H.264视频误码掩盖综述

在无线网络和因特网上传输视频，误码掩盖的问题越来越重要。回顾了文献中介绍的误码掩盖的方法。误码掩盖后处理利用图像和视频信号的相关特性，在解码端对丢失区域进行掩盖，并总结了空域、时域，以及时空结合的误码掩盖方法。     

H．264后处理误码掩盖技术

数字视频通信中往往会由于信道不理想等原因而产生误码,而且误码在空间和时间上的扩散会导致重建图像质量不同程度的下降.而误码掩盖技术就是用来改进重建视频质量的重要方法之一.文章论述了国内外误码掩盖技术的现状及其典型算法,分析了误码掩盖技术的应用范围和性能,最后指出误码掩盖技术的发展前景.     

低速率视频传输的抗误码技术

误码掩盖是在无线信道进行低速率视频传输的一种抗误码技术。本文在比较和分析了现有几种误码掩盖方法优劣势后,提出了一种混合误码掩盖法。该算法在没有过多增加解码端运算复杂度的同时,大大提高了恢复图像的质量。     

基于H.264/AVC的多参考帧时域误码掩盖

根据H．264／AVC编码的新特点,提出两种基于多参考帧的误码掩盖方法：一种是基于运动矢量均值的多参考帧误码掩盖;另一种是基于加权的多参考块的误码掩盖。仿真实验表明,解码后的图像质量优于H．264／AVC传统校验模型JM5．0的误码掩盖方法。     

基于无线H．264时域误码掩盖算法的改进

为解决传统H.264时域误码掩盖算法中丢失块的相邻运动矢量在无线环境下极易丢失的问题,结合部分误码掩盖算法研究成果,提出了一种利用相邻参考帧和丢失块相邻运动矢量,运用投影加权的方法估计出最优丢失块运动矢量用于误码补偿的改进误码掩盖算法.实验证明,运用改进算法掩盖后的图像质量有所提高,并且抑制了误码的错误积累和扩散,具有一定实际应用意义.     

基于H.264的改进时域误码掩盖算法

提出一种模式自适应的误码掩盖算法。对宏块进行误码掩盖时,对宏块的模式进行估计,选择最优的模式进行误码掩盖。这样可以近似地恢复了宏块运动矢量和编码模式,而不是通常算法中仅仅只恢复运动矢量。通过一定的实验测试,该算法在不同的序列和不同的丢包率均稳定的优于单一模式的误码掩盖算法。     

视频通信中的误码掩盖技术初探

在数字视频通信中,由于信道不理想等原因容易产生误码,而且误码在空间和时间上的扩散会导致重建图像质量不同程度的下降。最近发展起来的误码掩盖技术就是用来解决这类问题、改进重建视频质量的重要方法之一。在简要介绍误码掩盖的基本原理和相关技术的基础上,着重分析了新近采用的几种误码掩盖方法的应用范围和性能,并指出了它们的发展前景。．     

基于多方向边界匹配的视频误码掩盖算法

视频压缩码流对于信道误码十分敏感,可能导致重建图像质量严重下降.误码掩盖技术利用图像在时间和空间上的相关性,可以有效地降低误码对视频图像的影响.文中提出了一种基于多方向边界匹配的时域误码掩盖算法.该算法能更精确地恢复错误宏块的运动矢量,从而获得比传统的时域掩盖算法更好的视频质量.     

一种基于多参考帧的时域误码掩盖算法

视频压缩码流对于信道误码十分敏感,可导致重建图像质量严重下降,在接收端就要使用误码掩盖技术对损坏的视频进行掩藏。文中提出一种基于多参考帧的时域误码掩盖算法,首先计算受损宏块的相邻块的运动矢量的均值,然后遍历所有参考帧得到待选的误码掩盖宏块,最后用外边界匹配算法找出替代受损宏块的宏块。研究结果表明,该算法能更精确地恢复错误宏块的运动矢量,从而获得比传统的时域掩盖算法更好的视频质量。     

高效的H．264误码掩盖方法——数据隐藏

H.264视频流采用熵编码,因此码流中很小的传输错误可能造成接收端码流质量的急剧下降。因此误码掩盖技术是近年来值得研究的课题。本文分析了几种混合的误码掩盖方法,以及基于数据隐藏的误码掩盖方法。数据隐藏方法在编码端提取当前帧的重要数据并嵌入到参考帧;解码端,若有损宏块的重要数据能够被正确的提取,则利用提取到的重要数据来掩盖误码。本文最后提出数据隐藏的发展方向。     

Error concealment of multi-view video sequences using inter-view and intra-view correlations

An efficient error concealment algorithm for multi-view video sequences is proposed in this work. First, we develop three concealment modes: temporal bilateral error concealment (TBEC), inter-view bilateral error concealment (IBEC), and multi-hypothesis error concealment (MHEC). TBEC and IBEC, respectively, exploit intra-view and inter-view correlations in multi-view video sequences to reconstruct an erroneous block. MHEC finds a few candidate blocks based on the block matching principle and combines them for the concealment. We then propose a mode selection scheme, which chooses one of the three modes adaptively to provide reliable and accurate concealment results. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can protect the quality of reconstructed videos effectively even in severe error conditions.     

基于张量投票的空域错误隐藏算法

针对现有空域错误隐藏算法对复杂纹理恢复精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于张量投票的错误隐藏算法,利用张量投票提取的结构信息改善复杂纹理区域的恢复效果,并在此基础上结合传统算法提出了改进的空域错误隐藏算法,即首先对丢失宏块分类,然后根据丢失宏块的类型选取合适的隐藏算法。实验表明,该算法有效地提高了恢复精度,避免了边缘错乱现象,尤其在纹理较复杂的区域,能够使隐藏图像的主客观质量有较大提高。     

地面数字电视广播系统中的视频传输容错算法

本文提出了一套针对MPEG-2视频压缩数据传输的自适应容错机制,用于支持地面数字电视广播系统中的可靠电视传输.具体地,本文首先提出了一种基于时域隐藏和块匹配的差错隐藏算法,在保持较好隐藏效果的同时,通过有效地减小搜索窗口而显著降低了算法复杂度.同时,针对独立I帧图像还提出了独特的差错隐藏方法.将这两种差错隐藏算法与低运算复杂度的空域/时域运动检测方法相结合,又衍生出一种自适应空/时域结合差错隐藏算法.仿真结果表明,本文提出的算法即使在很高的数据差错率情况下,仍然可以实现地面数字电视广播系统中可靠而高效的视频传输.     

Error control and concealment for video communication: a review

The problem of error control and concealment in video communication is becoming increasingly important because of the growing interest in video delivery over unreliable channels such as wireless networks and the Internet. This paper reviews the techniques that have been developed for error control and concealment. These techniques are described in three categories according to the roles that the encoder and decoder play in the underlying approaches. Forward error concealment includes methods that add redundancy at the source end to enhance error resilience of the coded bit streams. Error concealment by postprocessing refers to operations at the decoder to recover the damaged areas based on characteristics of image and video signals. Last, interactive error concealment covers techniques that are dependent on a dialogue between the source and destination. Both current research activities and practice in international standards are covered     

Mixture Model- and Least Squares-Based Packet Video Error Concealment

A Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based spatio-temporal error concealment approach has recently been proposed for packet video. The method improves peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to several famous error concealment methods, and it is asymptotically optimal when the number of mixture components goes to infinity. There are also drawbacks, however. The estimator has high online computational complexity, which implies that fewer surrounding pixels to the lost area than desired are used for error concealment. Moreover, GMM parameters are estimated without considering maximization of the error concealment PSNR. In this paper, we propose a mixture-based estimator and a least squares approach for solving the spatio-temporal error concealment problem. Compared to the GMM scheme, the new method may base error concealment on more surrounding pixels to the loss, while maintaining low computational complexity, and model parameters are found by an algorithm that increases PSNR in each iteration. The proposed method outperforms the GMM-based scheme in terms of computation-performance tradeoff.     

A joint encoder–decoder error control framework for stereoscopic video coding

Stereoscopic video coding (SSVC) plays an important role in various 3D video applications. In SSVC, robust stereoscopic video transmission over error-prone networks is still a challenge problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose a joint encoder–decoder error control framework for SSVC, where error-resilient source coding, transmission network conditions, and error concealment scheme are jointly considered to achieve better error robustness performance. The proposed joint encoder–decoder error control framework includes two parts: an error concealment algorithm at the decoder side and a rate–distortion optimized error resilience algorithm at the encoder side. For error concealment at the decoder side, an overlapped block motion and disparity compensation based error concealment scheme is proposed to adaptively utilize inter-view correlations and temporal correlations. For error resilience at the encoder side, first, the inter-view refreshment is proposed for SSVC to suppress error propagations. Then, an end-to-end distortion model for SSVC is derived, which jointly considers the transmission network conditions, inter-view refreshment, and error concealment tools at the decoder side. Finally, based on the derived end-to-end distortion model, the rate–distortion optimized error resilience algorithm is presented to adaptively select inter-view, inter- or intra-coding for SSVC. The experimental results show that the proposed joint encoder–decoder error control framework has superior error robustness performance for stereoscopic video transmission over error-prone networks.     

Efficient error localization and temporal concealment based on motion estimation of enlarged block

We propose a modified motion estimation algorithm that is adequate for error localization and temporal error concealment in transmitting videos over unreliable channels. In order to achieve good error concealment performance, the proposed algorithm implicitly imposes spatial correlations on motion vectors by extending the block size and overlapping blocks in motion estimation. Thereby, the obtained motion vectors can be used to improve error concealment performance while keeping the encoding efficiency with negligible overhead. In addition, the proposed motion estimation can provide a new error detection measure so that we can maximally utilize uncorrupted data rather than simply discarding all data in a defected packet. Simulation results show that the proposed motion estimation scheme provides significant improvements in error concealment performance over the existing schemes and improves the bit utility over a wide range of error conditions.     

多向变长区间的空域内插错误掩盖技术

本文首先简要介绍几种空域错误掩盖技术,然后提出了多向变长区间的空域内插错误掩盖技术. 该技术是基于错误块邻域的边界特性选择空域内插方向和参考区域,使得掩盖的视频图像既保持了边界信息又减小无关区域的影响. 实验结果表明本文算法有效地提高了错误图像的掩盖效果.     

基于SUSAN算子的空域自适应错误隐藏算法

为了消除空域错误隐藏后出现的模糊和块效应,提出了基于SUSAN检测算子的空域自适应错误隐藏算法。算法首先利用SUSAN算子检测丢失宏块周围的边缘点,然后根据边缘点确定丢失宏块中边缘,最后根据边缘情况自适应地选择插值方法恢复丢失宏块。实验表明,丢失宏块边缘的检测受噪声影响很小,对孤立丢失块有较好的恢复效果且计算量较小。与传统空域错误隐藏算法相比,本文算法的峰值信噪比PSNR能提高大约1～3dB。