ZnO光电导紫外探测器的制备和特性研究

以Si(111)衬底,用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法制得C轴高度择优取向的ZnO薄膜,并利用剥离技术制备了ZnO光导型紫外探测器.Al叉指状电极是由平面磁控溅射技术沉积得到的.对Al/ZnO/Al的伏安特性和紫外光响应的研究表明,金属铝和ZnO能形成很好的欧姆接触,紫外探测器的电阻值在100KΩ左右.在紫外区域,其5V偏压下的光响应度为0.5A/W.     

声表面波ZnO薄膜紫外探测器的响应机制研究

通过射频磁控溅射法在以128°Y-X LiNbO3为压电衬底的声表面波(SAW)小波器件上沉积了一层ZnO薄膜作为紫外光敏感膜,利用网络分析仪对所制备探测器的紫外光响应特性进行了测试。实验结果表明,在波长365nm、光强210μW/cm2的紫外光照射下,探测器的频移量最大可达到37kHz,且具有良好的可重复性。探测器的紫外光响应过程和暗场恢复过程均包含了一个快过程和一个慢过程,前者决定于ZnO薄膜表面氧气分子的吸附与解吸附过程,而后者则决定于外界氧气分子与ZnO内部本征缺陷间的慢交换过程。最后,结合声电效应和半导体光电导效应分析给出了探测器紫外光响应过程和暗场恢复过程的理论公式。该文对基于ZnO薄膜的高灵敏度SAW紫外探测器响应机制的揭示,为其瞬态特性的改善和实用化提供了思路。     

ZnO薄膜紫外探测器的光电性质

采用直流反应磁控溅射的方法制备ZnO薄膜, 用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和紫外-可见光谱仪(UV-Vis)分别表征ZnO薄膜的晶体结构和表面形貌等特征。并用此材料制备Au/ZnO/Au金属-半导体-金属(MSM)结构光电导型ZnO薄膜紫外光探测器。实验结果表明, ZnO探测器在360 nm出现明显光响应,其光电流为2.5 mA, 在5 V偏置电压下暗电流为250 μA; ZnO紫外探测器在250～380 nm的紫外波段, 探测器有很明显的光响应, 且光电流响应比较平坦; 在380～430 nm区域, 光响应明显下降; 其光响应的上升与下降弛豫时间分别为20 s与80 s。从光谱响应图中可以看出紫外(360 nm)比可见区(450 nm)的光响应高出3个数量级, 薄膜表面存在的缺陷(如氧空位)在ZnO紫外探测器的光电效应中有重要作用。     

ZnO/Ag 纳米线复合薄膜的光电导型紫外探测器

ZnO/Ag纳米线复合薄膜紫外探测器是利用水热法在旋涂制备的Ag纳米线薄膜上生长ZnO 纳米线阵列制备得到。此紫外探测器在4.9 mW cm_-2紫外光强和1V偏压下,其明暗电流比为3100,响应恢复时间分别为3.47s和3.28s,响应度为0.25A/W,探测度为6.9×10₁₂Jones。制备和工作参数被分析以优化紫外探测器结构和性能,如ZnO 纳米线的生长时间,Ag纳米线薄膜的旋涂转速和紫外探测器的工作温度。     

ZnO基紫外光电探测材料研究

ZnO作为II-VI族直接宽禁带半导体材料,在室温下的禁带宽度约为3.37 eV,对应紫外波段的光子能量,且ZnO具有较高的化学和热稳定性,较强的抗辐射损伤能力,来源丰富,电子诱生缺陷较低等特点,适用于制备高性能的紫外探测器。而ZnO在掺杂后形成的合金可调节其禁带宽度,并与ZnO的晶格失配度及热膨胀系数差别较小,可构成量子阱或超晶格结构被广泛地应用于光电器件中,提高光电性能,所以相关的带隙工程的开展有利于推进实用的高性能的ZnO基光电器件的开发。尤其是对于ZnO基紫外探测器件,ZnO基三元合金具有可调控其探测波段到日盲区的特点,在此基础上所实现的紫外探测器在军事和民用领域具有广泛应用。基于此,笔者采用掺杂的方式调制ZnO的禁带宽度,使ZnO基三元合金材料的光学禁带宽度达到4.4 eV以上,获得可用于日盲紫外光波段探测的ZnO基光电探测器;同时,通过控制掺杂技术开发ZnO基异质复合结构,可应用于高性能的紫外光电发射探测器件。主要内容和创新性结果如下:1.采用溶胶–凝胶方法制备了Mg、Cd、Al掺杂的ZnO基三元合金薄膜,并对其微结构和光电性能进行研究,分析其掺杂效率和光学禁带调制效应,获得掺杂对ZnO薄膜禁带宽度调制的规律,并从不同元素掺杂引起Zn3d电子结合能变化的角度探讨了其禁带调制的机理。2.采用射频磁控溅射法制备AlxZn1-xO(AZO)合金薄膜,研究不同掺Al浓度对其微结构和光电性质的影响规律,研究表明:Al粒子数分数增大到20%会导致ZnO纤锌矿结构的消失,表明掺Al的固溶度在20%以内,而当掺Al粒子数分数达到30%则出现新的晶相;且随掺Al粒子数分数增加,薄膜中晶粒细化,电阻率大幅上升;通过改变Al组分可较大地展宽光学带隙,在Al粒子数分数为30%时带隙被展宽至4.43 eV。3.探讨氧气氛对AZO合金薄膜导电性的影响,并通过对其微结构和光电特性的研究发现:溅射过程中通入少量氧气有利于获得结晶质量较好的c轴择优取向薄膜;而纯氩气氛下溅射的薄膜具有很低的电阻率,拉曼测试和SEM分析表明其存在特殊的内建电场和c轴取向平行于膜面的晶粒;溅射过程中氧分压的增加会导致薄膜的绝缘性能增强;其透光谱显示光学吸收边发生明显蓝移。4.研究AZO合金薄膜的光电响应性能,结果表明:掺入Al可抑制ZnO薄膜中氧空位缺陷的形成,Al粒子数分数的增大使得薄膜的绝缘性能增强,有利于实现暗电流低的光电探测器件,提高其光暗电流比,尤其是可以抑制慢速的氧气吸附和解吸附反应,从而提高器件的响应速度。获得的快速响应的AZO探测器在紫外光照下显示出对称的非线性特征,即采用元件替代方法将光敏电阻应用于蔡氏电路时,在变型蔡氏电路中可产生三涡旋光电混沌吸引子。5.研究掺Al对AZO薄膜表面势垒和功函数的影响,通过对不同Al浓度AZO合金薄膜的C-V测试,获得其表面接触势垒高度随Al浓度增加而减小的规律;分别从理论计算和I-V-T测试拟合研究了5%粒子数分数掺Al对ZnO薄膜表面功函数的影响,两种方式获得的表面功函数值分别下降了0.090 eV和0.098 eV。以上研究结果表明掺Al使得AZO薄膜的费米能级上移至导带,从而形成较小的表面势垒,有利于电子从表面逸出。6.研究将AlxZn1-xO薄膜用于实现NEA紫外光电阴极,制作AZO阴极真空光电管,其光暗电流相差两个数量级以上。采用高导电AZO薄膜作为透明导电底电极,在其上诱导生长阳离子空位为主导的AZO纳米晶表面层,由以上掺杂调制技术获得的AZO异质复合结构阴极材料,因为底电极和阴极膜同属AZO材料体系,界面间结合紧密,并能有效实现能带调制,具有良好的紫外光电发射性能。在铯激活条件下的测试结果为:暗电流为0.2 nA,在254 nm波长的紫外光照射下产生220 nA光电发射电流,光暗电流比达到103数量级。     

表面阳极氧化铝结构对ZnO薄膜探测器的响应增强

通过在ZnO外延薄膜上淀积一层Al薄膜,并利用Al膜叉指型光刻胶图案为掩模,可以选择性地将叉指间无光刻胶区域下的Al膜阳极氧化,在ZnO表面形成氧化铝微纳结构,而在光刻胶掩模下未被阳极氧化的Al膜便成为ZnO紫外光电导探测器的叉指电极.用此法制备的非周期性氧化铝结构具有相近的孔大小和间距,形成可以在平面内全方位大角度衍射的光栅矢量.入射光可以被ZnO有阳极氧化铝结构的探测器比无此结构的器件在同等条件下的光响应度提高到了1.8倍.     

In2Ge2O7薄膜制备及其紫外光敏特性研究

以In2O3和GeO2为原料,采用碳还原法制备了In2Ge2O7多晶薄膜,利用XRD和SEM对薄膜的结构和形貌进行了表征。对基于In2Ge2O7薄膜的金属-半导体-金属(MSM)紫外探测器进行了紫外光电导特性测量,结果显示:在波长为250nm的紫外光照射下,在5V偏压下,器件的光电流为727μA(暗电流为12μA),光响应度达到262.9A.W-1,光响应上升时间约为67s,下降时间约为15s。分析认为较长的响应时间是由于内部的缺陷与位错造成的。初步研究结果表明:In2Ge2O7薄膜可以作为一种良好的日盲紫外探测材料。     

基于银纳米薄膜欧姆接触的高波长选择性紫外探测器研究

常规的半导体紫外探测器波长响应范围宽,而紫外光的应用具有较强的波长选择性,如320nm波段的紫外光在医学方面有重要的应用,因此,具有高波长选择性的紫外探测器的研制有重要意义。文章采用GaN基p-i-n探测器结构,通过在p区覆盖银纳米薄膜作为欧姆接触层和波长选择透射层,成功制备了对320nm波段紫外光高选择性探测的紫外探测器,器件性能如下:70nm银层的紫外光透射率峰值超过30%,器件在-5V偏压下的暗电流为10-12 A量级,响应峰值为0.06A/W,响应峰发生在325nm处,光谱响应峰半高宽约30nm。     

热氧化法制备ZnO薄膜及其紫外探测特性研究

采用电子束蒸发方法在玻璃衬底上沉积了Zn薄膜,然后在空气中进行了400 ℃至550 ℃加热退火处理,并基于金属-半导体-金属(MSM)平面式结构,制备了ZnO光电导型紫外探测器.实验发现:退火后的薄膜样品表面出现了ZnO纳米线,纵横比在300～1000间;探测器的响应峰值波长约为360 nm,紫外区光响应度是可见区的5倍以上;360 nm紫外光照射的瞬态响应符合e指数变化规律,e指数曲线拟合所得到的驰豫时间常数反映了这个过程中的时间积累.     

紫外光照下ZnO基薄膜的光电和气敏特性研究

用sol-gel法制备ZnO及掺杂Al3+的ZnO半导体薄膜,利用XRD和AFM对薄膜结构和形貌进行表征。测量了不同掺Al量的薄膜在紫外光照射下电阻的变化,发现随着掺Al量的增大,薄膜在紫外光(波长为365nm)照射后其电阻先减小后增大。在室温下,对薄膜在不同浓度的CO气体下的敏感特性进行了研究,随着气体浓度的增加,薄膜电阻值逐渐减小;随着掺Al量的增大,气敏灵敏性先逐渐增大后减小,发现当铝含量为r(Al:ZnO)=0.5%时,对CO气体的灵敏度最大,并对紫外光照射下气敏半导体薄膜的气敏机理进行了简单分析。     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.     

GaAsSb/InAlAs PA DHBTs Grown by Production MBE

The epi material growth of GaAsSb based DHBTs with InAlAs emitters are investigated using a 4 × 100mm multi-wafer production Riber 49 MBE reactor fully equipped with real-time in-situ sensors including an absorption band edge spectroscope and an optical-based flux monitor. The state-of-the-art hole mobilities are obtained from 100nm thick carbon-doped GaAsSb. A Sb composition variation of less than ± 0.1 atomic percent across a 4 × 100mm platen configuration has been achieved. The large area InAlAs/GaAsSb/InP DHBT device demonstrates excellent DC characteristics,such as BVCEO＞6V and a DC current gain of 45 at 1kA/cm2 for an emitter size of 50μm × 50μm. The devices have a 40nm thick GaAsSb base with p-doping of 4. 5 × 1019cm-3 . Devices with an emitter size of 4μm × 30μm have a current gain variation less than 2% across the fully processed 100mm wafer. ft and fmax are over 50GHz,with a power efficiency of 50% ,which are comparable to standard power GaAs HBT results. These results demonstrate the potential application of GaAsSb/InP DHBT for power amplifiers and the feasibility of multi-wafer MBE for mass production of GaAsSb-based HBTs.     

Noise character analysis and the restraint of self-pulsation laser diodes

We calculate the Langevin noise sources of self-pulsation laser diodes, analyze the effects of active region noise and saturable-absorption region noise on the power fluctuation as well as period fluctuation, and propose a novel method to restrain the noise effects. A visible SIMULINK model is established to simulate the system, The results indicate that the effects of noise in absorption region can be ignored; that with the increase of DC injecting current, the noise effects enhance power jitter, and nevertheless, the period jitter is decreased; and that with external sinusoidal current modulating the self-pulsation laser diode, the noise-induced power jitter and period jitter can be suppressed greatly. This work is valuable for clock recovery in all-optical network.     

High-quality single-crystal CdSe nanoribbons and their optical properties

Large-scale synthesis of single-crystal CdSe nanoribbons is achieved by a modified thermal evaporation method, in which two-step-thermal-evaporation is used to control CdSe sources＇ evaporation. The synthesized CdSe nanoribbons are usually several micrometers in width, 50 nm in thickness, and tens to several hundred micrometers in length. Studies have shown that high-quality CdSe nanoribbons with regular shapes can be obtained by this method. Room-temperature photolumines-cence indicates that the lasing emission at 710 nm has been observed under optical pumping （266 nm） at power densities of 25-153 kW/cm^2. The full width half maximum （FWHM） of the lasing mode is 0.67 nm     

Propagation of hermite-cosh-gaussian beams passing through ABCD optical system with an annular aperture

By using the expansion of the aperture function into a finte sum of complex Gaussian functions, the corresponding analytical expressions of Hermite-cosh-Gaussian beams passing through annular apertured paraxially and symmetrically optical systems written in terms of ABCD matrix were derived, and they could reduce to the cases with squared aperture. In a similar way, the corresponding analytical expressions of cosh-Gaussian beams through annular apertured ABCD matrix were also given. The method could save more calculation time than that by using the diffraction integral formula directly.     

Influence of polarization extinction ratio on distributed polarization coupling detection

Distributed polarization coupling in polarization-maintaining fibers can be detected by using a white light Michelson interferometer. This technique usually requires that only one polarization mode is excited. However, in practical measurement, the injection polarization direction could not be exactly aligned to one of the principal axes of the PMF, so the influence of the polarization extinction ratio should be considered. Based on the polarization coupling theory, the influence of the incident polarization extinction on the measurement result is evaluated and analyzed, and a method for distributed polarization coupling detection is developed when both two orthogonal eigenmodes are excited.     

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