飞秒激光等离子体在高超声速飞行器减阻中的应用

报道了利用飞秒激光产生的等离子体冲击波对高超声速飞行的钝体飞行器进行减阻的研究。通过模拟计算了距离地球表面30 km、来流马赫数为5的大气环境中,飞秒激光能量注入后产生的等离子体冲击波与钝体飞行器头部正激波相互耦合的演化过程,分析了飞秒激光等离子体减阻的机理。通过求解Navier-Stokes方程,计算了飞秒激光能量对飞行器减阻效果的影响。结果发现,利用飞秒激光产生的等离子体冲击波比纳秒激光等离子体冲击波对飞行器的减阻效果更明显。当飞秒激光能量为0.06 m J时,能使飞行器所受的阻力减小98%,飞秒激光能量越高,减阻比越高,低阻力持续的时间越长,减阻效果越好。采用3个飞秒激光能量点源沉积的方式能够更好地实现飞行器的减阻,提高了最佳减阻比,节省了激光能量。     

单脉冲激光减小超声速飞行器波阻的实验研究

利用激光等离子体减小超声速飞行器的气动阻力是一种新概念减阻方式。根据单脉冲激光减小超声速飞行器波阻瞬态流场的特点,建立了超声速条件下单脉冲激光能量沉积减阻实验系统,利用高分辨率的纹影系统拍摄激光能量沉积产生的激波与弓形激波相互作用过程,分析了激光减小超声速飞行器波阻的机理,以实验手段验证了激光等离子体可以减小超声速飞行器波阻,为研究高重复频率激光减阻提供了实验测试方案。     

纳秒激光等离子体减阻数值模拟

针对激光等离子体减阻技术机理,采用纳秒激光,数值模拟激光等离子体在流场中的演化过程,分析关键参数对纳秒激光等离子体减阻性能的影响。结果表明:纳秒激光能最大程度地提高激光等离子体减阻性能,阻力减小的百分比达99%,低阻力维持时间是入射激光持续时间的103倍;随着来流马赫数的增大,空气来流强度增强,导致减小阻力的百分比减小;随着激光能量的增加,激光引致的冲击波强度增大,使得减小阻力的百分比增加;随着激光聚焦击穿位置的增大,减小阻力的百分比减小,但低阻力维持的时间明显增加。     

超声速飞行器主动减阻技术研究进展

随着超声速飞行器的迅猛发展,空气动力学者认为减小阻力是实现超声速飞行器飞得更快更远的目标和提高飞行器气动性能的一种重要手段.目前世界许多军事强国先后开展了超声速飞行器减阻技术的研究和探索.本文介绍了目前主要研究的主动减阻方法及原理,对逆向喷流、边界层控制及能量沉积减阻的研究现状进行了综述和分析,特别是对目前倍受关注能量沉积减阻技术进行重点综述.最后针对各类减阻技术的特点,分析了减阻方法所涉及的关键技术,为超声速飞行器减阻技术的发展提出了几点建议.     

关键参数对激光等离子体热核与激波相互作用过程的影响规律

针对激光减阻中激光等离子体热核与正激波相互作用物理现象,运用高精度纹影测量技术研究分析了激光等离子体热核在正激波冲击下的流动结构特性,获得了激光能量与激波速度两个关键因素的影响规律。实验结果表明:在正激波的冲击下,热核宽度呈先上升然后稳定并有减小的趋势,入射激光能量越高,热核在激波冲击下的宽度越大;热核的长度在正激波冲击下迅速减小然后以固定的速度线性增长,增长速度约为入射激波速度的19%。研究结论可为实际应用中有效增强减阻效果和延长持续时间提供依据,相关方法和结果对激光等离子体主动流动控制研究也具有很好的参考价值。     

激光等离子体热核与激波相互作用的流动特性研究

激光等离子体热核与正激波相互作用是复杂激光减阻科学问题中最基本的物理现象。建立了基于激波管和激光能量沉积的实验平台，利用高精度纹影系统捕捉了激光等离子体热核在正激波冲击下的流动结构特性。实验结果表明:激光等离子体热核界面变形，弯曲并最终形成双涡环结构，展向尺寸迅速增大然后降低并逐渐稳定在7.7 mm左右，流向尺寸先降低然后在激波离开热核之后以114.3 m/s的速度线性增长，从微观层面进一步揭示了激光减阻机理，对等离子体主动流动控制的相关研究具有很好的借鉴参考价值。     

关键参数对空气中激光引致热核特性的影响规律研究

针对纳秒脉冲激光能量在空气中沉积的等离子体热核演化问题,利用两种不同分辨率的高速相机,搭建了高分辨率的纹影系统。所获得的纹影实验结果很好地展示了激光能量沉积初始时刻的演化过程,并研究了激光能量大小和透镜焦距这两个关键参数对激光引致等离子体热核演化过程的影响规律。实验结果表明激光沉积能量越大,等离子体热核的尺寸越大,但是可能存在激光能量沉积的饱和现象。另外,激光能量越高、透镜的焦距越短,激光能量沉积之后环境冷空气穿透热核的时间就越晚,意味着等离子体热核维持稳定的高温低密度气团的时间越长,这可以为激光致等离子体主动流动控制的相关研究提供充足的反应时间。     

纳秒脉冲激光能量沉积激波减阻机理数值研究

为详细揭示纳秒单脉冲激光能量沉积激波减小波阻的机理,分别研究了单脉冲激光能量沉积与正激波相互作用、单脉冲激光能量沉积与弓形激波超声速流场相互作用。鉴于常用数值模拟方法不考虑空气的离解和电离,不能合理模拟激光能量沉积诱导等离子体热核的空间分布,采用泪滴形能量分布,且耦合有限速率化学反应模型,所得到的激波和热核演化过程的数值模拟结果与实验吻合程度高,验证了所提出模拟方法的合理性。分别选取马赫数为1.92条件下的正激波和弓形激波,入射激光能量大小为10.1 mJ和12 mJ,研究表明:单脉冲激光能量沉积诱导形成的等离子体热核通过正激波后,形成上下对称的涡环结构;在弓形激波条件下,在波后形成的低压涡环引起波阻减小,这是激波减阻的主要机理。     

大气呼吸模式激光推进数值分析

详细分析了激光击穿空气和激光维持等离子体爆轰波(LSD)的传播机制,基于Navier-Stokes方程建立了考虑湍流、等离子体辐射的流场分析模型,采用有限体积法系统分析了推进器喷管内等离子体冲击波流场的演变规律,研究了单脉冲激光能量大小和脉宽对推进性能的影响。数值仿真中明显捕捉到有关实验中观察到的马赫杆的产生与移动过程;得出了推力和冲量耦合系数随脉冲能量、脉宽的变化关系,计算结果与德国空间中心实验吻合得较好,为脉冲激光器的选择和脉冲参数优化提供了参考依据。     

激光-电弧复合焊接的热源相互作用

为了研究激光-电弧复合焊接的热源相互作用,提升对复合焊接复杂物理过程的认识程度,进一步优化工艺参数,采用CO2轴快流激光器和钨极氩弧焊机在3mm厚316L不锈钢板上进行了复合焊接试验研究。定义无量纲参数——复合焊接熔化效率增量δ来表征热源相互作用的变化。结合焊缝成形、等离子体形貌,通过δ半定量分析了激光、电弧热源间距和能量配比对热源相互作用的影响。结果表明,在优化的参数组合下,δ高达83.6%。其中,电弧对工件的预热作用能够提高激光能量的利用率,增强热源相互作用,但是激光-电弧等离子体相互作用才是提高热源相互作用程度的关键机制。     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.