采用单个相位调制器产生毫米波

实验研究了采用单个相位调制器(PM)产生毫米波的方案。该方案采用电混频器将射频(RF)信号与基带信号混频后再利用相位调制器产生双边带调制(DSB)信号,经光纤传输到基站后用一个光交叉复用器(IL)分离一阶边带和中心载波,一阶边带经过光电(O/E)检测器拍频产生两倍频于射频频率的毫米波,而中心载波可以作为上行链路载波重新利用。理论分析了该毫米波的传输性能,研究发现由于色散导致两个一阶边带时延不同,码元的占空比会随着传输距离的增加而减小,将限制毫米波的最大传输距离;实验中采用频率为20 GHz射频信号产生频率为40 GHz的毫米波,速率为2.5 Gbit/s的非归零(NRZ)码作为下行链路数据,经过20 km色散光纤传输后下行链路的功率代价为0.2 dBm。     

毫米波副载波在光无线通信系统中的传输性能

分析了毫米波副载波信号在ROF系统中传输时光纤色散引起的两种效应一幅度衰落和边带脉冲走离,同时模拟了这两种效应对信号性能的影响.理论分析和仿真实验表明边带脉冲的走离限制了信号传输的最大距离,幅度衰落造成了衰落节点信号幅度的减小.理论模型和仿真结果为光载毫米波信号的产生和调制提供了定性和定量分析的基础.     

Fiber-optic millimeter-wave downlink system using 60 GHz-bandexternal modulation

In this paper, a fiber-optic millimeter-wave (mm-wave) downlink system using 60 GHz-band external modulation is investigated. We prepare the fiber-optic 60 GHz-band mm-wave downlink testbed. It consists of an optical modulation section with a mm-wave signal generator, an optical single sideband (SSB) filter, a standard single-mode fiber (SMF), an optical detection section with a 60 GHz-band radio transmitter and a 60 GHz-band radio receiver. To modulate the laser output with 60 GHz-band mm-wave signals directly, a specially designed electro-absorption modulator with high-efficiency at around 60 GHz is used. The use of this modulator makes the simpler system configuration possible. Using the downlink testbed, the 5 m-long free-space propagation of subcarrier multiplexed 156 Mb/s-DPSK 60 GHz-band mm-wave signals recovered by optical direct detection is successfully demonstrated. The transmission of the mm-wave signals over 85 km-long standard SMF is also successfully demonstrated, using an optical SSB filtering technique to overcome the fiber dispersion. The BER of 10^-9 is achievable at the optical received power of -7.0 dBm     

A Novel Scheme to Generate Single-Sideband Millimeter-Wave Signals by Using Low-Frequency Local Oscillator Signal

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel scheme to generate optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals by using single-sideband modulation with low-frequency local oscillator (LO) signals. In this architecture, by incorporating the proper dc bias of the modulator in central office, the optical mm-wave carriers are generated with two times frequency of the LO signal while largely reducing the bandwidth requirement of the modulator. We quantify the optical carrier-to-sideband ratio (CSR) of downstream transmission in this radio-over-fiber (ROF) link and establish that the performance of the ROF system can be significantly improved when the optical signals are transmitted at CSR equal to 0 dB.     

Dispersion-Tolerant Millimeter-Wave Photonic Link Using Polarization-Dependent Modulation

A novel technique to modulate one carrier in a dual-carrier millimeter-wave (mm-wave) photonic system is presented and experimentally evaluated. The technique utilizes the polarization dependence of an optical phase modulator and the properties of optical heterodyning and is demonstrated for both amplitude- and phase-modulated mm-wave signal outputs. Experimental verification of the technique is presented with transmission of up to 2.5-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero data, multilevel quadratic-amplitude modulation, and IEEE 802.11a WLAN data signals on a 40-GHz carrier over optical fiber and wireless transmission. The tolerance for fiber dispersion is investigated, and penalty-free transmission over 44 km is verified. The linearity of the system is evaluated by measuring the spurious-free dynamic range. [All rights reserved Elsevier].     

基于两个平行马赫-增德尔调制器的光载无线传输系统

为提高光载无线(radio over fiber,RoF) 传输系统中的光波信号的利用率,本文提出了一种基于两个平行马赫-增德尔调制器 (Mach-Zehnder modulator,MZM) 的RoF传输系统。两个平行MZM经射频(radio frequency,RF) 信号调制后,产生5个光边带信号,分别是正负一阶光边带、正负二阶光边带和光载波。其中正负二阶光边带使用基带数据进行调制,经光电检测器(photodiode,PD) 拍频后产生已调数据的毫米波信号,再由天线发射出去。正二阶边带和光载波经PD拍频后产生未调制数据的毫米波,该毫米波用于接收端解调的本振信号(local oscillator,LO) 。负二阶边带信号用于上行链路的光载波。在本系统中,5个光边带信号都被充分利用,提高了光信号的利用效率。此外,还分析了该系统通过色散介质的传输特性,为RoF通信系统提供了一种实用化的解决方案。     

On Frequency-Doubled Optical Millimeter-Wave Generation Technique Without Carrier Suppression for In-Building Wireless Over Fiber Applications

A novel optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation scheme based on double-sideband phase modulation (DSB-PM) to achieve frequency doubling without suppressing the carrier is proposed. Theoretical analysis shows that the generated 60-GHz optical mm-wave can tolerant ${pm}$ 0.016-nm wavelength drifting with filter bandwidth ranging from 70 to 100 GHz to sustain first to second harmonic suppression ratio of 18 dB. In addition, error-free transmission of 60-GHz mm-wave at 2.5 Gb/s is experimentally demonstrated over a combined distance of 3-m wireless with 21-dBm equivalent isotropically radiated power, and 250-m fiber to best emulate an in-building network environment. Dispersion effect on the frequency-doubled PM optical mm-wave without carrier suppression is also analyzed and experimentally studied by comparing the link performance over single-mode fiber (SMF-28) and dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), respectively.      

Fiber Dispersion Influence on Transmission of the Optical Millimeter-Waves Generated Using LN-MZM Intensity Modulation

We have theoretically investigated the transmission performance of the optical millimeter-waves (mm-waves) generated using intensity modulation via a Mach-Zehnder modulator, with the double and single sidebands (DSB and SSB) and optical carrier suppression (OCS) schemes. According to our theoretical analysis, fiber chromatic dispersion leads to fading effect and time shifting of the codes; therefore, signals are greatly degraded. Of all signals, DSB optical mm-wave suffers from both the fading effect and the time shifting of the codes. However, the optical mm-waves generated by SSB and OCS schemes are immune to the fading effect, while the time shifting of the codes limits their transmission distance. Experimental and simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis.     

基于强度调制和布里渊效应的六倍频可调毫米波信号产生

提出了一种新型的基于马赫-曾德尔调制器(MZM)和布里渊效应实现六倍频可调毫米波信号输出的方法。在本方案中,先调节MZM的直流偏置,抑制偶数边带,留下奇数边带;经过大功率掺Er3+光纤放大器(EDFA)放大之后,使两个一阶边带的功率达到布里渊阈值之上,然后采用了25km的单模光纤(SMF)作为布里渊介质,滤除一阶边带,留下三阶边带;最后经过EDFA放大和光电探测器(PD)光电转换得到六倍频的毫米波信号。因为布里渊边带滤波是窄带滤波,与波长无关,故本系统可以实现波长无关的微波信号产生。     

Highly stabilized millimeter-wave generation by using fiber-opticfrequency-tunable comb generator

A novel optical generation and transport technique for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals by using the fiber-optic frequency-tunable comb generator having a discrete emission spectrum as the light source is proposed. 60 GHz mm-wave signal generation and transmission over a 108 km-long optical fiber link at λ=1560 nm is demonstrated. Excellent stability of both the frequency and amplitude of the mm-wave carrier is attained, so that the 3 dB linewidth is less than 0.3 kHz and the variance of the amplitude fluctuation is 0.07 dB. The advantages include tunability of the carrier frequency, handling ease, and no need for a high-speed external light modulator     

A novel scheme to implement duplex 60-GHz radio-over-fiber link with 20-GHz double-sideband optical millimeter-wave transmitted along the fiber

A duplex radio-over-fiber (RoF) link with a novel scheme to generate 60-GHz millimeter (mm)-wave using 20 GHz double sideband (DSB) optical mm-wave with signal carried only by its optical carrier is investigated. In the RoF downlink, the modulation frequency to generate the DSB optical mm-wave is reduced greatly. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that this scheme cannot only eliminate the code form distortion caused by the time shifting of the sidebands, but also reduce the influence of the fading effect as the DSB optical mm-wave signal is transmitted along the fiber. Based on the scheme, the duplex RoF link with the frequency up- (down-) conversion of the down- (up-) link mm-wave signal is built and the uplink transmission performance is analyzed theoretically.     

光载毫米波在光纤中传输色散性能研究

提出了并理论分析了一种采用单电极Mach–Zehnder调制器(SD-MZM)产生光载毫米波的方案。采用电混频器将射频信号与基带数字信号混频后再利用单电极调制器产生双边带调制信号并发送至光纤,在基站使用一个交叉复用器(IL)将双边带信号的中心载波与一阶边带信号进行分离,中心载波可用于上行链路的光载波,而一阶边带产生光载毫米波;理论分析了该毫米波的色散特性并在仿真平台上验证了其正确性,研究发现由于光纤色散引起两个一阶边带的延时不同, 从而导致毫米波能量的损失和解调信号的码间干扰,限制了毫米波的最大传输距离。     

Generation of frequency-doubling mm-wave signal using a Mach–Zehnder modulator with three arms to overcome fiber chromatic dispersion

We propose a novel method to generate optical frequency-doubling mm-wave signal by using a three-arm Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) for radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems. Since the optical carrier and its two 2nd-order sidebands are dominant, the 2nd-order harmonic in the photocurrent gets maximal. When the optical mm-wave signal is transmitted in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), there is no time shift of code edges because the data signal is only carried by the optical carrier. The 2nd-order harmonic in the photocurrent consists of two beating products, so it experiences a periodical fading effect when the optical mm-wave signal is transmitted in SSMF. However, if a proper direct-current (DC) bias is applied to the data modulation arm in the MZM architecture to adjust the position of the fading nodes, the degradation on the photocurrent can be avoided. A RoF link is built based on the novel scheme by simulation, and the transmission performance of the proposed scheme is presented. The eye diagram still keeps open and clear even after 40 km transmission. Simulation results prove our theoretical analysis.     

Multiband Signal Generation and Dispersion-Tolerant Transmission Based on Photonic Frequency Tripling Technology for 60-GHz Radio-Over-Fiber Systems

We designed and experimentally demonstrated an efficient photonic frequency-tripling technology for 60-GHz radio-over-fiber systems to simultaneously realize millimeter-wave (mm-wave), microwave, and baseband signal generation. The technique utilizes vestigial sideband filtering in combination with optical carrier suppression to generate novel alternate subcarrier modulation for high tolerance of fiber dispersion. Experimental verification of the proposed scheme is presented with generation and error-free transmission of 2.1-Gb/s data on the 63-GHz mm-wave and 21-GHz microwave carriers over 50-km single-mode fiber (SMF-28) without dispersion compensation. The power penalty for both signals is less than 1.0 dB.      

Cancellation of the signal fading for 60 GHz subcarrier multiplexedoptical DSB signal transmission in nondispersion shifted fiber usingmidway optical phase conjugation

In millimeter-wave (mm-wave) optical double sideband (DSB) signal transmission systems, the received radio frequency (RF) power fades periodically because of the group velocity dispersion (GVD) and the self-phase modulation (SPM) of optical fibers. In this paper, cancellation of the signal fading by using midway optical phase conjugation in mm-wave subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) optical DSB signal is analyzed. Fading-free 60 GHz mm-wave optical DSB signal transmission over 100 km-long nondispersion shifted single-mode fiber at 1550 nm by using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) optical phase conjugator (OPC) in the midway of optical link is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Finally, the degradation factor of the OPC system is also discussed     

Electroabsorption Modulator Frequency Down-Conversion for Uplink Radio-Over-Fiber

We propose a novel and cost-effective frequency down-conversion technique for millimeter-wave (mm-wave)-over-fiber uplinks using an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) at the base station. It is found that the distributed optical local oscillator light from a central station can be directly modulated by the data signal down-converted from mm-wave inside the EAM and reused as the uplink optical signal with proper filtering. It is also demonstrated that the uplink mm-wave can be down-converted to either an intermediate frequency or the baseband. We numerically validate the feasibility of such a scheme and experimentally demonstrate the error-free performance by a total 40 km of fiber delivery with 1-dB receiver power penalty.      

基于级联马赫-曾德电光调制器的60GHz光载毫米波传输系统的研究

提出并实现了一种新的产生毫米波的六倍频技术。采用两个相同的串联马赫一曾德电光调制器（MZM）,调节第1个MZM调制器的偏置电压使其工作在最小传输模式,只输出奇次光谐波分量;调节第2个MZM调制器的偏置电压使其工作在最大传输模式,抑制所有的奇次光谐波分量。实验显示,采用10GHz的射频（RF）信号驱动这两台MZM调制器后...     

Demultiplexing using an arrayed-waveguide grating for frequency-interleaved DWDM millimeter-wave radio-on-fiber systems

The frequency-interleaved dense- wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radio-on-fiber is an indispensable technique to improve the optical spectrum efficiency. We propose possible configurations of multiplexing and demultiplexing (DEMUX) schemes using an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) with two input and N output waveguides (N: total channel number). In this paper, we focus on the DEMUX scheme and experimentally demonstrate the DEMUX scheme using a commercially available AWG. In the experiment, 25-GHz-separated two-channel optical double sideband signals modulated by a 60-GHz millimeter-wave carrying a 156-Mb/s data are optically multiplexed by the frequency interleaving. The power penalty after DEMUX, which was due to interchannel interference, was less than 0.5 dB. We also made a transmission experiment over 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SMF). No noticeable power penalty in the received data due to chromatic dispersion of the transmission fiber was observed. This is because only the carrier and a sideband are detected in the proposed DEMUX scheme.     

Multi-band QPSK signal transmission implemented with remote up-conversion and Schottky RF detectors in a 60-GHz millimeter wave radio-over-fiber system

A simple multi-band QPSK signal transmission scheme, constructed by using an optical remote up-conversion technique and a Schottky diode RF detector, is theoretically analyzed and experimentally implemented in a 60-GHz millimeter wave (mm-wave) radio over fiber (RoF) system, for the first time. There is no need for complex system architecture or any expensive high-frequency clock source in our scheme. Simulation results show that our scheme is highly tolerant to fiber dispersion, compared with the conventional 60 GHz multi-band RoF system. In the experimental demonstration, successful delivery of QPSK signals at two 60-GHz sub-bands is achieved over 50-km fiber and 4-m wireless distance.     

Fiber-Wireless Networks and Subsystem Technologies

Hybrid fiber-wireless networks incorporating WDM technology for fixed wireless access operating in the sub-millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency regions are being actively pursued to provide untethered connectivity for ultrahigh bandwidth communications. The architecture of such radio networks requires a large number of antenna base-stations with high throughput to be deployed to maximize the geographical coverage with the main switching and routing functionalities located in a centralized location. The transportation of mm-wave wireless signals within the hybrid network is subject to several impairments including low opto-electronic conversion efficiency, fiber chromatic dispersion and also degradation due to nonlinearities along the link. One of the major technical challenges in implementing such networks lies in the mitigation of these various optical impairments that the wireless signals experience within the hybrid network. In this paper, we present an overview of different techniques to optically transport mm-wave wireless signals and to overcome impairments associated with the transport of the wireless signals. We also review the different designs of subsystems for integrating fiber-wireless technology onto existing optical infrastructure.