花生发芽过程中脂氧合酶活力的变化

选用“花育30号”品种作为实验材料,对花生脂氧合酶活力的测定体系进行优化,研究发芽过程中花生不同部位脂氧合酶活力的变化。结果表明：花生脂氧合酶活力测定的最适条件为：测定温度32 ℃,磷酸盐缓冲液pH 6.8,磷酸盐缓冲液浓度0.10 mol/L。发芽36 h时花生脂氧合酶活力最高,其后酶活力总体呈下降趋势。该酶在子叶和胚芽中的活力呈现出与全粒花生几乎相同的变化趋势,且胚芽中酶活力比子叶中酶活力低。     

鲜切芦蒿过氧化物酶特性的研究

芦蒿去除不可食部分、冰水清洗、切分后在磷酸缓冲液中用研钵碾成匀浆状于4℃低温下以10000r／min离心30min，获得的过氧化物酶（POD）粗酶液用于酶活力和酶特性的研究。结果表明，鲜切芦蒿中过氧化物酶活力最适宜的pH为5．0，最适宜的温度为40．0℃，且在60℃以上的温度下易失活。H2O2浓度在0．4％以下时，鲜切芦蒿POD活力随浓度增加直线上升，0．6％时达到饱和。鲜切芦蒿POD与不同酚类底物的亲和力顺序为焦性没食子酸〉绿原酸〉愈创木酚〉儿茶酚〉酪氨酸〉苯酚、间苯二酚。     

植物过氧化物酶活性测定实验方法的改良

过氧化物酶（POD）活性测定是本科植物生理学实验中的一个经典实验,但本科生在实验操作过程中,由于多种因素的影响,很难取得预期结果。因此,探究植物体内过氧化物酶活性测定实验的适宜条件对本科生掌握POD活性测定技术具有重要意义。本文以菠菜、娃娃菜、马铃薯皮为实验材料,比较测定时间、温度、pH值以及酶液稀释倍数对过氧化物酶活性测定的影响。结果表明,过氧化物酶活性测定时间最佳取值范围为0-90s;适宜温度为37℃,磷酸缓冲液pH为5.5,酶反应速度随着稀释倍数的增加而降低。本研究不仅为过氧化物酶活性测定实验教学改革提供依据,对相关科学研究有一定参考价值。     

酒曲中羧甲基纤维素酶活力测定影响因素分析

对还原糖法测定酒曲中羧甲基纤维素酶活力的影响因素进行了探讨,建立了适合酒曲中羧甲基纤维素酶活的测定方法。研究了酒曲中酶的提取方法(缓冲液与酒曲提取比例、酒曲中酶的溶出方式)、酶解反应条件(酶促反应pH、反应温度、酶液与底物添加量)及空白的选择。结果表明,最优条件为酒曲经-20℃冷冻过夜处理,用15倍质量的缓冲液振荡提取30 min,5 000 r/min离心5 min,上清为原始酶液。酶解反应条件为pH值4.8,样品为0.50mL酶液和2.00mL底物,空白为0.50mL酶液和2.00mL缓冲液,同时50℃反应30 min后添加3.0 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴显色10 min,冷却后空白补加2.00 mL底物,样品管补2.00 mL缓冲液,分别用水定容至25 mL,测定波长540nm。     

褐藻胶的酶法提取研究

采用纤维素酶、果胶酶和蛋白酶酶解法提取了海带褐藻胶,并对工艺进行了优化.试验结果表明:加入海带干重的2%纤维素酶,55℃(pH值4.5)水解20min,然后加入1%果胶酶60℃(pH值4.5)浸提1.5h,再加入1%蛋白酶,80℃(pH值8.0)水解3h,接着将浸提液加热至沸腾10min钝化酶活,最后加入1 mol/L氯化钙(浸提液:氯化钙=4:1(v/v),离心沉淀后即得褐藻酸钙沉淀,加入次氯酸钠漂白后经盐酸酸化生成褐藻酸,干燥脱水后加入稀碳酸钠溶液即制得褐藻酸钠.     

萌发玉米中过氧化物酶的变化及其活力测定条件的研究

通过单因素实验和正交实验,利用愈创木酚比色法研究了萌发玉米中过氧化物酶的提取pH值、影响过氧化物酶活力的各种因素和过氧化物酶活力测定的最佳条件。实验结果表明,过氧化物酶的最佳提取pH值是6.7;各因素对过氧化物酶活性的影响顺序为萌发时间>温度>pH值>反应时间。萌发玉米种过氧化物酶提取的最佳条件为,温度40℃,pH5.4,萌发时间3d,反应时间5min。     

蒜氨酸酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质测定

大蒜中功能成分含硫化合物是由蒜氨酸酶(alliinase,E C4.4.1.4)催化蒜氨酸(alliin)生成的。本实验通过提取、盐析、透析及层析,自新鲜大蒜中分离纯化出蒜氨酸酶,并测定了蒜氨酸酶的酶学性质。蒜氨酸酶的适宜分离纯化过程及条件为:pH7.0Na /K 磷酸缓冲液提取,45%饱和度NH4(SO4)2盐析,10000×g离心沉淀30min,pH6.5的Na /K 磷酸缓冲液溶解,截留1.4万分子量透析袋透析,Sephadex G-200层析,收集洗脱时间4.75h的洗脱液。蒜氨酸酶最适温度和pH值分别为30℃和6.3,Mg2 、Zn2 、Fe2 、Fe3 、EDTA-Na金属离子对蒜氨酸酶有激活作用,Fe3 激活作用最明显,Cu2 严重抑制蒜氨酸酶活性。以合成S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸亚砜为底物,蒜氨酸酶的Km为5.91mmol/L、Vmax为1.55μmol/min。     

海藻酸钠裂解酶酶活测定方法研究

应用酶反应动力学原理对海藻酸钠裂解酶酶活测定反应体系和反应条件进行系统研究,以改进海藻酸钠裂解酶的测定方法。本实验采用紫外吸收法测定酶活,改良后的酶活测定方法为:300 μL底物溶液（海藻酸钠2.2%,KCl 5 mmol/L,0.1 mol/L Na₂HPO₄-NaH₂PO₄缓冲液,pH7.0）加入50 μL稀释至2.4～30 U/mL的酶液,于37 ℃水浴静置反应20 min后用冰浴终止反应,反应液稀释20倍后在235 nm处测定吸光度。每份底物溶液均需用新枪头移取以提高精密度,使移液误差小于2%。本酶活测定方法的相对标准偏差小于5%。     

热激处理对鲜切甜椒活性氧代谢及贮藏品质的影响

为探讨热激处理鲜切甜椒的保鲜作用,对鲜切甜椒进行热水45、50、55℃分别浸泡10、4、1min处理后,于8℃冷藏期间分析了活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性及品质指标。热激处理50℃4min和55℃1min,可抑制超氧阴离子(O-2)产生,减少过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,诱导提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,抑制过氧化物酶(POD)活性,同时可以抑制丙二醛(MDA)积累,有效保持鲜切甜椒重量、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白质含量,55℃1min处理效果好于50℃4min处理。表明适宜的热激处理可通过调节活性氧代谢保持鲜切甜椒冷藏品质。     

酶解水提法从胡萝卜中提取水溶性β-胡萝卜素

研究了酶法水解从胡萝卜中提取水溶性β-胡萝卜素的关键工艺参数。单因素实验结果表明,较优提取工艺条件为:取鲜胡萝卜50g,直接打浆后加入100mL 0.2g/100mL的吐温-80溶液,再加入1.5g纤维素酶和0.4g果胶酶,经超声波破碎40min后,调pH6.0,于40℃搅拌2h后加入2g硅藻土抽滤。响应面分析优化得到的较优提取条件为:果胶酶0.49g,酶解pH 6.08,超声波时间41.58min,优化后水溶性β-胡萝卜素提取率为12.23μg/g。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.