乙醇水提法提取葡萄籽油及其品质分析

为解决传统水酶法提取葡萄籽油前处理复杂、耗水量大、耗酶量大及提取时间长等问题,采用乙醇水提法提取葡萄籽油。结果表明,葡萄籽原料无需预处理,可经粉碎后直接进行油脂提取。通过对影响乙醇水提法提取葡萄籽油的因素研究,确定较优的提取条件为:乙醇体积分数45%,料液比1∶3,提取温度60℃,pH 9,提取时间1 h,收集清油后在提取温度60℃、p H 9条件下水相重复提取渣相1 h。在优化条件下,葡萄籽油提取率为86. 57%。所得葡萄籽清油经简单精炼,各项指标达到一级葡萄籽油国家标准,油中γ-生育酚、甾醇、总酚含量分别达到52. 70、2 120. 23、195. 5mg/kg,且反式脂肪酸含量为0. 763 g/kg。乙醇水提法工艺中,原料无需前处理,无需酶制剂辅助,提取时间由水酶法的3 h以上缩短至2 h,耗水量由6 t/t(以葡萄籽质量计)以上降至3 t/t(以葡萄籽质量计),其水相可循环、油品质较高,为葡萄籽油高效提取提供一种新思路。     

水酶法-冻融耦合技术提取油莎豆油工艺优化

为提高油莎豆油提取率和油品品质,以油莎豆为原料,以油莎豆油提取率及理化性质为指标,借助气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC-MS),比较分析溶剂法、水酶法、水酶法-冻融耦合技术3种提油方法的效果。并通过单因素试验和正交试验,优化了水酶法-冻融耦合技术提取油莎豆油的工艺。结果表明,采用碱性蛋白酶和纤维素酶复合酶,水酶法提取的最佳工艺参数为:料液比1∶7(g∶mL),酶添加量2.5%,酶解温度70℃,酶解时间6 h,然后经-30℃冷冻、室温融解、4 000 r/min离心分离20 min,在此提取条件下,油莎豆油提油率达74.92%,比单纯水酶法高,而且油脂品质较优。     

水酶法提取葡萄籽中蛋白质工艺的研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶对脱脂葡萄籽进行酶解提取蛋白质。在单因素试验基础上,考察酶用量、酶解温度、pH值、反应时间和料液比对葡萄籽蛋白质提取率的影响,采用响应面法对葡萄籽蛋白质水酶法提取条件进行了优化。结果表明,葡萄籽蛋白质的最优提取条件为：酶解温度40 ℃,料液比1∶25（g∶mL）,酶用量4%,酶解时间45 min。在此优化条件下,葡萄籽蛋白质提取率为67.85%。     

水酶法提取葡萄籽油的工艺研究

以葡萄籽油的得率为指标,先采用单因素试验研究料液比、蒸汽预处理时间、酶的种类、酶的添加量、酶解时间等5个因素对葡萄籽油得率的影响,再采用正交试验对提取条件进行优化,确定了最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明：料液比1∶6、蒸汽预处理时间15min,酶添加量为1.0%（V/W,纤维素酶/蛋白酶=1∶1）,酶解时间8h为最优条件,提取率为13.26%。在此条件下所得葡萄籽油的理化指标检测结果为：酸值1.24（KOH）/（mg/g）,皂化值153.4（KOH）/（mg/g）,过氧化值2.4mmol/kg,碘值126.7g/100g。     

水酶法提取胡麻籽油的工艺及性质研究

以内蒙古胡麻籽为原料,采用水酶法提取胡麻籽油。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析优化工艺条件,并分析了胡麻籽油的品质。试验得到胡麻籽油的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶14.34(g/mL)、pH 4.9、酶解温度48.9℃、酶解时间3 h、加酶量2.16%,在此条件下胡麻籽油的提取率为64.0%。经测定,水酶法提取的胡麻籽油气味、滋味纯正,水分及挥发物含量为0.132%,酸价(KOH)为1.21 mg/g。     

超声波和微波辅助水酶法提取葡萄籽油的工艺研究

以葡萄籽为原料,采用超声波和微波辅助水酶法提取葡萄籽油,对超声波预处理条件、酶解条件和微波破乳条件进行优化。经单因素试验和响应面试验,确定了水酶法提取葡萄籽油的最佳分步酶解条件为:首先添加2.0%的纤维素酶,在p H 5.0、温度50℃、液料比6.6∶1条件下,酶解2.0 h;然后加入1.0%的中性蛋白酶,在p H 7.0、温度50℃条件下继续酶解1.5 h。在最佳条件下,葡萄籽油提取率为77.48%。在此基础上通过超声波预处理以提高提取率,通过单因素试验得到最佳超声波预处理条件为:超声波功率225 W,超声时间15 min,超声温度50℃。在最佳条件下葡萄籽油提取率为87.65%,比未经超声波预处理的提高10.17个百分点。再对此体系下制得的乳状液进行微波破乳工艺研究,通过单因素试验得到最佳微波破乳条件为微波功率500 W、微波时间7 min,最终葡萄籽油提取率达到93.83%。试验最佳条件下得到的葡萄籽油理化指标和脂肪酸组成均符合国标(GB/T 22478—2008)要求。超声波预处理和微波破乳是可应用于水酶法提取葡萄籽油的有效辅助提取方法。     

水酶法提取樱桃籽油的工艺及理化性质

目的:优化水酶法提取樱桃籽油工艺,提高樱桃籽利用率。方法:在单因素试验基础上,运用混料设计对混合酶的混合比例进行优化,以确定最佳提取工艺条件,再对樱桃籽油的理化性质进行检测。结果:混合酶法提取樱桃籽油的最优酶解条件为：混合酶(m_维素酶∶m_果胶酶∶m_{酸性蛋白酶}为0.67∶0.10∶0.23)添加量2.0%,液料比(V_蒸馏水∶m_樱桃籽粉)10∶1 (mL/g),酶解温度45℃,pH 4.0,酶解4.0 h,樱桃籽油回收率达到93.18%,实际提取率为28.66%。所得樱桃籽油符合食用油安全标准。结论:混料设计辅助水酶法提取樱桃籽油的工艺具有可行性。     

水酶法提取胡麻籽油工艺条件的研究

采用水酶法提取胡麻籽油并对其工艺条件进行了详细研究。在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验得出了最佳工艺条件,即20 g研碎油料,加酶量为0.10 g,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间1h,最适pH 5.4,料液比1∶10,浸提温度90℃,浸提时间9 h。另外,水酶法提取胡麻籽油的提油率比水浸法提取胡麻籽油的提油率高24.55%。     

复合酶法提取辣木籽油及其体外抗氧化活性

以辣木籽为原料,采用水酶法提取辣木籽油,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行研究。以辣木籽油提油率为指标,确定复合酶的组合及比例(蛋白酶∶纤维素酶=2∶1),在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验优化提取工艺。结果表明水酶法提取辣木籽油的最佳工艺为料液比1∶4 (g/mL)、pH 4、酶添加量3%、酶解温度55℃,在此条件下,辣木籽油的提取率为61.35%。水酶法提取的辣木籽油具有较强的抗氧化活性。5 mg/mL辣木籽油对羟自由基(·OH)和DPPH·清除率分别为80.30%和62.67%。     

水酶法提取牡丹籽油的研究

采用水酶法从牡丹籽中提取牡丹籽油,通过对比实验,选择了三步酶解结合二次破乳的工艺流程。5 g牡丹籽粉三步酶解结合二次破乳提取牡丹籽油的优化条件为:料水比1∶5,细胞壁多糖水解酶(纤维素酶与果胶酶配比2∶1)加酶量1.5 mL,酶解时间2.5 h;α-中温淀粉酶加酶量0.6 mL,酶解时间45 min;碱性蛋白酶加酶量0.18 g,酶解时间2 h;冷冻解冻破乳法,-20℃冷冻18 h后50℃解冻2 h。在优化条件下取200 g牡丹籽粉提取牡丹籽油,其游离油得率达到17.6%,总油得率达到25.4%,所得牡丹籽油品质良好,未检出过氧化物,酸值(KOH)3.5 mg/g,碘值(I)177.09 g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)173.07 mg/g;牡丹籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量达到92.77%,其中亚麻酸含量37.33%,亚油酸含量31.13%,油酸含量24.31%。水酶法提取牡丹籽油具有牡丹籽粉无需干燥,整个提油过程温度不超过70℃的优点,可大大减少提取过程中油脂的氧化。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.