青霉P-1007产酸性蛋白酶的条件和酶学性质

对青霉（Penicillium）P-1007产酸性蛋白酶固体发酵条件优化和酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明：最佳固体发酵培养基为：麦麸15g，黄豆粉10g，葡萄糖3g，NaH2PO41．5g，CuSO41．5g，水35mL；最佳培养条件为起始pH7．0，温度40℃所产酸性蛋白酶的最佳反应pH5．5，温度50℃，50％保温Rh后其相对酶活在83％以上，pH5．5、60℃水浴2h后其相对酶活达60％。5mmol／L的MnCh、CuSO4均对该酶有激活作用，而其它金属盐类对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用。     

青霉(Penicillium)P-1007产酸性蛋白酶的条件和酶学性质

本文报道了青霉(Penicillium)P-1007产酸性蛋白酶固体发酵条件优化和酶学性质的研究结果。适合该菌株的最佳固体发酵培养基为:麦麸15g,黄豆粉10g,葡萄糖3g,NaH2PO41.5g,CuSO41.5g,水35mL,最佳起始pH7.0,最适温度40℃。该酸性蛋白酶的最佳反应pH为5.5,最佳反应温度为50℃。50℃条件下保温8h后其相对酶活在83%以上,pH值为5.5条件下60℃水浴2h后,测定其相对酶活可达60%。5×10-3mol/L的MnCL2、CuSO4均对该酶有激活作用,而其他金属盐类对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用。     

产酸性果胶酶菌株的筛选及固体发酵工艺条件和酶水解特性的研究

本研究从土壤中分离筛选到一株产酸性果胶酶的菌株WY9,经分子生物学鉴定,菌株WY9初步鉴定为棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)。该菌株的最适固体发酵工艺条件为:发酵基料为玉米胚芽粕,每克基料添加NH_4H_2PO_40.06g、Mg_SO_40.04g,发酵基料含水量为65%,pH值为3,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为84h,在此条件下酸性果胶酶酶活达2200U/g干曲。该酶水解果胶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为3.5,在温度低于60℃和pH2.5～4.5之间具有良好的稳定性。     

中性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌BX-4产酶条件及部分酶学性质

采用稀释平板分离法从土壤中分离到一株产中性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌BX-4．通过单因素碳、氮源以及正交试验确定了最佳产酶培养基配方，同时还研究了起始pH值、金属离子、接种量对产酶的影响以及温度、pH值、金属离子以及表面活性剂对酶稳定性的影响；以最佳培养基为发酵培养基，于37℃、160r／min振荡培养48h，酶活达2519．35U／mL；该酶最适作用温度为55℃，最适作用PH值为7．5，在pH7．5缓冲体系中，55℃反应60min后仍有50％的酶活力，Ca^2＋和表面活性剂对酶有一定的激活作用，但激活作用不明显。     

耐热纤维素酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

从温泉热源地区采集的大量泥土和水样中，筛选出一株在60℃生长的纤维素酶产生菌SH2。结合菌株的生理生化特性分析与Biolog微生物自动鉴定仪的鉴定结果，命名为热葡糖苷酶地芽孢杆菌（Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius）SH2，该菌株兼性好氧，在45～60℃能较好地生长。对菌体生长与产酶培养条件优化表明：初始pH值为5．5，碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和玉米浆时有利于产酶，经48h发酵后纤维素酶酶活达0．36IU／mL。纤维素酶反应条件研究表明，该纤维素酶的最适pH值为6．0，在pH4．0～10．0范围具有较强的耐受性；在45～65℃间酶活差异仅在5％之内，显示了很好的温度耐受性。     

青霉菌P1木聚糖酶固态发酵研究

研究了青霉菌P1菌株产木聚糖酶的时间曲线，氮源组成，添加物，发酵起始pH值，接种量及发酵温度对产酶的影响。该菌经28℃培养4天，酶活力可达1353．5Iu／g干培养基。酶的最适反应温度为50℃，最适PH为4．6。该酶在50℃以下时热稳定性较高。     

绿僵菌Ma83固态发酵几丁质酶和部分酶学性质的初步研究

研究了金龟子绿僵菌MetarhiziumanisopliaeMa83菌株产几丁质酶的固态发酵条件和粗酶液的酶学性质。研究结果显示 ,当以麸皮∶蚕蛹粉为 3∶1作为培养基 ,最适氮源为1%NaNO3,起始pH为 6 5 ,发酵温度为 31℃ ,接种量为 2mL液态种子时酶活力最高。此外 ,添加稻壳对Ma83产几丁质酶有促进作用。该菌株在生长 2d时 ,酶活力达 33 9U /g干培养基。酶的最适反应温度为 5 0℃ ,最适反应 pH为 6 0 ;不同温度保温 1h后 ,酶的半失活温度为 42℃。不同 pH值的缓冲溶液中 (2 5℃ )放置 1h后 ,酶在pH 5 0～ 6 0条件下稳定性最高     

克鲁维酵母固体发酵高产菊粉酶的研究

首次利用固体发酵对筛选得到的一株克鲁维酵母S120高产菊粉酶的发酵工艺进行了初步研究。结果表明：麸皮是菌株S120产酶的最适基质，10％菊芋粉和0．5％硫酸铵有助于产酶；优化培养条件为：在300ml三角瓶中装料量20．0g，含水量为66％（V／W），起始pH5．7，培养温度34℃，接种量3．9％（V／W），发酵72h，菊粉酶酶活为118．28U／g（干重）。菌株S120菊粉酶的合成属于延续合成型，在工业生产中具有应用前景。     

产右旋糖酐酶埃氏交替单胞菌的筛选、鉴定及酶活分析

从连云港港口海泥样本筛选到一株产右旋糖酐酶的埃氏交替单胞菌A.espejiana YSN412,对其所产的右旋糖酐酶AesDEX酶学性质进行了分析,对其产酶条件进行了摸索AesDEX最适反应温度为30℃,最适pH值为8在30 ℃下保温2.5h.残余相对酶活在95％以上,而在50℃下保温2.5h后只有14％的残余酶活力.该菌株产酶培养的最佳碳源和氮源,分别是纤维二糖和酵母粉,最适产酶培养温度为30℃,NaCl浓度为2％,初始pH为8时培养液酶活力最高.该菌株培养12h时培养液酶活力达到最高值9U/mL本实验筛选到的4.espejiana YSN412菌株产酶较为迅速,所产的右旋糖酐酶AesDEX酶活最适温度较低,在工业生产上具有潜在降低成本、提高生产效率的优势.     

一株高产果胶酶的真菌分离鉴定及酶学特性

以果胶为唯一碳源,对采集自湖南武冈市脐橙果园土样（pH 5.5～6.5）进行富集筛选,分离得到一株产果胶酶的菌株,编号为BM201。根据形态学观察、ITS rDNA及28S rDNA D1/D2序列同源性比对及系统进化分析对菌株进行多相鉴定,初步将该菌株鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）BM201。该菌株发酵产酶条件为30 ℃、160 r/min摇床发酵培养3 d,在该条件下获得的果胶酶酶活为421 U/L。该酶最适反应温度为50 ℃,在30～50 ℃条件下处理60 min,该酶的相对酶活在80%以上,表明该酶的热稳定性较好;该酶的最适作用pH值为5.0,在pH 4.0～7.0下处理60 min,该酶的相对酶活在50%以上,表明该酶在酸性条件下的稳定性较好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.