含Cu铁素体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌性能

含Cu铁素体抗菌不锈钢在抗菌热处理过程中析出ε-Cu相,具有抗菌功能.抗菌处理的条件影响析出相的数量和形貌,从而影响其抗菌特性.在时效温度较低时,抗菌析出相基本上呈球形,随着时效温度的升高,析出相逐渐变为长条形并与铁素体基体保持某种取向关系.在抗菌不锈钢抗菌过程的前期,抗菌性能表现为对细菌生长和繁殖的抑制,后期表现为对细菌的杀灭.     

含Cu抗菌不锈钢的工艺与耐蚀性能

与普通0Cr17铁素体不锈钢和0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢相比，含铜铁素体和奥氏体抗菌不锈钢均具有良好的冷热加工性能和焊接性能．通过提高浇铸温度，抗菌不锈钢能保持良好的铸造性能．奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗应力腐蚀性能比0Cr18Ni9不锈钢有很大的提高，而铁素体抗菌不锈钢比0Cr17有明显的下降．与相应的普通不锈钢相比，两种类型抗菌不锈钢的耐点蚀性能均略有下降．     

奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的微观组织及抗菌性能

含Cu奥氏体抗菌不锈钢经特殊的抗菌热处理析出ε—Cu相,采用覆膜法研究其抗菌性能。实验结果表明：奥氏体抗菌不锈钢易于杀灭大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;杀灭鼠伤寒杆菌需要一定时间;杀灭白色念株菌需要较长时间。这与细菌的细胞壁组织结构、细胞壁厚度及其属性有关。抗菌不锈钢对细胞壁较薄、肽聚糖含量较低、组织疏松、金属离子易穿透细胞壁的细菌易于杀灭;反之,细菌不易于杀灭。随着抗菌作用时间的延长,溶液中铜离子浓度的提高,抗菌不锈钢的杀菌效力显著提高。奥氏体抗菌不锈钢经表面打磨或磨损仍然具有同样的抗菌性能。     

抗菌不锈钢的抗菌原理、常规加工与增材制造

各类公共卫生事件频发,催生了各类抗菌产品研发和应用.抗菌材料按原料来源分类包括无机抗菌材料、有机抗菌材料、天然抗菌材料和合成抗菌材料.不锈钢作为运用最广泛的无机金属材料之一,在抗菌材料的应用方面已取得阶段性进展.不锈钢获得抗菌性能的常规加工方法有两种,即表面改性和合金化处理.然而,表面型抗菌不锈钢经磨蚀后极易丧失抗菌效果,合金型抗菌不锈钢中抗菌离子利用率较低,这些都导致不锈钢的抗菌效果不理想.因此,研究者们除研究不同抗菌元素的抗菌机理外,还从提高抗菌不锈钢耐久性和抗菌效率方面进行了不同制备工艺的探索,扩大了抗菌不锈钢的使用范围.近年来,研究者们开发了多种抗菌不锈钢的制备工艺以提高其使用寿命和抗菌性能.通过沉积法、渗透法和喷涂法等方式将抗菌元素被添加到不锈钢表面,可使抗菌层厚度增加,抗菌效果更稳定;适量抗菌金属元素被添加到不锈钢中,经抗菌处理后这些抗菌金属元素能够不断地向介质中释放抗菌金属离子,使不锈钢的抗菌率大幅提高.此外,为了满足抗菌不锈钢在生物医学领域的使用需求,常在其表面引入羟基磷灰石、聚(L-丙交酯-己内酯)等生物相容性良好的物质,或采用先进的制备工艺控制有害金属离子的释放浓度,以实现抗菌性能和生物相容性的有机结合.本文综述了近10年国内外各种抗菌不锈钢的研究现状.介绍了表面改性抗菌不锈钢和合金型抗菌不锈钢的抗菌原理、特点与制造方法.此外,针对常规制造法存在制备周期较长、材料耗损较多、环境污染较严重等问题,本文结合增材制造技术的优势,试图寻找一种新型的抗菌不锈钢制备工艺,以其个性化定制、耗时短、精密加工等优势弥补上述缺点,并且介绍了增材制造抗菌材料在医疗卫生领域中的应用.     

含铜奥氏体抗菌不锈钢抗菌性能和机理初步研究

考察了含铜奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌性能，并对其抗菌机理进行了初步探讨。方法：覆膜法测定杀菌率；透射电镜观察E．coli细胞形态；考马斯亮蓝法测定细胞漏出液中可溶性蛋白含量；琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测菌体基因组DNA考察抗菌不锈钢对DNA的剪切作用。结果：除产气肠杆菌外，奥氏体抗菌不锈钢对其它供试的16种常见微生物均显示较强的抗菌活性，具有广谱抗菌性．在作用9h时可将1×10^7cfu／ml的E．coli全部杀灭，对浓度≤1×10^7cfu／ml的E．coli液在24h内杀灭率达到99．5％。透射电镜结果显示，与奥氏体抗菌不锈钢作用后的E．coli细胞壁和细胞膜破裂，核区不明显；作用后的菌液中可溶性蛋白质含量增加；实验中未检测到有明显的菌体DNA断裂现象．结论：奥氏体抗菌不锈钢具较强的抗菌性能和广谱抗菌性。其作用机理可能为使菌体细胞壁和细胞膜因氧化而破裂，胞内可溶性蛋白漏出，最终导致菌死亡。     

含铜铁素体抗菌不锈钢的杀菌机理的初步研究

通过杀菌性能、蛋白质溶出、添加半胱氨酸等实验，并利用生物透射电镜技术，对含铜铁素体抗菌不锈钢对大肠杆菌的杀灭作用机理进行了初步研究。结果表明抗菌不锈钢对大肠杆菌的杀菌率达到99．99％。进一步的研究发现，大肠杆菌与抗菌不锈钢作用后，其细胞壁和细胞膜破裂，细胞膜脂质和含-SH等还原基团酶发生氧化，细胞内出现了明显的内含物溢出现象。随着与抗菌不锈钢作用时间的延长，细菌细胞内的蛋白质漏出量不断增加，最终致使细菌死亡。     

17-4PH不锈钢的抗菌性能

研究了热处理工艺对17-4PH不锈钢抗菌性能的影响。结果表明,冷处理并在482℃时效能有效提高17-4PH不锈钢的抗菌性能和硬度,提高时效温度使17-4PH不锈钢的杀菌率增加,但是其硬度明显降低;时效时间增加,杀菌率提高,但是硬度略有降低。冷处理促进马氏体分解,位错密度增大,从而促进了富Cu相的析出。17-4PH不锈钢最优的抗菌热处理工艺制度为:1040℃固溶处理/0.5 h+液氮冷处理/0.5 h+482℃时效处理/6 h。     

抗菌不锈钢的发展研究现状及展望

结合中外研究文献资料,总结了抗菌不锈钢的抗菌机理和目前不同生产工艺生产抗菌不锈钢发展状况,以及不同类产品的特性。分析结果显示,抗菌不锈钢具有抗菌性好、耐高温塑性好、自身无菌等良好特性。合金型抗菌不锈钢特别是含铜抗菌不锈钢目前应用最为广泛。表面改性抗菌不锈钢则具有更好的前景,并且有待进一步研究。综合抗菌不锈钢的特性对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

时效处理对含铜马氏体抗菌不锈钢抗菌性能的影响

利用覆膜法研究了时效温度和时效时间对含铜马氏体不锈钢抗菌性能的影响，结果表明当不锈钢经过500℃时效处理时就表现出明显的抗菌性能；当时效温度升高至700℃时不锈钢对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌率达到99．9％以上，表现出优秀的抗菌性能。     

常温下赋予不锈钢抗菌性能的实验研究

以AgNO3为主要原料制备了含有Ag^ 的冷敷液，在常温条件下，采用将冷敷液涂抹在不锈钢表面上或将不锈钢浸入冷敷液中的方法，制备了出表面含有抗菌Ag^ 离子的新型抗菌不锈钢。用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和原子吸收光谱(AAS)进行表征，表征结果表明，不锈钢表面形成一层含有柠檬酸银和过氧化银的薄膜，Ag^ 还渗透到不锈钢的内部。还对此材料的的抗菌性能进行了奎因实验，实验结果显示，抗菌不锈钢在接种金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌后培养24h后，不锈钢表面的菌落数均为0。     

壳聚糖/纳米TiO2杂化材料的制备及抗菌性能表征

制备了壳聚糖/纳米TiO2杂化膜,表征了其抗菌性能,分析了影响TiO2纳米粒子在壳聚糖溶液中分散性的影响因素。FT-IR、AFM分析了杂化膜的结构与形态。表明促进TiO2颗粒良好分散有四个主要因素:(1)表面电荷的重新分布;(2)空间保护作用;(3)化学键的相互作用;(4)超声分散。抗菌实验表明壳聚糖/纳米TiO2杂化膜具有很强的抗菌性能,细菌的形态学变化具有两个显著的特点:(1)细胞内物质渗漏,在细胞周围形成了环状结构;(2)细胞表面囊泡的形成。     

采用ZnO晶须／纳米TiO2复合粒子改善钢结构防火涂料的性能

以氧化锌晶须和锐钛型纳米二氧化钛为添加剂来提高钢结构防火涂料的各项性能．系统研究了氧化锌晶须和纳米二氧化钛的改性,以及改性后晶须和纳米二氧化钛对防火涂料耐火性能、耐水性能、力学性能以及抗菌性等的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了复合材料的断面以及粒子在基体中的分散状况．研究表明,使用质量分数为0．5％的KH560改性后的氧化锌晶须具有较好的分散性,使用质量分数为6％的硅铝复合包膜改性后的纳米二氧化钛具有较好的分散性能;与单一的铜结构防火涂料相比,氧化锌晶须添加量的质量分数为5％时,改性铜结构防火涂料的性能有较大的提高,其耐火极限由96min提高到118min,耐水极限由28h提高到37h,黏结强度由0．45MPa提高到1．12MPa;纳米二氧化钛的加入可有效提高氧化锌晶须／防火涂料的抗菌性能,当纳米二氧化钛的添加量为0．5％时,防火涂料的灭菌率可达99．9％     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.