不同解冻方式对干制武昌鱼品质及挥发性风味的影响

目的 研究不同解冻方式对武昌鱼干制前后品质及挥发性风味的影响。方法 通过电子鼻及气相色谱-质谱法（electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）等技术分析4种解冻方式对干制武昌鱼风味的影响。结合理化指标（脂肪含量、蛋白含量、色度、硫代巴比妥酸值）的测定结果,综合评价不同解冻方式对干制武昌鱼的品质。结果 电子鼻能够很好的区分4种解冻方式对干制前后武昌鱼气味差异,静水解冻武昌鱼能够较大保留武昌鱼的原始气味,结合GC-MS结果,静水解冻武昌鱼干制后风味差异主要来源于醛、醇类物质的贡献。研究发现,较其他解冻方式,静水解冻不仅所需时间较少,且汁液流失率较低;静水解冻后干制武昌鱼的蛋白质含量最高,低温解冻后干燥武昌鱼的脂肪含量最高;静水解冻干制大幅度增加了武昌鱼的a*,给予干制武昌鱼良好的色泽,并且对氧化具有一定的抑制作用,通过自然解冻干制后对武昌鱼的黄度值具有显著抑制作用。结论 综合分析静水解冻较其他3种解冻方式更利于干制武昌鱼的品质及风味的形成。     

传统日晒与阴干干腌武昌鱼挥发性风味物质的形成及脂肪氧化的变化

为探究传统干腌鱼的挥发性风味物质,本研究以新鲜武昌鱼为原料,采用日晒、阴干两种传统干制方式对腌制武昌鱼进行加工,并通过测定过氧化值、酸价、茴香胺值、共轭二稀与共轭三稀、羰基价、脂肪酸含量,结合挥发性化合物测定、电子鼻及感官评价来探究传统干腌武昌鱼特征风味物质的形成和风味差异。结果显示：日晒干制的武昌鱼,其过氧化值、酸价、茴香胺值、多烯指数、羰基价均高于阴干和未干制组。日晒武昌鱼的不饱和脂肪酸相对含量要低于阴干和未干制的武昌鱼,尤其是油酸（C18:1n9）、亚油酸（C18:2n9）、亚麻酸（C18:3n3）。日晒对武昌鱼整体气味和挥发性风味物质影响较大。日晒武昌鱼挥发性物质有28种,阴干武昌鱼有23种,未干制组为20种。日晒干制武昌鱼具有更强的哈喇味和肉香味,阴干武昌鱼有更显著的鱼腥味和哈喇味。相关性结果表明：武昌鱼的香气物质与脂肪氧化呈显著正相关,与典型的单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸呈负相关。脂肪氧化是干腌鱼香气形成的重要途径,日晒促进了脂肪氧化、干腌武昌鱼风味的形成和香气积累。     

不同风干工艺处理的武昌鱼鱼肉品质和风味的变化

以腌制武昌鱼为原料进行干制,通过测定热泵干燥、热风干燥、冷风干燥、联合干燥四种风干工艺处理下的武昌鱼鱼肉脂质氧化理化指标,感官,色泽,质构特性,电子鼻,挥发性风味成分变化,分析不同干燥工艺处理对武昌鱼品质特性和风味变化的影响。热泵干燥的武昌鱼脂质氧化程度更显著,初级产物氢过氧化物含量最高为4 mmol/kg,脂质氧化二级产物丙二醛含量最高为 0.68 mg/kg,感官评分结果最好（8.6分）、质构表现最好;冷风干燥处理的武昌鱼色泽表现最差,热风、热泵、联合干燥处理的武昌鱼差异较小;热风干燥处理的武昌鱼硬度最大53.96 N、热泵干燥处理的武昌鱼弹性最大;电子鼻检测表明四种干燥工艺处理武昌鱼风味呈现显著性差异（P<0.05）;挥发性风味物质检测发现联合干燥处理武昌鱼挥发性风味物质含量最多21种,热泵处理挥发性风味物质含量最低仅有6种。综上所述联合干燥处理的武昌鱼鱼肉,脂质氧化程度硬度低、弹性好、挥发性风味物质含量多种类丰富。     

畜禽肉和鱼肉对南极磷虾凝胶制品挥发性风味成分的影响

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术分析南极磷虾凝胶制品和分别添加畜禽肉(鸡肉、猪肉、牛肉)、鱼肉(白姑鱼、鳙鱼)后南极磷虾凝胶制品挥发性风味成分,结合感觉阈值,利用气味活度法(OAV)确定特征风味物质。研究结果表明:南极磷虾凝胶制品中挥发性风味物质浓度仅为421.32μg/100 g,共确定11种特征风味物质;而添加畜禽肉和鱼肉的制品中挥发性风味物质浓度明显增加,分别为1 378.51、1 026.73、2 291.20、1 192.37、1 199.93μg/100 g,且特征风味物质分别为20、18、23、15、16种。因此磷虾制品中添加畜禽肉和鱼肉能一定程度提高制品的挥发性风味品质,且添加鸡肉和牛肉的制品其挥发性风味品质优于添加猪肉的制品,添加白姑鱼的制品其挥发性风味品质优于添加鳙鱼的制品。     

干制方式对腌腊草鱼脂肪氧化和挥发性风味成分的影响

以不同干制方式制得的腌腊鱼（水分质量分数40%）为对象,基于菌落总数、酸价（acid value,AV）、过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）含量、总脂含量与总脂肪酸组成、挥发性风味物质、感官评分等指标,探讨了光照和温度对腌腊鱼风味品质的影响。结果显示：冷风避光组腌腊鱼样品的菌落总数最高,而热风光照组最低,分别为4.42、2.91（lg（CFU/g））。光照组腌腊鱼的脂质氧化指标均高于避光组,两者总脂含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）;热风组腌腊鱼的POV和TBA含量均显著高于冷风组（P＜0.05）,AV和总脂含量显著低于冷风组（P＜0.05）。多不饱和脂肪酸含量占腌腊鱼总脂肪酸含量的40%左右。无论是温度还是光照均对以二十二碳六烯酸为代表的n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸有显著影响（P＜0.05）。感官评价结果表明,冷风组和光照组腌腊鱼样品香气得分均显著高于热风组和避光组（P＜0.05）。本研究共从4 种腌腊鱼样品中检出了82 种挥发性物质,筛选确定了2-壬烯醛等14 种气味活性物质。相同温度下,光照组样品的气味活性值总和显著高于避光组（P＜0.05）,表明光照更有利于香气物质的生成。本研究可为腌腊鱼生产企业改善产品品质提供理论依据。     

腌腊鱼传统日晒干制过程中品质变化与香气形成

以腌制后的草鱼为研究对象,基于菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮含量、酸价（acid value,AV）、过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、色差、质构、脂肪酸组成、挥发性风味物质等指标,研究了腌腊鱼传统日晒干制过程中品质变化与香气形成规律。结果显示,菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮含量均随着日晒时间的延长而升高,日晒4?d时两者均达最大值,分别为4.73（lg（CFU/g））和28.39?mg/100?g,说明产品安全性好。随着日晒时间的延长,AV和TBA值不断增加,而POV呈先上升后下降趋势。色差和质构结果表明,日晒过程中腌腊鱼色泽不断变暗,逐步发红和变黄,同时硬度和咀嚼性上升,形成成品特有的“干香”风味。日晒4?d后,腌腊鱼不同脂质成分中多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）相对含量均明显下降,且下降趋势排序为：游离PUFA＞磷脂PUFA＞甘油三酯PUFA。本研究共从腌腊鱼样品中检出了七大类70?种挥发物,筛选确定了己醛等14?种气味活性物质。日晒结束后,腌腊鱼成品中挥发物气味活性值总和从156.67升高至252.88,表明日晒加工对传统腌腊鱼制品的香气形成十分关键。本研究结果可为传统腌腊鱼加工企业完善生产工艺提供理论参考。     

大球盖菇干制过程香气变化规律及与关键酶促反应的关联性

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同干制时间段的大球盖菇子实体中挥发性风味化合物进行分离、鉴定,探究其在55℃恒温热风干制过程中挥发性风味物质的变化规律。在整个干制过程中共鉴定出245种挥发性风味化合物,其中包括34种醛类化合物、29种酯类化合物、40种醇类化合物、37种酮类化合物、7种酸类化合物、24种烷烃类化合物、26种烯烃类化合物及48种其他类化合物；醛、酮、醇类化合物占比较大,三者含量之和占总含量的65.49%~89.30%,为大球盖菇中主要的挥发性物质。通过气味活度值热图分析结合偏最小二乘判别分析法,筛选出45种关键气味化合物,其中1-辛烯-3-酮始终是干制过程中气味贡献最大的化合物,整个干制过程中共有20种差异性化合物。综合分析得到大球盖菇干制过程香气变化规律:随着干制的进行,样品土腥味、青草气味逐渐减弱,干制后期呈现焦香、麦芽香等风味,但整个过程中蘑菇味、土腥味仍是大球盖菇的关键风味特征。对合成醛、酮、醇类化合物的主要代谢途径中的关键酶酶活进行测定,发现此类酶会受热激活,随干制的进行酶活整体呈现显著下降趋势,在干制终点几乎没有活性。代谢酶活性与对应化合物含量相关性分析表明,脂肪氧合酶与醛酮类化合物具有较强的正相关性,乙醇脱氢酶与醇类化合物具有较强的负相关性,这与大球盖菇干制过程中醛、酮、醇类化合物含量的动态变化趋势一致。     

蒸制时间对粉蒸肉挥发性风味成分的影响

采用氮气吹扫/捕集-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻仪联用法对一种粉蒸肉产品加工过程中挥发性风味物质进行测定以确定最佳蒸制时间。结果显示：未加热和分别蒸制30、60、90?min?4?个粉蒸肉样品中共检测到77?种挥发性风味物质,各阶段分别为69、43、50?种和56?种,共有物质33?种。在加工过程中,挥发性物质的总含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,由加热前的1?646.39?μg/kg增加至2?657.10?μg/kg,且3?个加热时间样品中挥发性物质种类也逐渐增多。但是通过气味活度值（odor activity value,OAV）分析,对风味具有贡献的化合物（OAV＞0.1）含量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在加热60?min时OAV最大。其中壬醛、癸醛和肉桂酸甲酯对粉蒸肉产品特征风味的形成贡献最大,构成了粉蒸肉的特征风味。主成分分析显示加热60?min样品与其他样品区分明显并且在第1、2主成分上贡献较高。总体来说蒸制60?min能使产品获得较好的风味。     

不同烟熏材料对鲣鱼产品挥发性成分的影响

以新型材料Mono Trap作为固相萃取整体捕集剂,提取3种木材(栗木、榉木和桂圆木)烟熏鲣鱼的挥发性成分,应用气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对各挥发物进行检测;结合Enose技术、气相色谱-嗅闻技术(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)法和气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)法分析进一步筛选关键气味物质。研究结果表明,桂圆木和榉木熏制品的整体香气轮廓相似,且榉木熏制品的风味均一性较好。通过OAV和气味强度值(odor intensity value,OIV)分析都可以看出,烟熏可以降低鲣鱼中的不愉快气味并且降低其挥发性醛类物质的含量。栗木熏制的鲣鱼烟熏味较明显,桂圆木熏制品风味更丰富,而榉木熏制品含氮类物质含量相对较高。不同材料烟熏鲣鱼得到的气味活性值相似。     

超高压协同温度处理武昌鱼茶香鱼肠的制备方法及其风味测定

利用超高压和温度协同处理武昌鱼,生产高品质武昌鱼茶香味鱼肠。通过响应面试验得出,当加压压力410.52 MPa、加压温度41.07 ℃、加压时间14.91 min时,鱼肠具有良好物性。同时,还对鱼肠的风味进行了检测,通过气相色谱-质谱联用测定了鱼肠样品中的挥发性风味物质。结果表明,传统加热处理和超高压热处理都有利于香气物质的产生,而超高压热处理后再进行热处理不利于香气物质的产生。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.