普适计算的人机交互框架研究

普适计算通过向用户提供透明的计算服务使其注意力回归到任务本身．它正在逐步发展成主流的计算模式．人机交互的效率和自然性是影响其发展的关键因素之一．文章从认知心理学的角度分析了用户在普适计算环境中的认知特征，论证了人类有限的认知是普适人机交互中的瓶颈，计算系统的交互模式必须适应用户的认知特征．据此提出了普适计算模式的Multimodal context-sensitive交互框架，对上下文信息和用户多通道主动输入信息进行无缝融合，作者将其在移动导游导航系统TGH中加以实现．用户评测结果初步证明该框架对于提高普适计算人机交互效率和自然性具有良好的效果。     

普适计算

计算技术的发展需要与之适应的计算模式，计算技术在桌面计算模式下经历的20年的飞速发展正蕴育着一种革新性的计算模式——普适计算，普适计算是信息空间与物理空间的融合，在这个融合的空间中人们可以随时随地和透明地获得数字化的服务；计算机本身将从人们的视线中消失，人们注意力的中心可以回归到要完成的任务本身，普适计算将从根本上改变人们对什么是计算的思考，也改变我们整个生活和工作的方式，该文综述了普适计算研究的现状和发展趋势，并讨论了普适计算的两个关键研究内容——觉察上下文的计算和普适计算系统软件，最后简要介绍作者在智能空间领域的研究成果。     

普适计算中多通道交互建模研究

计算机处理速度和性能的迅猛提高并没有相应提高用户使用计算机交互的能力,其中一个重要原因就是缺少一个与之相适应的高效、自然的人机交互界面.普适计算的发展为人们提供了一个无处不在的获取服务的环境,而多通道用户界面允许用户使用自然的交互方式,如语音、手势、表情等在此环境中与系统进行协同工作,改变了传统交互手段的局限性.重点讨论了基于笔和语音的多通道交互,给出了普适环境中对多通道交互建模的框架,进一步研究了在图形信息应用中的多通道交互实例,论证了创建自然多通道交互方式的优势.     

普适计算：人本计算

普适计算强调以人为本的计算思想，它主张计算应迎合人的习性，自主地与使用者产生互动，使用户能集中精力于所要完成的任务。在普适计算环境下，计算将融入到人们的日常生活之中，使人们能够随时随地无妨碍地获得计算和信息服务。综述了普适计算的发展历史、现状和研究热点，分析和讨论了普适计算的概念和特性，最后对目前一些具有代表性的普适计算研究项目进行了简要的介绍和分析。     

普适计算体系结构的研究

普适计算使人在信息空间与物理空间相融合的环境下，利用任意设备，通过任意网络，在任意时间透明地获得一定质量的网络服务，根据目前国际上普适计算研究的现状和发展趋势，提出了一个普适计算体系结构的参考模型，并简要讨论了该参考模型的四个关键研究内容一移动计算、互操作计算、情感计算和上下文感知计算．     

普适计算环境下基于移动Agent的分布式交互方法

为提高普适计算环境下人机交互的透明性和持久性,提出一种基于移动Agent的分布式交互方法,用户通过由移动Agent实现的交互Agent在网络中进行交流。交互Agent代表用户作为交互的对等实体,根据需要在网络中迁移并保持交互状态,通过可定制的各种行为和协同运作方式实现不同的交互应用。该方法能够实现交互实体之间透明的、智能的、可移动的交互过程,提供及时的交互服务和灵活的信息共享方式。     

面向智能环境的活动信息空间模型

智能环境是一种典型的普适计算环境,集中体现了普适计算的诸多本质特征。如何实现随时随地的信息交互;面对资源变化,如何实现信息交互的平滑过渡,是实现和评价智能环境的关键。但是,由于在智能环境中,资源的异构性、动态性和移动性变得尤为突出,使得其实现颇具挑战性。在分析智能环境信息交互特点和模型需求的基础上,本文提出活动信息空间模型来解决智能环境对信息交互的不同要求。该模型通过对信息单元的抽象,提供三级的信息交互机制,面向信息表示、面向设备和面向使用者。并且,该模型具有在三级信息交互级别上进行平滑过渡的特点,充分适应了智能环境的要求。开发了一个原型系统并应用在老人健康保健中,验证了模型的有效性。     

面向普适计算的扩展的证据理论方法

普适计算作为一种新型计算模式，从根本上改变人们对什么是计算的思考．由于它需对多源信息进行融合，因此该文作者认为它是一种包含融合计算的模式，能通过多层次、多视角的融合，为人们提供更方便的信任度高的访问信息和计算服务．基于普适计算应用的需要，该文讨论了扩展的证据理论方法，该方法采用可靠性因子评估多源证据觉察上下文信息；引入时效函数衡量多源证据的有效性与时间的关系，并将其组合到信任函数中，描述信任mass的时变规律；利用功率来度量多源证据觉察上下文信息间的相关程度，并通过去相关将其转化为相互独立的证据，扩展和完善了经典证据理论提供的方法，弥补了其不足之处，提高了不同应用场合下服务的质量(QoS)，确保了普适计算的服务宗旨．利用支持普适计算模式的智能空间中的场景，验证了扩展的有效性．     

普适计算中动态和语义的安全策略管理

普适计算环境是信息空间与物理空间的融合,存在着既要实现信息高度共享和协作,又要保证安全隐私之间的矛盾。该文提出普适计算环境中动态的、语义的安全策略管理机制。引入统一的本体知识库,根据上下文的变化,通过本体服务动态调整策略服务和事件服务,实现策略的动态执行。描述该机制的策略管理框架、策略动态执行和策略规范。通过普适计算的典型应用场景,分析和说明如何应用该机制。     

智能空间研究综述

智能空间是一个将物理世界和信息空间融合起来的重要研究领域,着重于自然的人机交互、适应用户和设备的动态演化,以高效地帮助用户完成任务.本文简要叙述了智能空间的概念、目的、要求、特点和应用,介绍了其主要组成部分的硬件设备、普适网络和系统软件,并且从信息采集、上下文感知计算、中间件、智能决策和执行、安全性五个方面对研究热点进行了详细分析.在描述几个实例的基础上指出智能空间面临的挑战,最后对研究工作做了总结和展望.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.