对苯酚和己内酰胺制备的新型离子液体的研究

对弱酸苯酚与弱碱己内酰胺以不同配比制备的离子液体进行了研究,考察了其物理化学性质(熔点、密度、电导率、溶解性等).结果表明,合成的离子液体的熔点随二者物质的量比的不同而变化,当物质的量比为3.5 : 1时熔点最低,为-22℃.离子液体的密度比水的密度大,且随温度的升高,密度增大.离子液体的电导率为10-4S/m数量级,且随温度的升高,电导率增大,电导率与温度符合Arrhenius方程.溶解性试验表明,离子液体具有较强的溶解能力,能与水、醇类、酯类等一般溶剂互溶.IR测试结果显示,所合成的离子液体具有苯酚和己内酰胺的特征峰.     

基于低共熔溶剂聚合物电解质染料敏化太阳能电池研究

以琼脂糖聚合物为基质, 1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂, 由尿素、氯化胆碱合成的低共熔溶剂(DES)作为添加剂制备聚合物电解质用于制备准固态染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)。研究了尿素/氯化胆碱配比、低共熔溶剂添加量对聚合物电解质电化学性能及其DSSC光电性能的影响。研究结果表明: 随着尿素/氯化胆碱配比增加, 准固态电解质的导电性能增加, 尿素、氯化胆碱的配比为2:1时可获得最佳电导率7.24 mS/cm。对不同低共熔溶剂含量电解质进行离子电导率测试研究发现: 添加量为20wt%时, 电解质获得最佳电导率6.21 mS/cm。染料敏化太阳能电池的光电效率随低共熔溶剂含量的增加先增加后降低, 低共熔溶剂添加量为20wt%时, 获得最佳光电效率η=3.18%, 短路电流密度J_sc=10.28 mA/cm², 开路电压V_oc=0.59 V, 填充因子FF=0.51。     

癸酸与棕榈酸低共熔混合物的制备与热特性分析

在实验测得单一物质熔点和熔化潜热的基础上,利用低共熔混合物配比计算公式对癸酸和棕榈酸低共熔混合物的配比、熔点和熔化潜热进行了理论预测,以指导DSC测试,并对低共熔混合物进行了红外光谱试验,以判断是否有新相生成.实验结果表明,癸酸的熔点和熔化潜热分别为29.85℃和150.32J/g,棕榈酸的熔点和熔化潜热分别为62.13℃和210.13J/g.低共熔混合物的理论配比为85.7:14.3(质量比),相变温度为26.74℃,相变潜热为152.74J/g.低共熔混合物的配比为86.1:13.9(质量比),相变温度为25.39℃,相变潜热为153.58J/g,与理论计算结果较吻合.红外光谱试验结果表明,癸酸和棕榈酸混合物中没有新相生成.     

柠檬酸交联纤维素气凝胶的制备及其网络结构的表征

以柠檬酸作为交联剂,在氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(LiCl/DMAc)的纤维素溶解体系中,通过溶剂置换、酯化交联反应和超临界干燥工艺制备了纤维素气凝胶。通过电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪、差示扫描量热仪以及密度、吸水率和力学性能测试对纤维素气凝胶的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明:柠檬酸的改性或纤维素初始浓度的增大均能使纤维素气凝胶的网络结构变得更加紧密,改性获得的气凝胶网络结构能够获得更加稳定的化学交联点且具有更小的孔隙和更好的形变恢复能力;柠檬酸与纤维素结构单元的物质的量比为1∶1时纤维素气凝胶具有更好的热、力稳定性能;在25~120℃温度范围内反应温度越高交联反应程度越大。讨论了使用柠檬酸作为交联剂以及改变交联反应条件对纤维素气凝胶网络结构的影响。     

高DP竹溶解浆在NaOH/添加剂水溶液中的溶解行为

低温溶解纤维素的NaOH/添加剂水溶液溶剂体系因其价廉环保、溶解快速的特点引起了广泛的关注,但因为溶解能力的限制使其难于工业化。因此本文以较高聚合度(DP740)的商业竹溶解浆为实验原料,通过正交偏光显微镜观察了其在7%NaOH/12%尿素、9.5%NaOH/4.5%硫脲和8%NaOH/8%尿素/6.5%硫脲等NaOH/添加剂水溶液溶剂体系中低温溶解的行为。通过生成的透明纤维素溶液的粘度测试、溶解率的测定,UV-Vis光谱分析、动态光散射(DLS)测试和未溶残渣的XRD分析比较了3种NaOH/添加剂水溶液溶剂体系对高聚合度竹溶解浆的溶解能力。实验结果表明,8%NaOH/8%尿素/6.5%硫脲水溶液对竹溶解浆表现出最佳的溶解能力,约达到60%的浆纤维溶解。即不同于纯纤维素和其它低聚合度的化学木浆,纤维刚硬的高聚合度竹溶解浆在低温需要较高浓度的碱液和复配强氢键破坏能力的添加剂的溶剂体系才能获得较好的溶解效果。     

纤维素在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐中溶解机理

通过分析纤维素/1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(AmimCl)溶液在不同温度下浊度的变化和红外谱图变化,研究了纤维素在AmimCl中的溶解机理。温度升高,浊度变大,红外谱图羟基特征峰向高波数移动,说明纤维素与AmimCl的相互作用是氢键,而且温度升高会破坏纤维素/AmimCl溶液中的氢键,从而导致纤维素在AmimCl中析出。向纤维素/AmimCl溶液加入尿素、LiCl、KH_2PO_2、K_2SO_4和KPF_6等不同的氢键受体,用核磁共振方法研究了这些氢键受体与AmimCl的相互作用,核磁研究表明,氢键受体与AmimCl相容性越好,溶解纤维素能力越大,进一步说明了纤维素与AmimCl间的氢键作用。根据这一结论,指导合成了3种新型离子液体,并考察了这些溶剂体系对于纤维素的溶解性。     

微晶纤维素/CdS纳米复合材料的原位复合反应

以微晶纤维素(MCC)为模板,采用原位复合法制备MCC/CdS纳米复合材料。研究了超声波预处理以及镉离子、硫离子物质的量比对复合效果的影响,用扫描电镜(SEM),原子力显微镜(AFM),X射线衍射,荧光光谱(PL)以及激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)对复合材料的结构及性能进行表征。研究表明,超声波预处理后的纤维素对镉离子吸附能力更强,粒径为30 nm~100nm的CdS粒子均匀分布于纤维素表面,所得CdS为立方型晶体,复合材料体现出一定强度的光致发光性,较佳Cd2+∶S2-(物质的量比)为3∶1。     

混合溶剂中聚丙烯腈纺丝原液的可纺性

以二甲基亚砜/二甲基乙酰胺(DMSO/DMAc)为混合溶剂,选择高黏均分子量(Mη)聚丙烯腈(PAN)为研究对象,系统研究了温度、溶剂比例、分子量、固含量对混合溶剂纺丝原液流变性的影响。结果表明,纺丝原液的表观黏度随分子量、固含量的增大而增加,随温度升高而降低,随溶剂比例先增加后减小,在V(DMSO)∶V(DMAc)=1.25∶1处出现最小值,随后逐渐增加。PAN的结晶度随溶剂体积比增大而升高,在1.25∶1时结晶性能最优。最终实验确定PAN纺丝原液可纺性最佳条件为:纺丝温度60℃～70℃,溶剂体积比1.25:1,固含量14%～16%。     

脂肪酸二元低共熔混合物相变温度和潜热的理论预测

对低共熔混合物相变温度和潜热的理论预测公式进行了选择和验证,对脂肪酸类二元低共熔混合物的配比、熔点和熔化潜热进行了理论计算。从实际的计算过程来看,计算值与实验值吻合得很好,可以用来计算脂肪酸类低共熔混合物的热特性参数。在15种脂肪酸类低共熔混合物中,熔点最低为10.2℃,最高为51.5℃;熔化潜热最低为138.6J/g,最高为187.5J/g。从工程实际应用来看,脂肪酸类低共熔混合物适用于低温采暖、生活热水、相变墙体、温控混凝土、相变服装等领域。     

尿素共聚改性聚己二酸丁二醇酯及其性能

以己二酸和1,4-丁二醇为原料,通过酯化反应合成了聚己二酸丁二醇酯(PBA),再用尿素与其通过高温熔融缩聚反应合成了己二酸-丁二醇-尿素共聚物。考察了尿素含量对共聚物热稳定性、结晶性能、吸水率和降解性能的影响。利用红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振谱(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对聚合物进行了表征。结果表明,当丁二醇和尿素总量与己二酸的物质的量比n(丁二醇+尿素)∶n(己二酸)为1.16∶1,丁二醇和尿素的物质的量比n(1,4-丁二醇)∶n(尿素)为5∶1时,共聚物的重均分子量(-Mw)约为1×104,对比PBA,共聚物的热稳定性、吸水率和降解性能等有明显的提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.