车用发动机代用燃料的研究现状及发展趋势

详细介绍了车用发动机的几种代用燃料——压缩天然气(CNG)、液化天然气(LNG)、天然气合成油 (GTL)、液化石油气(LPG)、氢气、乳化燃油、醇类燃料、水煤浆、二甲醚(DME)、生物燃料、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的研究现状。并简单阐述了代用燃料的发展趋势。     

天然气发动机,新型绿色动力

天然气作为重要的能源和优质的发动机代用燃料,在21世纪将得到广泛的利用。分析了影响我国燃气汽车发展的基本因素,以及车用天然气发动机的特点和关键技术,还简要介绍了上柴客车用CNG发动机及其应用实例。     

压缩天然气缸内直喷发动机的现状及发展趋势

天然气作为车用发动机的一种重要的"清洁燃料"日益受到人们的重视,天然气汽车在国内外均获得了较快的发展.本文简述了清洁代用燃料天然气的优缺点,以及直喷发动机的优点和目前的技术难点.最后分析了将两者相结合的天然气缸内直喷技术的特点以及国内外的研究现状和发展趋势.     

车用天然气燃烧特性分析

天然气作为理想的内燃机代用燃料在汽车发动机上已得到广泛应用 ,笔者在论述车用天然气基本特性及燃烧过程的基础上 ,分析燃烧过程的影响因素 ,阐明了提高燃烧效率的基本方法。     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景(上)

在环保节能要求的推动下，汽车代用燃料的开发已成趋势。文章综述车用甲醇燃料、车用乙醇燃料、生物柴油、二甲醚、天然气制合成柴油、燃料电池等汽车代用燃料的国内外发展应用状况，分析其经济技术优缺点等。最后展望了我国新型汽车代用燃料的发展前景。     

国外车用液体代用燃料的新进展

主要介绍了国外主要车用液体代用燃料的应用情况及最新进展，着重介绍了天然气、液化石油气、生物燃料及烃基替代燃料的应用情况。     

发动机代用燃料的开发与应用

介绍国内外发动机代用燃料的开发与应用现状，并综合国内外的研究结果指出，天然气，氢气，醇类，煤是未来发动机极有希望的代用燃料。     

氢燃料发动机燃烧与排放控制研究进展

围绕氢燃料作为车用发动机理想代用燃料这一主题,全面论述氢燃料发动机混合气的形成规律和点火技术;剖析氢发动机的异常燃烧机理和NOx的排放机理;分析影响氢燃料发动机排放的主要因素;总结异常燃烧和NOx排放的控制技术。     

我国替代燃料乙醇汽油发展现状

发展车用清洁代用燃料,在发动机上实现高效、低污染的燃烧,控制汽车发动机有害排放对我国城市大气质量带来的日趋严重的影响,已成为我国能源与环境研究中的一个十分重大和紧迫的课题.研究和开发汽油的代用燃料,从近期来看能减少尾气,改善大气质量,从长远来看可以解决石油资源短缺的危机.但这要求代用燃料既要具备较高燃烧性能,又要满足低排放的要求.乙醇燃料以掺烧或纯烧方式已成功地用于汽油机上,汽油醇（gasohol）混合燃料在巴西、美国已应用多年,技术上已十分成熟.2004年2月,经国务院同意,国家发改委等8部门联合制定颁布了《车用乙醇汽油扩大试点方案》和《车用乙醇汽油扩大试点工作实施细则》,由此相关工作全面启动.     

浅谈汽车发动机燃料(二)

较为详细地介绍了汽车发动机常规燃料——汽油、柴油，代用燃料——液化石油气和压缩天然气，醇类燃料和氢气等的理化性质、排放特点、优缺点和使用时应解决的问题。     

汽车替代燃料的现状分析与展望

世界能源危机与环境污染问题促使汽车行业能源体系转型,可再生、节能、环保、清洁的新型汽车替代燃料成为汽车行业的新宠.根据燃料是否可再生,将汽车替代燃料分为不可再生汽车替代燃料和可再生汽车替代燃料,并对天然气、液化石油气、醇醚类燃料、氢能源、植物油燃料、生物质裂解气燃料等汽车替代燃料与汽油、柴油等传统汽车燃料进行了分析和比较,总结了汽车替代燃料相对于传统汽车燃料的优点与缺点,并对汽车替代燃料的发展前景进行了展望.     

基于双怠速法的CNG/汽油双燃料汽车排放污染物研究

随着能源危机和环境污染的日益严重,天然气作为一种清洁的替代能源在汽车上被广泛使用.四川作为全国范围内最早开展CNG加气站和天然气汽车技术的地区,具有比较成熟的经验和技术.本文采用汽车双怠速法,对四川省内的部分CNG/汽油双燃料汽车的排放情况进行了测试和分析,掌握到了汽油车改装为双燃料汽车后的排放情况,研究结果对进一步推动天然气汽车技术以达到节能减排的目的有积极意义.     

我国道路交通发展替代能源的思考

本文在分析传统汽车行业存在的问题基础上,对多种汽车替代能源进行了分析阐述,提出道路交通发展石油替代能源是解决环保和石油安全问题的有效途径,认为天然气汽车和电动汽车是我国替代能源汽车发展的方向。而且应该将发展天然气汽车作为现实的选择,发展新能源汽车作为战略选择。     

Long-term implications of alternative light-duty vehicle technologies for global greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy demands

This study assesses global light-duty vehicle (LDV) transport in the upcoming century, and the implications of vehicle technology advancement and fuel-switching on greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy demands. Five different vehicle technology scenarios are analyzed with and without a CO₂ emissions mitigation policy using the GCAM integrated assessment model: a reference internal combustion engine vehicle scenario, an advanced internal combustion engine vehicle scenario, and three alternative fuel vehicle scenarios in which all LDVs are switched to natural gas, electricity, or hydrogen by 2050. The emissions mitigation policy is a global CO₂ emissions price pathway that achieves 450 ppmv CO₂ at the end of the century with reference vehicle technologies. The scenarios demonstrate considerable emissions mitigation potential from LDV technology; with and without emissions pricing, global CO₂ concentrations in 2095 are reduced about 10 ppmv by advanced ICEV technologies and natural gas vehicles, and 25 ppmv by electric or hydrogen vehicles. All technological advances in vehicles are important for reducing the oil demands of LDV transport and their corresponding CO₂ emissions. Among advanced and alternative vehicle technologies, electricity- and hydrogen-powered vehicles are especially valuable for reducing whole-system emissions and total primary energy.     

发展车用替代燃料的国际经验及影响因素

发展车用替代燃料是全世界各个国家和地区实现低碳转型的重要途径之一。巴西利用丰富的土地资源、较低的生产成本和不断提高的技术水平,通过制定和实施以甘蔗为主要原料的乙醇燃料发展计划,于2006年第一次实现了能源独立。巴基斯坦凭借天然气价格低廉、管道设施完善等优势大力发展天然气汽车,阿根廷通过控制天然气价格以及对汽油销售施以重税来推动消费者转向使用天然气汽车。美国在20世纪90年代前后尝试推广甲醇汽油,其中加利福尼亚州走在了各州前列,不过由于经济性不强、甲醇燃料的腐蚀问题以及既得利益者反对等原因,加州于2005年放弃了使用甲醇汽油车。日本则是重点发展纯电动汽车和混合动力汽车。通过研究以往的发展经验,可以总结出影响车用替代燃料发展的重要因素包括燃料的来源和经济性、技术成熟度和基础设施建设,以及有效的政策激励。另外,消费者的意识、社会各界的支持、基础研发的跟进等也是需要谨慎考虑的。     

Transportation options in a carbon-constrained world: Hybrids,plug-in hybrids,biofuels, fuel cell electric vehicles,and battery electric vehicles

Multiple alternative vehicle and fuel options are being proposed to alleviate the threats of climate change, urban air pollution, and oil dependence caused by the transportation sector. We report here on the results from an extensive computer model developed over the last decade to simulate and compare the societal benefits of deploying various alternative transportation options including hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids fueled by gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, and ethanol, and all-electric vehicles powered by either batteries or fuel cells. These simulations compare the societal benefits over a 100-year time horizon of each vehicle/fuel combination in terms of reduced local air pollution, greenhouse gas pollution, and oil consumption compared to gasoline cars.     

车用天然气燃料在我国的应用与发展

介绍我国石油天然气资源状况以及天然气汽车的发展现状,分析了我国天然气汽车的技术应用及面临的问题,展望了我国车用天然气发动机的发展。     

Effect of hydrogen addition on the performance of methane-fueled vehicles. Part I: effect on S.I. engine performance

Mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are considered viable alternative fuels to gasoline due to lower overall pollutant emissions but suffer from problems associated with on-board storage resulting in limited vehicle range. To date, vehicle engines have run on Hythane using a fixed hydrogen–natural gas fraction of 20% and fixed air-to-fuel ratio but it may be possible to leverage greater advantage from hydrogen addition due to its unique lean-burn properties. This study presents the results of a one-cylinder CFR engine test with mixtures of hydrogen in methane of 0, 20, 40 and 60% by volume. Each fuel was tested at speeds of 700 and 900 rpm, full and part loads, and equivalence ratios from stoichiometric to the partial burn limit. These results are used in a driving cycle simulation which is presented in a companion paper.     

Oil industry participation in natural gas development

When they discover natural gas rather than liquid hydrocarbons, oil companies often resist moving into the unfamiliar business of gas transport and distribution. Differences between oil and gas development in terms of cost, technology, marketing and government regulation help to explain this resistance. Although gas offers substantial benefits to developing countries, there remains the question of how the gas is to be exploited. In Italy, the state-owned company ENI has been the vehicle for gas development. Other countries also have considered natural gas to fall completely within the responsibility of the state. But this approach can be employed only if the country has a large cash inflow (for example, from oil-export revenues). An alternative approach is to utilize the technical and financial resources of the oil company that has found the gas. To achieve this, Egypt, Indonesia and Brazil have tried novel approaches, which are described here.