飞机前支柱斜撑杆支臂断裂分析及预防

前支柱斜撑杆支臂是某飞机上的一个重要焊接组合件,由BT20钛合金制成,在焊接及热处理后发生断裂.为此进行了化学、金相、断口、及力学性能、微区能谱等冶金材质分析,并进行了工艺及加工过程的受力分析.结果表明:零件的断裂失效,是零件产生焊接变形部位定位夹具过盈装配,在零件内形成的过大拉应力与该应力区存在的脆性偏析带共同作用的结果.而安装定位夹具所引起的拉应力过大是断裂的主要原因.通过试验制定了可行的改进措施,杜绝了零件再次产生断裂失效.     

紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构钎焊接头残余应力研究

采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究AgCuTi钎焊紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构的形变和残余应力分布情况,并对模拟结果进行实验验证。结果表明:残余应力主要分布在接头区,并且该区形变较小。陶瓷端的残余应力对接头性能影响较大,由于线膨胀系数差异过大,不锈钢陶瓷侧易产生裂纹缺陷,接头倾向于在该区域断裂,紫铜侧陶瓷端TiO反应层的形成导致该区域裂纹的出现,降低了接头的性能。研究各应力分量对最终残余应力的贡献,结果显示环向应力和轴向应力在陶瓷端所产生的拉应力是造成接头强度降低的主要因素。接头拉剪实验表明,接头主要在靠近不锈钢侧的陶瓷端断裂,验证了模拟结果的准确性。     

拉深比对304不锈钢圆筒件残余应力的影响

304不锈钢圆筒拉深件在其口部易发生纵向开裂,外壁残余拉应力过大是造成其纵向开裂的根本原因之一.本文结合有限元法分析不同拉深比所得圆筒拉深件的残余应力,用纳米压痕试验研究了拉深比对304不锈钢圆筒拉深件筒壁残余应力的影响.结果表明:304不锈钢圆筒拉深件外壁的残余拉应力从筒底到口部先增大后减小,最大残余应力出现在筒壁中部约60%筒壁高度处;纳米压痕测得拉深比为1.43、1.54、1.67和1.82拉深圆筒件筒壁的最大残余应力分别为391.87、745.30、793.74和1 013.1 MPa;最大残余应力随拉深比的增大而增大.与其他文献对比分析,此研究结果是正确可靠的.     

注水井口卡箍的断裂分析

某石油设备公司生产的注水井口卡箍在工作过程中突然断裂。采用断口分析、化学成分分析、金相分析和硬度检验等方法,对断裂的注水井口卡箍进行了综合分析。结果表明,该铸钢卡箍在加工时没有按工艺要求进行调质热处理,铸件内部存在严重的热裂纹,大大降低了卡箍的承载能力,在工作应力作用下沿着热裂纹突然断裂。     

预弯曲变形对CP800复相钢力学性能的影响

对CP800复相钢进行冲压成型,制备预弯曲试样,并利用EBSD、X射线残余应力分析仪、拉伸试验机、DIC技术等研究预弯曲变形对钢的微观组织、残余应力和力学性能的影响.结果表明:预弯曲后残余应力分布情况呈现为拉-压-拉-压交替分布,即内表面(压缩层)呈现拉应力而外表面(拉伸层)呈现压应力,这种特殊分布情况会导致预弯曲后材料的屈服应力降低16％.同时,由于冷变形导致的材料硬化和位错强化效果,预弯曲后材料伸长率降低25％而抗拉强度增大24％.此外,预弯曲后内表面由于存在拉伸残余应力而导致更大的塑性应变和损伤,并早于外表面发生断裂.     

轿车刮水器电机蜗杆断裂分析

采用金相分析、断口分析、X光应力分析和力学性能试验等方法,对断裂蜗杆及原材料进行了分析,并在实验室进行了热处理试验.结果表明,蜗杆断裂是由于材料出现混晶引起材质脆化以及零件存在较大的残余应力所致.     

芯棒锥面结构对孔冷挤压强化残余应力场的影响

为了在紧固孔周引入均匀的残余压应力,以延长紧固孔构件的疲劳寿命、提高其抗应力腐蚀性能,利用ANSYS有限元软件,建立了轴对称弹塑性有限元模型,对直接芯棒冷挤压强化过程进行了仿真,特别是对芯棒的前锥段曲线结构形式进行了设计与分析,研究了前锥段曲线形式对残余应力场分布的影响.结果表明:孔壁表面的周向残余应力分布复杂且不均匀,比较而言,外凸型正弦曲线型芯棒所产生的残余压应力沿孔壁深度方向分布更加均匀;几种曲线形式的芯棒在上表面近孔边区域均产生了径向残余拉应力,在孔的挤入段产生了轴向残余拉应力,但外凸型正弦曲线型芯棒在上述区域所产生的残余拉应力较小,且分布区域也较小.     

陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内残余应力计算

用有限元法计算了陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内的残余应力,结果表明,在陶瓷一侧轴向残余应力的最大值位置在靠近连接界面的陶瓷表面,而不在连接界面上.最大主应力在接头内的变化规律与σzz的变化规律相似.σyy在陶瓷一侧表现为较大的压应力,在金属一侧表现为较大的拉应力.给出了接头最可能断裂的轮廓线.     

残余应力对零件耐磨性的影响的定量比较研究

本文就CBN砂轮磨削条件下的残余应力对零件耐磨性的影响进行了较为系统的定量比较研究。试验结果表明:零件耐磨性与其表面残余应力有较强的依赖关系,当零件表面处于低应力状态(-19～-539MPa)时,零件的耐磨性最好;过大的残余压应力反而导致耐磨性降低;而当零件表面层存在残余拉应力时其耐磨性极差。     

某卡箍连接片断裂失效分析

通过宏观分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析、金相分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验及受力分析等方法对卡箍连接片断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该卡箍连接片失效模式为高温蠕变断裂;导致其断裂的主要原因是装配条件下连接片承受的应力水平较高,在实际工作温度中存在较大的高温蠕变断裂风险;建议根据实际工况选用抗高温蠕变性能良好的材料。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.