静止轨道微波辐射计在轨冷定标方案初探

地球静止轨道微波辐射计利用大气吸收频段对温湿度廓线探测,辐射计在轨采用冷空作为低温定标源。当反射器指向冷空获取宇宙背景辐射亮温时,太阳或其他星体会进入冷空观测视场,由于其亮温远远高于冷空辐射亮温2.73 K,一旦进入会严重影响冷空观测值。为充分有效利用辐射计观测数据,本文主要分析最大影响源太阳对冷空观测亮温的影响,初步给出一种静止轨道微波辐射计冷定标方案,使冷空观测亮温与背景标准值的最大偏差降低至0.04 K,同时也分析了月球和卫星本体等因素对冷空观测亮温的影响。     

卫星高光谱红外大气探测的正演模拟研究

利用精确的红外大气辐射传输计算模型KCARTA,模拟计算了光谱分辨率、通道光谱响应函数、光谱定标精度、大气倾斜路径和表面发射率对高光谱观测亮温的影响.正演计算的结果表明：1）提高光谱分辨率明显增加了可探测的大气亮温;2）各种内、外部因素的变化对高光谱仪器将产生远较低光谱仪器更大的观测亮温差.本研究可为我国高光谱大气探测仪器的设计以及高光谱大气探测反演算法研究的开展提供科学的参考依据.     

星载微波估计热带气旋中心气压的研究

在准静力近似条件下,热带气旋上层的暖心强度与气旋中心最低海平面气压相关.根据飞机观测到的平均热带气旋的暖核距平廓线构造一个由单因子--250hPa温度距平--控制的热带气旋中心暖距平模型,建立利用NOAA16/17/AMSU观测反演热带气旋中心暖核强度和最低海平面气压的算法;并对发生在西北太平洋上的热带气旋的最低海平面气压进行反演试验,反演的结果与利用Dvorak(1984)可见光和红外技术估计结果相比,平均偏差大约为11hPa;反演结果的时间序列能够显示气旋强度演变的过程.     

基于全链路仿真的静止轨道毫米波大气探测性能

针对我国发展地球静止轨道(GEO)毫米波大气探测技术的迫切需求与实践空白,采用我国候选的GEO实孔大气探测仿真实验研究,对台风场景下GEO观测亮温精度和探测大气温湿廓线精度及其影响因素进行了定量分析与评估。结果表明,辐射计载荷的两个关键要素——天线波束宽度和噪声——对不同频率通道亮温精度的影响程度有较大差异;在当前的GEO辐射计载荷指标下,静止轨道毫米波大气温湿廓线探测精度与极轨相当;GEO新增的可为我国静止轨道毫米波大气探测载荷设计与应用提供理论依据和科学指导。     

基于氧气光谱吸收的被动测距中无云天空背景辐射特性研究

氧气吸收率是利用氧气A 吸收带进行被动测距技术计算的核心,将包含氧气A 吸收带在内的无云天空背景辐射和黑体辐射作为研究对象,利用CART 软件模拟计算了不同观测天顶角、不同时段、不同太阳天顶角的无云天空背景氧气吸收率分布,并与不同观测天顶角、不同距离下的黑体辐射氧气吸收率进行了比较分析,结果表明:当探测距离大于3 km 时,黑体辐射的氧气吸收率大于无云天空背景辐射氧气吸收率,所以根据不同观测条件设置被动测距的氧气吸收率阈值,可提高对目标的探测概率,降低背景辐射对被动测距的影响。     

正则化变分同化AIRS红外高光谱水汽资料研究

结合经典变分同化和正则化约束两者的优点,对多正则化参数约束变分同化方法进行了研究。与经典变分同化中背景和观测项对目标泛函等权重不同,正则化约束对观测项权重进行调节,并在正则化参数优化时基于Huber-估计法给定权重函数。高光谱大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)水汽通道模拟亮温试验表明,本文的变分法同化AIRS亮温资料比经典变分同化法的效果更好。基于信号自由度诊断了观测资料对分析场的影响,结果表明本文的方法能够有效挖掘水汽通道的亮温信息。     

差分吸收激光雷达探测大气CO_2精度分析

为减小距离差分吸收激光雷达探测大气CO2浓度的探测误差,理论分析了探测精度,对差分吸收探测系统误差进行了数值分析,对基于1.6 μm光纤激光器相干探测CO2系统进行了仿真计算.结果表明:差分吸收截面越大,空间分辨率越低,回波信噪比越高,气体浓度的探测误差越小.当大气CO2的差分吸收光学厚度т为0.55时,相干探测系统具有最小误差变化百分比,此时探测精度最高.随着探测高度增大, 1.6 μm光纤激光相干探测系统精度逐渐降低,在1 km高度以内可以探测到34 ppm的大气CO2变化.     

基于FY-3E星载红外观测的交叉定标匹配不确定性分析

星载红外高光谱传感器与多通道光谱传感器在轨交叉定标时能够提升数据精度和质量,交叉定标样本通常采用星下点交叉方式匹配筛选,包括空间、时间、观测几何角度和光谱匹配,匹配误差的不确定性将对最终交叉定标精度产生影响。采用FY-3E同平台红外高光谱大气探测仪HIRAS-II和中分辨率光谱成像仪MERSI-LL均匀晴空背景进行观测,根据视线向量匹配HIRAS-II星下点瞬时视场内的MERSI-LL像素,分别通过模拟视场偏移、观测天顶角偏差和光谱响应函数变化单独分析空间、观测几何角度和光谱匹配误差引入的匹配不确定度。结果表明,空间失配引起观测背景辐射亮温变化,偏移一半像元视场时的相对不确定度约为10%,达到一个像元时为25%～30%;观测几何角度失准引起光谱辐射亮温变化,观测天顶角偏移20°时的不确定度优于0.2%;光谱响应函数差异引起光谱等效辐射亮温变化,响应函数发生展宽时对吸收通道的不确定度最大约为2.5%,窗区通道为0.4%,收缩时的不确定度整体优于0.3%,平移引起的不确定度相对较小,移动5倍波长间隔时优于0.1%。     

光钟将有更高的时间精度

从全球定位系统（GPS）到国际守时标准，精确时钟在科学和技术领域扮演重要角色。时钟振荡器的频率越高，时钟的精确度就越高。石英钟工作在兆赫频率范围，原子钟则建立在吉赫的微波吸收基础上。2001年9月9日到12日，第六届频率标准与计量学研讨会在苏格兰圣安留斯大学举行，会上，研究人员展示了基于光吸收的原子钟最新结果，该“光钟”提供更高的时间精度。研讨会以N.Ramsey的评论开始，Ramsey被许多人认为是现代频标之父。1949年，他发展了分离共振场技术，用两个在时间或空间分离的脉冲探测原子的吸收信号，从而提高了光谱分辨率。该…     

差分吸收NO2激光雷达光源的设计与实现

为研制一台探测距离3km、分辨率10μg/m3的大气NO₂廓线差分吸收激光雷达,以NO₂的吸收光谱和激光雷达方程为基础,通过数值仿真分析了回波信噪比与水平和垂直方向上大气中气溶胶、NO₂含量的分布、探测距离和几何因子的关系;搭建探测大气NO₂实验系统,开展了大气NO₂浓度实验观测,获得水平及垂直高度0.4km~3.0km内的NO₂浓度实时分布,探测分辨率可达4.717μg/m3,系统稳定可靠。结果表明,采用两台波长为354.7nm、能量不小于100mJ的Nd:YAG激光器分别抽运两台染料激光器的方式,并以C450为染料,可满足差分吸收探测所需的两束波长为λ_on（448.10nm）和λ_off（446.80nm）、能量为8mJ的输出光束。该方法为实用化NO₂差分吸收激光雷达光源的设计及应用提供了理论依据及技术支持。     

WVR-GPS comparison measurements and calibration of the 20-32 GHz tropospheric water vapor absorption model

Collocated measurements of opacity (from water vapor radiometer brightness temperatures) and wet path delay (from ground-based tracking of global positioning satellites) are used to constrain the model of atmospheric water vapor absorption in the 20-32 GHz band. A differential approach is presented in which the slope of opacity-versus-wet delay data is used as the absorption model constraint. This technique minimizes the effects of radiometric calibration errors and oxygen model uncertainties in the derivation of a best-fit vapor absorption model. A total of approximately five months of data was obtained from two experiment sites. At the Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site near Lamont, Oklahoma, three independent water vapor radiometers (WVRs) provided near-continuous opacity measurements over the interval July-September 1998. At the NASA/Goldstone tracking station in the California desert two WVRs; obtained opacity data over the September-October 1997 interval. At both sites a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver and surface barometer obtained the data required for deriving the zenith wet delays over the same time frames. Measured values of the opacity-versus-wet delay slope parameter were obtained at four WVR frequencies (20.7, 22.2, 23.8, and 31.4 GHz) and compared with predictions of four candidate absorption models referenced in the literature. With one exception, all three models provide agreement within 5% of the opacity-versus-wet delay slope measurements at all WVR frequencies at both sites. One model provides agreement for all channels at both sites to the 2-3% level. This absorption model accuracy level represents a significant improvement over that attainable using radiosondes.     

A simple instrument and technique for measuring columnar watervapor via near-IR differential solar transmission measurements

A simple two-channel solar radiometer and data retrieval technique is described for sensing the columnar content of atmospheric water vapor via differential solar transmission measurements in and adjacent to the 940-nm water vapor absorption band. The instrument features two parallel channels for simultaneous measurements in and out of the absorption band to eliminate temporal variability effects in the differential comparison of the data from the two channels. The water vapor transmittance is determined by a modified Langley plot analysis of the ratio of the two channel signals. A statistical band model which closely follows the square-root law is then used to extract the columnar water vapor amount from the water vapor band transmittance. Error analyses and experimental results indicate that the instrument/technique can be reasonably employed to retrieve water vapor amounts with an error of 10% or less     

The effect of the half-width of the 22-GHz water vapor line on retrievals of temperature and water vapor profiles with a 12-channel microwave radiometer

We show that observed biases in retrievals of temperature and water vapor profiles from a 12-channel microwave radiometer arise from systematic differences between the observed and model-calculated brightness temperatures at five measurement frequencies between 22 and 30 GHz. Replacing the value for the air-broadened half-width of the 22-GHz water vapor line used in the Rosenkranz absorption model with the 5% smaller half-width from the HITRAN compilation largely eliminated the systematic differences in brightness temperatures. An a priori statistical retrieval based on the revised model demonstrated significant improvements in the accuracy and vertical resolution of the retrieved temperature and water vapor profiles. Additional improvements were demonstrated by combining the MWRP retrievals with those from the GOES-8 sounder and by incorporating brightness temperature measurements at off-zenith angles in the retrievals.     

光学厚度预报因子对风云四号卫星扫描辐射计红外通道快速正演精度的影响分析

快速辐射传输模式利用光学厚度预报因子与卫星通道光谱特征系数可实现通道透过率的快速计算,并达到与逐线积分模式相当的正演精度.针对FY-4 AGRI的6个红外通道,分别建立了基于RTTOVv7、v8、v9和CRTMv2.1(以下简称四种模式)光学厚度预报因子的快速正演算子,与逐线积分模式的结果对比,分析了四种快速正演算子中均匀混合气体、水汽线吸收和水汽连续吸收预报因子对正演误差的影响.分析表明,四种快速正演模式计算通道亮温与逐线模式结果相比,在温度探测通道的最大标准差要小于0.6K.v9模式在水汽和温度通道的正演误差远小于其他三个模式;四个模式在窗区通道的误差基本相当.v9模式预报因子中,引入实时大气与参考大气的整层离差减小了均匀混合气体光学厚度的正演误差.     

Autonomous atmospheric compensation (AAC) of high resolution hyperspectral thermal infrared remote-sensing imagery

Atmospheric emission and absorption significantly modify the thermal infrared (TIR) radiation spectra from Earth's land surface. A new algorithm, autonomous atmospheric compensation (AAC), was developed to estimate and compensate for the atmospheric effects. The algorithm estimates from hyperspectral TIR measurements two atmospheric index parameters, the transmittance ratio, and the path radiance difference between strong and weak absorption channels near the 11.73 /spl mu/m water band. These two parameters depend on the atmospheric water and temperature distribution profiles, and thus, from them, the complete atmospheric transmittance and path radiance spectra can be predicted. The AAC algorithm is self-contained and needs no supplementary data. Its accuracy depends largely on instrument characteristics, particularly spectral and spatial resolution. Atmospheric conditions, especially humidity and temperature, and other meteorological parameters, also have some secondary impacts. The AAC algorithm was successfully applied to a hyperspectral TIR data set, and the results suggest its accuracy is comparable to that based on the in situ radiosonde measurements.     

Effects of precipitation and cloud ice on brightness temperaturesin AMSU moisture channels

Extinction by ice and rain at the AMSU frequencies used in water vapor profile retrievals is investigated with DMSP observations and brightness temperature simulations of a convective storm system. The simulations are based on mesoscale forecast model output of atmospheric, cloud, and rain profiles from which the absorption and scattering due to both liquid and frozen hydrometeors are calculated. Comparison with satellite observations indicates discrepancies of more than 90% (up to 60 K), of which only about 20% results from ignoring scattering by model-prescribed ice. The major source of error is the inability of the forecast model to produce the spatially localized high ice concentrations which cause the low microwave brightness temperatures. A criterion based on the difference between measured brightness temperatures at 183.31±3 and 183.31±1 GHz is suggested to screen out convective events before water vapor retrieval. Application to the case study examined improved agreement between simulated and observed brightness temperatures by up to a factor of two     

机载大气红外高分辨率光谱的信息量分析

机载红外高分辨率干涉光谱仪（HIS）是遥感大气信息的大气红外背景辐射测量装置。基于HIS红外高光谱大气数据,对大气温度和主要大气吸收气体进行了敏感性分析;并通过引入信息容量的概念,利用一维变分方法,对HIS测量装置遥感探测大气参数的能力进行评估,定量描述了HIS测量的红外光谱反演大气温度和水汽的信息容量、自由度和垂直分辨率等信息,其中温度、水汽的信息容量分别为49.5、25.2;自由度分别为10.5、5.6,温度的平均垂直分辨率为2.2 km,水汽的垂直分辨率为2 km;讨论了HIS的反演精度与仪器测量误差之间的关系,获取了大气温湿廓线的最小可探测精度。     

复杂大气条件对微波传播衰减的影响研究

为了进一步提高大气对微波传播衰减影响的描述精度,为微波链路遥感反演大气新应用提供理论基础,该文系统性研究了大气主要吸收气体和各种大气粒子对微波传播的衰减情况。利用ITU-R模型计算大气主要气体成分对微波的吸收衰减,然后在降水粒子、云雾粒子和沙尘粒子的介电模型、形状、相态和谱分布的基础上,计算得到群粒子对微波的衰减特性,系统讨论降水强度、相态、含水量、谱分布、气压和温度等因素对微波传播衰减的影响。数值模拟结果表明,大气主要气体成分在60 GHz, 180 GHz和320 GHz附近存在强烈的吸收带,其衰减系数与水蒸气含量和气压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;降水强度、谱分布、相态以及冰水比例对降水的微波衰减存在不同程度的影响,云雾的含水量和相态,沙尘的数密度、谱分布和含水量是影响微波衰减的主要因素,而温度的影响较小;大气各因素的衰减系数从大到小依次为爆炸沙尘、降水、气体吸收、水雾、冰雾和自然沙尘。     

基于场景的热红外高光谱数据光谱定标

传感器每个波段的中心波长和半高全宽（Full Width at Half Maximum，FWHM）随成像环境变化会发生较大的系统性漂移。这种漂移最终会影响发射率和温度的反演精度，尤其是在大气吸收波段附近的发射率反演精度。选择水汽在11.73 m处的吸收通道作为参考波段，提出了适用于热红外高光谱数据的光谱定标技术流程。模拟实验表明:光谱分辨率为50 nm，中心波长偏移在-50~50 nm、FWHM变化在-25~25 nm时，大气水汽含量对光谱定标误差的影响最大。同时，对误差分布曲面进行拟合得到描述误差分布模型，用于误差的估计。当大气水汽含量足够大时，光谱中心波长偏移估算误差可达到1 nm以内。最后，将所提方法应用于机载热红外高光谱数据光谱定标。结果显示，热红外高光谱成像仪中心波长偏移为28.4 nm，FWHM变化为-18.5 nm。