecticides. Fifteen of the 24 samples were matched with insecticide and fungicide application diaries. Residue concentrations of the fungicides, procymidone, iprodione, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, fludioxinil, pyrimethanil and trifloxystrobin, and the insecticides, indoxacarb and tebufenozide, were higher in grape seed oil and grape seed meal than in the fruit and the marc. The relative concentrations were approximately proportional to the octanol to water partition coefficients, log K_ow. A range of other fungicides and insecticides were detected but were not significantly concentrated in the oil and seed meal relative to fruit and marc. The presence of pesticide residues in grape seed oil and grape seed meal will impact on the possibility of producing these wine by-products.     

不同地域和寄主来源的核盘菌遗传多样性分析

为了解核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum（Lib.）de Bary]遗传多样性和进化关系,利用SSR分子标记对采自不同地区和寄主来源的32个核盘菌分离物进行分析,17对SSR引物共检测到69个多态性位点,平均每对引物检测到4.06个位点。其中,引物AF377908-1/AF377908-2和AF377922-1/AF377922-2的等位变异数目最多,高达8个,而引物AF377903-1/AF377903-2和AF377925-1/AF377925-2的等位变异数目最少,为2个。17个SSR引物的多态性信息量（PIC）的平均值为0.56,引物AF377922-1/AF377922-2的PIC最高,为0.78。聚类分析显示,32个核盘菌分离物可划分为5个组群,来自同一地区的大部分核盘菌分离物聚在相同或相近的组内,表明核盘菌群体内的SSR遗传背景基本一致,而群体间的遗传变异较大。