普洱茶籽乳状液的冷冻微波解冻破乳工艺优化

对水酶法提取普洱茶籽油过程中形成的普洱茶籽乳状液的冷冻微波解冻破乳工艺进行研究。考察了冷冻时间、微波解冻功率、微波解冻温度及微波解冻时间对破乳率的影响,得出冷冻微波解冻最优破乳条件为:-20℃冷冻时间4 h,微波解冻功率500 W,微波解冻温度50℃,微波解冻时间30 min。在最优冷冻微波解冻破乳条件下,破乳率可达到97.53%。     

冻豆腐微波解冻工艺优化

为改善传统解冻耗时长、易污染的缺点,适应现代化餐饮业需要,利用微波技术对冻豆腐进行解冻。设定不同微波功率和微波时间对冻豆腐进行处理,以基本成分、质构特性、p H、色泽、感官品质为评价指标,并与新鲜豆腐进行对比,考察微波解冻对豆腐品质的影响。确定最佳解冻参数为微波功率150 W、解冻时间90 s。     

不同解冻方法对速冻桑葚汁液流失率、理化品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为减少速冻桑葚在解冻过程中的汁液流失率、缩短解冻时间和减少其色泽的变化,增加解冻桑葚的营养物质和抗氧化活性的保留量,采用微波功率500 W解冻、微波功率550 W解冻、超声波解冻、冷藏解冻、室温解冻进行速冻桑葚的解冻实验。结果表明:微波功率500 W解冻和微波功率550 W解冻的解冻时间较短,分别为0.58 min和0.35 min,冷藏解冻的解冻时间最长为305 min。不同解冻方法的汁液流失率存在显著差异,微波功率500 W解冻的汁液流失率最低,为1.34%;超声波解冻的汁液流失率最高,为9.24%。微波功率500 W解冻桑葚的总酚含量(151.66 mg/100 g)、花色苷含量(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷2.27 mg/g、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷0.69 mg/g、天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖苷0.047 mg/g)及抗氧化活性((2,2’-联氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐)自由基清除能力21.87μmol Trolox/g、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力35.70μmol Trolox/g、铁离子还原能力27.85μmol Trolox/g)均显著高于其他4种解冻方法。综合考虑,微波功率500 W解冻优于其他4种解冻方法。     

响应面优化大豆乳状液冷冻微波解冻破乳工艺研究

针对大豆水酶法提油过程中产生乳状液难以破乳的问题,在单因素实验的基础上,选取冷冻温度、冷冻时间、微波解冻温度、微波解冻功率和微波解冻时间5个因素为自变量,以乳状液中油脂回收率为响应值,通过SAS9.2进行响应面实验设计。结果表明,最佳条件为:冷冻温度-16.9℃,冷冻时间17.5 h,微波解冻温度62.4℃,微波解冻功率666.5 W,微波解冻时间10.5 min。在此最佳条件下,响应面有最优值为(96.89±1.43)%。采用显微成像观察法分析了水酶法提取工艺形成的乳状液中脂肪球分布情况,通过比对发现冷冻微波解冻破乳后脂肪球粒径明显增大,油脂更易释放。     

微波—蒸汽联合加热过程中冻结馒头温度和水分变化

研究微波―蒸汽联合加热过程中,不同质量馒头在采用不同微波功率时不同部位温度及水分变化。根据内外层温度相对高低可将冻结馒头复热过程分为两个阶段,前一阶段相对较长,外层温度高、中心温度低;后一阶段相对较短,中心温度高而外层温度低。馒头质量越大或微波功率越小,中心部位升温滞后期越长;提高微波功率只是改变各层温度变化速率,并不改变变化趋势;复热使各层水分含量逐渐减少,内外层水分差进一步扩大,微波功率变化只是改变失水速率,对失水总量影响不大。     

不同解冻技术对冷冻香菇(L.edodes)品质的影响

本文研究常温空气、冷藏、微波(119、259和280 W)以及超高压(100、150和200 MPa)解冻对香菇品质(色泽、汁液流失率、硬度、离子渗透率以及总酚含量)和解冻时间的影响。结果表明:与常温空气和冷藏解冻相比,微波和超高压解冻能够显著缩短香菇的解冻时间,并且随着微波功率和压强的增大,解冻时间逐渐缩短。但超高压解冻后香菇色泽与硬度显著下降,离子渗透率显著上升,从而使得香菇品质显著降低;而微波解冻在色泽(总色差降低19.9~44.1%)、硬度(升高18.9~38.0%)、汁液流失率(降低45.7~42.0%)、总酚含量(升高21.1~25.2%)和其他生理指标方面都优于常温空气解冻技术。其中,259 W的微波功率是香菇解冻的最优条件,同时该条件的感官评价分值最高(7.1)。本文表明微波解冻能够显著提高香菇的解冻速率和品质,这对香菇加工具有一定意义。     

不同解冻方式对速冻蓝莓果实品质的影响

通过测定速冻蓝莓解冻时间、营养品质和活性成分等指标,研究低温、常温、水浴、微波和超声波5种解冻方式对速冻蓝莓品质的影响。结果表明:5种解冻方法解冻时间差异显著(p0.05),微波解冻超声波解冻水浴解冻常温解冻低温解冻;微波解冻后的蓝莓果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和硬度保持最好、汁液流失率最低;微波解冻能较好的保持蓝莓花色苷、VC和总酚含量,对蓝莓活性成分破坏较小。综合比较分析,微波解冻是一种适合速冻蓝莓解冻的有效方法。     

茶多酚棕榈酸酯在棕榈油中的抗冻应用

在10度和14度棕榈油中添加50、100、200mg/kg的茶多酚棕榈酸酯(TP),通过检测5℃或8℃条件下的抗冻时间、完全结冻样品在30℃条件下的解冻现象,结果发现:添加50mg/kg的样品,抗冻时间即可成倍延长,含量越高,抗冻时间越长;添加TP后解冻性并无显著差异;14度油中加入一定比例TP后,抗冻性可达到10度类...     

微波烫漂预处理下百合热风干燥特性及动力学模拟

以兰州鲜百合为研究对象,将微波烫漂技术应用到百合热风干燥加工中。研究不同微波烫漂时间、微波功率和热风温度对百合干燥特性的影响,并利用Weibull分布函数对其干燥动力学曲线进行拟合、分析。结果表明:Weibull函数能够较好地拟合在不同试验条件下百合的干燥过程,百合干燥是典型的降速干燥;模型的尺度参数α与微波时间、微波功率及热风温度均相关,并且随着微波烫漂时间的增长、微波功率增大及热风温度的升高而减小;模型的形状参数β与微波时间和微波功率有关,但热风温度对β的影响较小。计算求出干燥过程中水分有效扩散系数D_eff值在3.374~5.563×10-9 m2·min-1之间,当微波烫漂时间越长、微波功率越大及热风温度越高时,其值越大。通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算得到百合的干燥活化能E_a为23.68 kJ/（mol·K）。本研究可为百合微波烫漂-热风干燥加工提供参考。     

微波条件对罗非鱼片渗透-微波联合干燥的影响

为了研究微波条件对渗透-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片水分及品质的影响,将新鲜鱼片(25mm×20 mm×3 mm)在30℃下经质量分数为20%、固液比1:20 g/mL的盐溶液渗透2 h后,置于不同微波功率(100 W~400 W)、微波时间(1 min~5 min)、装载量(5 g~25 g)下进行干燥,得到干燥罗非鱼片含水率、水分活度、白度、收缩率、复水率、复原率等指标的变化曲线。利用正交试验对微波条件进行优化,并与热风干燥进行比较。结果表明:微波功率越大、微波时间越长、装载量越小,干燥后鱼片含水率越小,水分活度越低,复水率越高,复原率越低;白度随各因素增大均呈先升高后降低的趋势;而收缩率随微波功率和微波时间增大先降低后小幅升高,随装载量增大则先升高后降低。经优化得到罗非鱼片渗透-微波联合干燥最佳微波工艺参数为:微波功率400 W,微波时间5 min,装载量10 g。与热风干燥相比,渗透-微波联合干燥能更好地脱除鱼片水分并保持品质,该研究结果为罗非鱼深加工技术提供了理论依据。     

恒温蓄冷剂冻结对大黄鱼品质的影响

为提升冷冻大黄鱼的品质,以养殖大黄鱼为研究对象,在无包装空气自然循环冻结(UAF-0)、真空薄膜包装空气自然循环冻结(PAF-1)基础上,探讨了真空薄膜包装蓄冷剂自然循环冻结(PLF-1)、无包装蓄冷剂自然循环冻结(ULF-0)等冻结条件下大黄鱼的冻结速率及理化等指标的变化。结果表明,虽然PLF-1方式下最大冰晶生成带与ULF-0相比延长了44 min,但大黄鱼肌原纤维组织微结构比较清晰,肌肉组织损伤及色差变化较小,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、恢复性分别仅下降6.8%、1.2%、1.2%、1.9%,pH值变化不显著(P>0.05),盐溶性蛋白下降不显著( P >0.05),TVB-N上升最慢。综合比较4种冻结方式,其品质按优劣为：PLF-1>ULF-0>PAF-1>UAF-0。     

液氮冷冻处理对养殖大黄鱼保鲜品质及菌群结构的影响

为研究液氮冷冻处理对养殖大黄鱼保鲜品质及菌群结构的影响,采用液氮浸渍冻结处理养殖大黄鱼,以TBA、TMA、TVB-N、K值以及菌落总数为指标,未处理样品作为空白对照,分析样品在低温贮藏条件下鲜度品质变化情况,并通过高通量测序技术研究液氮冷冻处理对养殖大黄鱼菌群结构的影响。结果表明:在储藏过程中,液氮组和空白组的各项指标都随时间的延长呈上升趋势,到保藏第14 d时,液氮组样品的TBA值为(1.71±0.08)mg/100 g,空白组样品的TBA值为(2.10±0.43)mg/100 g。第14 d时液氮组和空白组的TMA分别为(5.46±0.037)mg/100 g和(6.99±0.008)mg/100 g。空白组在储藏第2 d时,TVB-N值已达到(14.7±0.16)mg/100 g,而液氮组在储藏第4 d时,TVB-N值为(15.6±0.34)mg/100 g。第14 d时液氮组和空白组的K值分别为45.1%和55.6%。液氮组与空白组相比,经液氮处理后的样品,菌落总数下降了98.21%,说明液氮冷冻具有较好的抑菌作用。菌群结构结果表明液氮冷冻处理对养殖大黄鱼贮藏期菌群结构有一定影响。液氮组各项指标变化速率除菌落总数,均低于空白组。说明液氮冷冻处理能够延迟养殖大黄鱼腐败变质的进程,让养殖大黄鱼能够保存更长的时间。     

Microwave assisted freezing part 2: Impact of microwave energy and duty cycle on ice crystal size distribution

Among innovative freezing processes, electromagnetic wave assistance during freezing has received great attention in recent years. The literature provides interesting studies indicating that smaller ice crystals may be obtained during freezing with the assistance of microwaves. In the companion paper, we designed a laboratory scale prototype to perform experiments of this type in well controlled conditions at 2.45 GHz. In the current study, we performed freezing experiments using this prototype and developed a protocol to measure ice crystal sizes using X-ray micro-tomography. The methodology was first validated by measuring ice crystal distribution in unidirectional conventional freezing. Then several microwave assisted freezing modalities were studied. Experiments were conducted with pulsed and continuously applied microwaves. The impact of microwave irradiation time was studied at a constant incident microwave power, and then at constant energy supplied to the system. We observed a significant reduction of up to 25% in ice crystal size when microwave assistance was used during freezing with both pulsed and continuously applied microwaves. These observations tend to disconfirm the hypothesis in the literature according to which ice crystal size reduction is due to temperature oscillations. The only remaining hypothesis in the literature is that ice crystal size reduction may be due to the perturbation of the H-bond network in water, which could be a precursor to crystalline structure. It appeared that at constant incident microwave power, the increase in irradiation time tended to decrease ice crystal size. No significant difference in ice crystal size reduction was observed for a constant energy supplied to the system. The amount of energy supplied by microwaves seems to be a factor influencing ice crystal size.Industrial relevanceMicrowave assisted freezing is an emerging process which permits reducing ice crystal size, and thus improving frozen product quality. The measurement of ice crystals in samples frozen in controlled conditions of both freezing and microwave irradiation allows studying the main parameters that induce the reduction of their size. Better understanding of the relevant factors influencing nucleation and/or crystal growth can help to optimize the process.     

不同解冻方式对小黄鱼品质的影响

采用5种不同的解冻方式(静水解冻、流水解冻、微波解冻、低温空气解冻、超声波解冻)对普通冻结和液体浸渍快速冻结处理的小黄鱼进行解冻,对解冻时间、色泽、质构、丙二醛含量、总巯基含量等指标进行测定比较,并测定解冻后鱼肉的硬度、咀嚼性等质构指标。结果表明:5种解冻方式中微波解冻速率最快,低温空气解冻速率最慢。对于快速冻结和普通冻结处理的小黄鱼,超声波解冻能够有效维持解冻后鱼肉的品质。     

基于气味指纹预测养殖大黄鱼贮藏过程中的品质变化

在模拟市场环境冰鲜贮藏条件下,采用电子鼻对大黄鱼不同贮藏时间的挥发性气味及相关指标变化进行分析。以室温贮藏作对照,对电子鼻数据进行主成分分析与最小线性回归分析,并与挥发性盐基氮、三甲胺及菌落总数进行最小线性回归分析,建立大黄鱼在冰鲜贮藏条件下品质变化的预测曲线。结果表明：冰鲜和室温保存的大黄鱼挥发性盐基氮、三甲胺与菌落总数值均随着贮藏时间的延长而增多;电子鼻能很好地区分冰鲜和室温贮藏的大黄鱼随时间的气味变化;基于电子鼻最小线性回归分析拟合的气味信号值与该贮藏条件下的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、三甲胺相关系数,冰鲜贮藏条件下分别为0.9884、0.9889和0.9648,室温分别为0.9878、0.9915和0.9924。     

养殖大黄鱼保鲜、加工技术现状

大黄鱼是我国主要的近海经济鱼类,近年来,随着大黄鱼育种和养殖技术的快速发展,大黄鱼的养殖产量逐年增加,成为我国海水网箱单一品种养殖产量最高的鱼种之一。本文综述了大黄鱼的保鲜技术(包括传统冷藏、生物保鲜剂结合冷藏保鲜、辐照结合冷藏保鲜、冰温气调保鲜、微冻保鲜、冷冻保鲜等技术)、超高压处理技术、大黄鱼加工技术(包括即食休闲食品加工、腌制、干制加工、熏制、糟制、加工副产物的高值化利用等技术)的研发和应用现状,并针对存在的问题,结合产业和市场需求,提出大黄鱼今后在保鲜和精深加工方面的发展方向。     

不同解冻方式对液氮冻结养殖大黄鱼品质特性的影响

以养殖大黄鱼为研究对象,研究自然解冻(Natural thawing,NT)、静水解冻(static thawing,ST)、流水解冻(flow thawing,FT)、低温解冻(low temperature thawing,LTT)四种解冻方式对液氮速冻处理后大黄鱼品质特性的影响。分析解冻后其解冻损失率、持水力、质构、水合性、水溶性、盐溶性蛋白及微观结构等指标变化。结果表明,大黄鱼经LTT处理后,其持水力、解冻损失率、水合性、胶黏性变化与肉质结构相比优于其他三种解冻方式;FT处理的大黄鱼,其解冻时间、水溶性蛋白与盐溶性蛋白含量变化量、水合性和硬度变化量相较优于其他三种解冻方式。FT处理解冻时间短,蛋白质损失少,质构指标影响小,微观结构相对较差;LTT解冻损失较低,持水力和水合性较高,水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白损失相对较少,鱼肉质构品质保持相对较好且微观结构较完整。综上所述,在实际生产应用中,选择LTT处理,虽然能较好地保持鱼肉品质,能更好保证鱼肉口感,但是成本过高不宜实际生产;而选择FT处理,不但可以高速率解冻,而且可以在保证蛋白质含量以及鱼肉品质情况下成本更低。     

Role of lipid deterioration on the quality of aquatic products during low-temperature storage: a lipidomics-based study using large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

This work investigated the effects of different storage periods (0 day, 90 days, 120 days) on the quality of large yellow croaker oil. The lipomics of large yellow croaker oil was quantitatively detected by GC-MS, the content of triglyceride in large yellow croaker oil reached 52.56% at 0 day. With the extension of storage time, the content of large yellow croaker oil components decreased gradually. Differential lipid histogram clearly indicates that the extension of the storage period will affect the change of fish oil, due to the rise in the temperature of large yellow croaker oil; the color of the hot map is bright from the dark. Additionally, the fatty acid composition and volatile components were measured. At 120 days, the decomposition rate of lipid molecular in large yellow croaker oil is increased by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and its oxidised metabolite produced small substance such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and acids. During storage, the waxy, fat, and floral flavour in the oil aroma of large yellow croaker oil decreased gradually, while the yeast flavour and oil flavour increased gradually. These results provide insights for the study of lipid transformation and quality of large yellow croaker oil during different storage.     

Dynamic solid-state microwave defrosting strategy with shifting frequency and adaptive power improves thawing performance

Nonuniform microwave heating causes localized over-heating in frozen food products, lowering the quality of the thawed products. The solid-state microwave system has the potential to enhance heating performance as it provides flexible control over microwave parameters, e.g., frequency and power. The real-time collected microwave power reflection enables dynamic parameter control. This study developed two dynamic solid-state defrosting strategies: 1) selective frequency shifting strategy that only selectively shifted frequencies with high efficiency, 2) adaptive power control strategy that adapted power input with simultaneously orderly shifted frequencies. Results showed that the adaptive power control strategy had a better defrosting performance on frozen mashed potato and pork chop samples. Besides, with the adaptive power control strategy, the rotation of the turntable did not pose a significant improvement on the standard deviation of the temperature distribution in the defrosted products when compared to the stationary heating, which might be due to the minimized movement of samples at the center of the. The absolute changes in temperature profiles contributed by the rotation were considerable, indicating the importance of turntable.Industrial relevanceThis study developed novel microwave control strategies for defrosting processes, taking the advantage of the flexible control over the microwave parameters provided by the solid-state technique. With the proposed strategy, the microwave defrosting performance can be significantly improved in comparison with the magnetron-based microwave oven performance. The implemented dynamic strategy is promising to be embedded in the algorithm for use by the future smart microwave ovens.     

不同温度贮藏条件下小黄鱼的品质变化

为了探究不同贮藏温度条件下小黄鱼的货架期,研究冷藏（4 ℃）、微冻（－3 ℃）和冻藏（－18 ℃）3 种贮藏温度对小黄鱼品质变化的影响。从菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮值、K值、肌动球蛋白含量、总巯基含量等进行研究。综合微生物和各理化指标的实验结果,表明小黄鱼冷藏组、微冻组的货架期分别为8 d和20 d,冻藏组在实验终点（50 d）并未腐败变质。