Phenolic Antioxidants in Some Vigna Species of Legumes and their Distinct Inhibitory Effects on α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Activities

Phenolic extracts of 4 Vigna species of legumes (mung bean, moth bean, and black and red varieties of adzuki beans) were evaluated for phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Results showed that adzuki bean varieties contain higher phenolic indexes than mung bean and moth beans. Adzuki bean (black) variety was found to be the most active 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion scavenger. However, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating abilities were significantly higher in adzuki bean (red) variety. Mung bean exhibited least antioxidant activities in all the methods tested. Phenolic extracts from these legumes also showed distinct variations in the inhibition of enzymes associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Inhibitory activities of all the extracts against lipase were found to be more potent than α-glucosidase. Although, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was superior in the black variety of adzuki bean (IC(50,) 26.28 mg/mL), both adzuki bean varieties (black and red) along with moth bean showed strong inhibitory activities on lipase with no significant difference in their IC(50) values (7.32 to 9.85 mg/mL). These results suggest that Vigna species of legumes are potential source of antioxidant phenolics and also great sources of strong natural inhibitors for α-glucosidase and lipase activities. This information may help for effective utilization of these legumes as functional food ingredients for promoting health. Practical Application: Vigna species of legumes are good sources of phenolic antioxidants and strong natural inhibitors of enzymes associated with diabetes and obesity. Therefore, utilization of these legumes in the development of functional foods with increased therapeutic value would be a significant step toward health promotion and wellness.     

黑龙江省主栽红小豆蛋白质营养价值评价

红小豆具有较高营养价值,是一种重要的植物蛋白来源。本研究以黑龙江主栽红小豆品种品鉴红、农安红、状元红、宝清红、农垦红2号为研究对象,采用比值系数法、必需氨基酸指数等方法对其进行蛋白质营养价值评价。试验结果表明：红小豆蛋白质的等电点在pH 4.2~4.4左右;品鉴红、农安红、农垦红2号的蛋白质含量较高,分别为24.36%±0.02%、23.61%±0.07%、23.66%±0.04%,并且与另外两种红小豆差异显著。品鉴红、农安红、农垦红2号的氨基酸评分（AAS）分别为66、76、51,氨基酸比值系数（SRCAA）分别为71.50、75.44、70.08,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）分别为0.76、1.12、0.84,生物价（BV）分别为70.90、109.90、79.40,营养指数（NI）分别为18.46、26.39、19.77。三种红小豆中农安红红小豆蛋白质的氨基酸组成与标准蛋白模式更接近,并且具有较高营养价值和利用度。     

赤小豆淀粉性质的研究

本文研究测定了赤小豆淀粉的各种结构特性,发现淀粉颗粒粒径范围为18～80μm,平均粒径为40.8μm;偏光十字明显,其X-光衍射图样属A型晶体结构,结晶度为40.5%。淀粉碘复合物可见光吸收光谱的最大吸收波长为618nm,链淀粉含量33.2%。赤小豆淀粉在水中的溶胀能力较玉米淀粉大,比木薯淀粉小。赤小豆淀粉糊属于假塑性流体,糊抗剪切能力和凝沉能力均比玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉强,其冷、热糊粘度稳定性较好,单甘酯对赤小豆淀粉糊的影响较为特别。     

微波预处理对红豆吸水特性、外观及淀粉特性的影响

本文旨在利用微波预处理在红豆表皮形成裂缝的方式改善其在常温下的吸水速率。红豆经80~800 W微波处理10~50 s后，观察其外观和淀粉特性变化，并将其置于清水或果胶酶溶液中浸泡，探究其吸水特性。结果表明，随着微波预处理功率和时间的增加，红豆表皮逐渐形成裂缝、体积膨大、淀粉部分糊化，在25 ℃清水和0.20 mg/mL果胶酶溶液中的吸水速率均显著增加、饱和吸水率下降。其中，经800 W、30 s微波预处理后，红豆表皮产生裂缝、保持原有颗粒形状、尺寸略微变大；部分淀粉颗粒破碎和糊化、偏光十字减少；清水中吸水率提高28.78%（浸泡6 h）、饱和吸水率下降10.64%，果胶酶溶液中吸水率提高30.89%（浸泡6 h）、饱和吸水率则无明显下降。综上，微波预处理可提高红豆的吸水速率，且该提升作用可能与其表皮形成裂缝以及淀粉部分糊化有关。研究结果可为微波技术在杂粮加工中的应用提供理论指导。     

Common beans as a source of food ingredients: Techno-functional and biological potential

Common beans are an inexpensive source of high-quality food ingredients. They are rich in proteins, slowly digestible starch, fiber, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive molecules that could be separated and processed to obtain value-added ingredients with techno-functional and biological potential. The use of common beans in the food industry is a promising alternative to add nutritional and functional ingredients with a low impact on overall consumer acceptance. Researchers are evaluating traditional and novel technologies to develop functionally enhanced common bean ingredients, such as flours, proteins, starch powders, and phenolic extracts that could be introduced as functional ingredient alternatives in the food industry. This review compiles recent information on processing, techno-functional properties, food applications, and the biological potential of common bean ingredients. The evidence shows that incorporating an adequate proportion of common bean ingredients into regular foods such as pasta, bread, or nutritional bars improves their fiber, protein, phenolic compounds, and glycemic index profile without considerably affecting their organoleptic properties. Additionally, common bean consumption has shown health benefits in the gut microbiome, weight control, and the reduction of the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases. However, food matrix interaction studies and comprehensive clinical trials are needed to develop common bean ingredient applications and validate the health benefits over time.     

小豆种质资源总黄酮含量测定及相关分析

小豆黄酮类化合物含量较高,类黄酮具有保健功能和药用价值。本研究选取279份栽培小豆、野生和半野生小豆种质资源材料,采用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,并对总黄酮含量与农艺性状进行相关分析。结果表明小豆总黄酮含量的变异范围为1.12~5.97mg RE/g,育成小豆品种总黄酮平均含量2.95mg RE/g、变异系数为25.76%;地方品种总黄酮平均含量3.31mg RE/g、变异系数为26.89%;半野生小豆总黄酮平均含量为3.55mg RE/g、变异系数为15.77%;野生小豆总黄酮平均含量为4.06 mg RE/g、变异系数为18.23%。野生小豆总黄酮平均含量高于栽培小豆,小豆总黄酮含量与现花期、盛花期、第一荚成熟、100%成熟呈极显著正相关,与籽粒亮度值L呈显著正相关,与百粒重、种子面积、红度值a呈极显著负相关;与地理经度和纬度分别呈极显著和显著负相关,总黄酮含量随着经纬度升高而降低,随着海拔降低而降低。研究为高类黄酮小豆种质资源挖掘利用和育种改良提供了有效依据。     

红小豆功能特性研究进展

红小豆是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、多营养的功能食品。近年来研究发现,其提取物具有良好的抗氧化性和对多种疾病的预防、治疗作用,开发和利用红小豆具有非常好的前景。本文对红小豆功能特性的研究进展进行综述。     

高温流化改良红小豆蒸煮品质及其机理研究

为解决红小豆质地坚硬、蒸煮品质差、煮饭前需长时间浸泡的问题,采用高温流化技术对红小豆进行蒸煮品质改良,以满足其与白米煮饭时同煮同熟的需要。研究了补水量、流化温度、进料速度对红小豆吸水性能以及蒸煮硬度的影响,然后通过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件为:补水量10∶2、流化温度215℃、进料速度62 kg/h。经最佳工艺条件处理的红小豆吸水指数为194.03%、硬度为1 448.08 g,其蒸煮硬度与白米蒸煮硬度相近,达到了与白米煮饭同煮同熟的要求。通过SEM、XRD、DSC、RVA表征处理前后红小豆微观结构、热力学特性和糊化特性,发现高温流化的红小豆细胞间微孔直径增加、细胞壁破损、淀粉结晶度下降、淀粉热力学特性和糊化行为改变,这些变化可能是高温流化改良红小豆蒸煮品质的内在机理。     

Inhibitory Effects of Phenolics and Saponins From Commonly Consumed Food Legumes in China Against Digestive Enzymes Pancreatic Lipase and α-Glycosidase

Total phenolic and saponin components were extracted from 13 commonly consumed food legumes produced in China, and then a systematic comparative study was conducted to investigate their inhibitory effects against digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase, and α-glycosidase, respectively. Saponin extract (1 mg/mL) from black bean exhibited the highest (41.8%) pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect, followed by phenolic extract from adzuki bean with 36.3%, saponin extract from yellow soybean with 34.1%, saponin extract from pinto bean with 32.6%. It is worth mentioning that both phenolic and saponin extracts from the mung bean, adzuki bean, lima bean, and pinto bean exhibited inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase. Among four beans, the adzuki bean had the highest inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase activity. In the α-glycosidase assays, phenolic extracts exhibited stronger α-glycosidase inhibitory activity than that of saponins in general. Phenolic extracts of the adzuki bean, black bean, fava bean, lentil, rock bean, and red kidney bean inhibited over 80% of α-glycosidase activity at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. Both phenolic and saponin extracts from the adzuki bean and rock bean exhibited inhibitory effects against α-glycosidase. The results indicate that adzuki bean is one of the best target beans for further study on their anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects via cell and animal models.     

Anti-obesity role of adzuki bean extract containing polyphenols: in vivo and in vitro effects

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of polyphenol‐rich adzuki bean extract on lipid metabolism, triglyceride accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: For the in vivo study, rats were divided into four groups: group C was fed a control diet, group A was fed the control diet with 1% adzuki bean extract, group CF was fed a high fat diet, and group AF was fed a high fat diet with 1% adzuki bean extract. For the in vitro study, the ability of adzuki bean extract to suppress triglyceride incorporation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory response was investigated in cultured human adipocytes. Data from the animal study showed that adzuki bean extract improved lipid metabolism in both the normal and high‐fat diet groups. Adzuki bean extract treatment in the high‐fat group resulted in significant reductions in total hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid secretion into the feces. Incubation of adipocytes with adzuki bean extract significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory responses without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that adzuki bean extract has high potential to serve as a natural anti‐obesity agent. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Isolation and Characterization of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis cv Takara) Proteins

Protein extract (P-I), isolate (P-II), albumin (PA), and globulin (PC) were isolated from Minnesota-grown adzuki beans. Total extractable protein and water- and salt-soluble fractions accounted for 21.6, 15.8, and 2.3% (d.b.), respectively. Fractions were compared with a commercial soy protein (PS) for chemical and functional properties. Proteins in P-I, PA, PG, P-II, and PS were 78.8, 69.4, 89.2, 91.3, and 89.9% (d.b.), respectively. P-I, PA, and PG were superior to PS in essential amino acid contents; P-II was comparable to it. Adzuki bean proteins, except for PA, showed high solubility at acidic and alkaline pH. Compared to PS, the adzuki bean protein fractions (except P-II) showed greater fat absorption and water adsorption, greater foaming (except PG), and lower emulsifying capacities (except P-II) and stabilities. P-I and PA showed lower, and P-II higher, least gelation concentrations than PS.     

光质对小豆芽苗菜生长和类黄酮的影响及其机理初步探究

为探索最适宜小豆芽苗菜生长的光质和光周期,为工厂化生产光环境调控提供依据,分别在黑暗(D)、白光(W)、蓝光(B),紫外光A(UV-A)和紫外光B(UV-B)下培养小豆芽苗菜,研究不同光质对小豆芽苗菜的生长和类黄酮含量的影响,并初步探究类黄酮合成机制。结果表明,与W相比,UV-B处理显著(p<0.05)降低了小豆芽苗菜株高、可食鲜重和含水率,但不影响其可食干重。与D和W相比,其他光质处理均显著(p<0.05)提高了小豆芽苗菜类黄酮含量,其中UV-B处理显著(p<0.05)高于其他光质处理;同时UV-B处理显著(p<0.05)提高芦丁和山奈酚含量;不同UV-B处理时长都降低了其含水率,4 h是比较适合小豆芽苗菜生长和营养积累的UV-B光照时间。在120 h之内,UV-B处理下类黄酮含量持续上升;在60 h之内,UV-B处理下查尔酮合成酶(CHS)和黄酮醇合酶(FLS)酶活性持续高于W处理,并且UV-B促进类黄酮合成相关酶活性基因的表达。因此,UV-B通过提高CHS和FLS酶活性及相关基因的表达显著(p<0.05)提高小豆芽苗菜黄酮类物质及其单体含量。     

基于高温流化技术改良红小豆的蒸煮品质

以红小豆为原料,采用高温流化技术（流化温度215 ℃、流化处理时间55 s、进料速率62 kg/h）对其进行处理,通过分析红小豆籽粒结构、淀粉结构、糊化特性以及水分吸收、迁移和分布情况,探究高温流化技术改良红小豆蒸煮品质的机理。结果表明,红小豆经过高温流化处理后,籽粒致密结构变得疏松、子叶相邻细胞间毛细孔直径增大、部分淀粉颗粒结构破损。在98 ℃近沸水中蒸煮时,原料红小豆蒸煮60 min时的糊化度与高温流化红小豆蒸煮30 min时的糊化度相当;经过高温流化处理之后,红小豆的糊化黏度更低,回生趋势更小;蒸煮60 min时,高温流化红小豆吸水率为90.06%,比原料红小豆提高34.84%,吸水性能明显改善;高温流化红小豆颗粒内部的水分迁移速率明显加快且分布更均匀;高温流化红小豆煮饭的感官评分更高。综上,高温流化改良红小豆蒸煮品质的途径主要是通过拓宽籽粒水分进入的通道、破坏吸水屏障来提高吸水性能,从而使淀粉吸水更充分、糊化更彻底,同时也改善了其煮饭的口感风味。     

Sensory,physicochemical and rheological properties of plant-based milk alternatives made from soybean,peanut, adlay,adzuki bean,oat and buckwheat

This study investigated the physicochemical and sensory properties of six types of plant-based milk alternatives prepared from soybean, peanut, adlay, adzuki bean, oat and buckwheat at a 1:9 grain-to-water ratio. The results revealed that all plant-based milk types had stable hydrocolloid systems, except for the buckwheat milk alternative that had undergone a gelatinisation process that affected its rheological and sensory properties. The pH values and total solid content of the prepared plant-based milk samples ranged between 6.60 to 6.83 and 2.13 to 8.17 g/100 mL, respectively. The sensory results showed that the overall liking score of adlay, adzuki bean and peanut milk alternative was 5.32, 5.30 and 6.10, respectively, suggesting a potential for commercial production. In conclusion, this investigation provides new insights on several new plant sources for plant-based milk alternatives. Further studies are required to investigate the digestibility and the nutritional effects expected from plant-based milk alternatives such as protein bioavailability, and the effects on human health compared to other animal milks.     

赤豆辐照保藏研究

辐照处理日期的早晚对赤豆防虫保鲜的效果有明显影响。收获后当年11月份辐照的赤豆,只需0.5万拉德就可以安全地贮藏一年而不出虫。在同样的剂量下,剂量率高的杀虫效果要优于剂量率低的。在50万拉德内,辐照对赤豆营养成分的影响可以忽略。辐照赤豆贮藏一年后品质仍然良好。感官评定和色谱—质谱分析表明,辐照赤豆与未辐照赤豆之间的差别是不显著的。     

红小豆超微粉对面粉理化性质及鲜湿面条品质的影响

目的:探究红小豆超微粉在鲜湿面条中的适宜添加量。方法:采用粉质仪、拉伸仪、湿面筋仪、降落数值仪及面粉白度仪测定红小豆超微粉对面粉理化指标的影响,采用质构仪测定红小豆超微粉对鲜湿面条质构参数的影响,采用感官方法评价红小豆超微粉和红小豆粗粉对鲜湿面条感官品质指标的影响,采用理化分析法测定面条的蒸煮品质和营养成分。结果:红小豆超微粉适宜添加量为8%~12%。当红小豆超微粉添加量为12%时,面条中蛋白质含量提高了10.1%,膳食纤维含量提高了31.8%,红小豆超微粉面条比粗粉面条品质提高了13.9%。结论:红小豆经超微粉碎后,降低了对面粉品质和鲜湿面条品质的负面影响,可提高小麦粉面条的营养价值。     

Sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) as a source of antioxidant phenolics

Sword beans (Canavalia gladiata) have been used as grain legumes and medicinal plants in China for thousands of years. To explore new natural antioxidant sources, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition in the soluble and bound fractions of three sword bean genotypes were evaluated in vitro. The red and black sword beans were found to have antioxidant capacity compared to the white sword bean, and this was attributed to their red and black bean coats, which possessed extremely high phenolic content. Gallic acid and its derivatives, such as methyl gallate, digalloyl hexoside and digallic acid, were the main phenolic compounds in the coats of red and black sword beans. Therefore, the red and black sword beans, especially their bean coats, are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and may have potential health benefits.     

杂粮复合豆沙营养及功能品质评价

以薏米、苦荞分别与红小豆、红芸豆制成杂粮复合豆沙,检测其蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉等宏量营养素以及黄酮、多酚、花青素等微量活性成分含量,并对营养品质及功能成分进行综合评价。结果表明,与红小豆沙和红芸豆沙相比,薏米或苦荞复合豆沙的蛋白质、总淀粉、慢消化淀粉、抗性淀粉、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、黄酮、多酚、花青素等营养功能成分含量均显著增加(P0.05)。基于主要营养、功能物质含量,采用主成分分析(PCA),7个豆沙样品营养价值由高到低依次为:苦荞红小豆沙薏米红小豆沙苦荞红芸豆沙薏米红芸豆沙红小豆沙红小豆沙(市售)红芸豆沙,这表明杂粮复合豆沙具有更高的营养功能品质。     

Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw,boiled, and sprouted mung beans (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) in rats

This study was carried out to investigate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw, boiled, and sprouted mung beans in rats. Oven dried mung bean powders; raw, sprouted, and boiled were included at 30% level in the diet of seven weeks old male Wistar rats maintained for 5 weeks on high (0.5%) cholesterol diet in comparison with control diet. Low serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations (p < .05) in raw and processed mung bean diets fed rats were supported by low serum insulin level in both raw mung bean diet and boiled mung bean diet fed rats. Hypoglycemic effect in sprouted mung bean fed rats was supported by higher α‐amylase inhibitory activity and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of sprouted mung beans. Increase in serum non‐HDL cholesterol concentration and decrease in HDL cholesterol concentration caused by high cholesterol diet were modulated (p < .05) by both boiled and sprouted mung bean diets.

Practical applications

Mung bean is a green legume rich in protein, fiber, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic potential of raw mung beans have been shown previously. It is well known that cooking and processing modulate nutritional and biochemical parameters of foods. However, very limited information is available on the effect of processing on functional properties of legumes. Results of this study showed that boiling and sprouting improved the soluble fiber content and hypocholesterolemic potential of mung beans. Thus, the processed mung beans may be more suitable for developing food supplements for patients with hypercholesterolemia.     

Thermal treatment of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Factors determining cooking time and its consequences for sensory and nutritional quality

Over the past years, the shift toward plant-based foods has largely increased the global awareness of the nutritional importance of legumes (common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in particular) and their potential role in sustainable food systems. Nevertheless, the many benefits of bean consumption may not be realized in large parts of the world, since long cooking time (lack of convenience) limits their utilization. This review focuses on the current insights in the cooking behavior (cookability) of common beans and the variables that have a direct and/or indirect impact on cooking time. The review includes the various methods to evaluate textural changes and the effect of cooking on sensory attributes and nutritional quality of beans. In this review, it is revealed that the factors involved in cooking time of beans are diverse and complex and thus necessitate a careful consideration of the choice of (pre)processing conditions to conveniently achieve palatability while ensuring maximum nutrient retention in beans. In order to harness the full potential of beans, there is a need for a multisectoral collaboration between breeders, processors, and nutritionists.