Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Micro-structure and Property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 Su-permartensitic Stainless Steel

The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS)subjected to different heat treatments were investigated.Room tensile tests,hardness tests,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels.It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite,retained austenite andδ-ferrite.The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstructural changes,which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties.The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel.The optimal heat treatment process of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1 000℃for 0.5h+air cooling followed by tempering at 630℃for 2h+air cooling,where the excellent combination of tensile strength,elongation and hardness can be achieved.     

Relationship Among Microstructure and Properties and Heat Treatment Process of Ultra-High Strength X120 Pipeline Steel

 The variation of heat treatments including directed quenching and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (DQT) and quenching off-line and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (RQT) with microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon microalloyed steel was compared and analyzed. For DQT, the quenched steel was obviously banded microstructure, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite coarsened, the cusp carbide precipitated at grain boundaries, the yield strength fluctuated slightly, and the fracture-separation was obvious. The impact toughness was better in the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h. In RQT, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite degenerated, intragranular and intergranular finer precipitations with smaller than 30 nm precipitated and grew up and were distributed dispersedly, the stripe-like carbides were distributed at grain boundaries, and the yield strength and tensile strengthen decreased obviously. The impact toughness of RQT process was much better than that of DQT process, and the comprehensive mechanical properties were better for the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h of RQT process.     

Mechanical properties of a microalloyed bainitic steel after hot forging and tempering

Mechanical properties of a newly developed microalloyed bainitic steel were investigated after the hot forging,air cooling and tempering process.The microstructure of the as-forged bainitic steel mainly consists of granular bainite and~20 vol.% martensite.The fraction of retained austenite remains unchanged until tempering at 200°C,above which it decreases significantly.The increase of tempering temperature leads to decreases of both ultimate tensile strength and total elongation but decreases of both yield strength and reduction of area.The maximum and minimum values of impact toughness were observed after tempering at around 200 and 400°C,respectively.These effects are mainly attributed to the decomposition of martensite/austenite constituents and the tempering effects in martensite.The tempering of the forged bainitic steel at around 200°C results in an excellent combination of strength and toughness,which is comparable to that of the conventional quenched-and-tempered 40 Cr steel.Therefore,low-tempering treatment coupled with post-forging residual stress relieving is a feasible method to further improve the mechanical properties of the bainitic forging steel.     

Effect of Multi-Step Tempering on Retained Austenite and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Steel

 The effect of multi-step tempering on retained austenite content and mechanical properties of low alloy steel used in the forged cold back-up roll was investigated. Microstructural evolutions were characterized by optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Feritscope, while the mechanical properties were determined by hardness and tensile tests. The results revealed that the content of retained austenite decreased by about 2% after multi-step tempering. However, the content of retained austenite increased from 36% to 51% by increasing multi-step tempering temperature. The hardness and tensile strength increased as the austenitization temperature changed from 800 to 920 ℃, while above 920 ℃, hardness and tensile strength decreased. In addition, the maximum values of hardness, ultimate and yield strength were obtained via triple tempering at 520 ℃, while beyond 520 ℃, the hardness, ultimate and yield strength decreased sharply.     

Microstructural Evolution and Properties of a High Strength Steel with Different Direct Quenching Processes

A high strength low alloy steel with low carbon equivalent was selected for simulating online direct quenching and coiling(DQ-C)process.The influence of stop quenching temperature on mechanical properties and microstructures was studied and compared with normal direct quenching and tempering(DQ-T)process.The study confirmed that required mechanical properties were obtained for both the processes.Properties of the experimental steel with DQ-C process could reach the same level as that of DQ-T process in general.In the DQ-C process,strength decreased with increase in stop quenching temperature.Martensite was obtained and experienced an aging process at stop quenching temperature below Mf.On fast cooling below Ms,martensite was partially transformed and carbon partitioning occurred during slow cooling.The reduction in solid solution carbon and increased amount of retained austenite led to lower strength compared with the DQ-T process.DQ-C process was more favorable for microalloy carbide precipitation.However,impact toughness under different cooling conditions was adequate because of low carbon equivalent and refined microstructure.     

Microstructure Evolution and Precipitation Behavior of 0Cr16Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel during Tempering Process

The microstructure,morphology of precipitates and retained austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite in 0Cr16Ni5 Mo stainless steel during the tempering process were analyzed using optical microscope(OM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM).The results show that the microstructure of the tempered steel is mainly composed of tempered martensite,retained austenite,and delta ferrite.In the case of samples tempered from 500 to 700 ℃,the precipitates are mainly M_(23)C_6,which precipitate along the lath martensite boundaries.The precipitate content increases with the tempering temperature.During the tempering process,the content of retained austenite initially increases and then decreases,the maximum content of retained austenite being 29 vol.% upon tempering at 600 ℃.TEM analysis of the tested steel reveals two morphology types of retained austenite.One is thin film-like retained austenite that exists along the martensite lath boundary.The other is blocky austenite located on packet at the boundary and the original austenite grain boundary.To further understand the stability of reversed austenite,the Ni content in reversed austenite was measured using STEM.Results show a significant difference in nickel concentrations between reversed austenite and martensite.     

Variation microstructure and properties of X80 pipeline steel in the rapid induction tempering process

A self-developed electromagnetic induction-heating device was used to investigate the variation in the microstructure and properties of X80 pipeline steel in the rapid induction tempering process at different process parameters. The effects of the tempering condition on toughness,microstructure,size and distribution of precipitates of X80 pipeline steel were observed using a metallographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Compared with the samples prepared via traditional tempering techniques,results showthat the samples prepared via rapid induction tempering had improved performances. When the heating temperature is 590 ℃,at a holding time of90 s,it was found that acicular ferrite was refined,carbonite precipitation was small,and precipitates were evenly distributed in the matrix. The low-temperature impact energy,also known as the impact absorption energy,at- 40 ℃ was found to be 430. 5 J for the rapid induction tempering samples and 323. 2 J for the traditionally tempered sample. The low-temperature impact energy at- 60 ℃ was found to be 351. 3 J for the rapid induction tempered sample and 312. 1 J for the tradition tempering sample.     

Study of the influence of heat treatment procedure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 mandrel steel

In this study,the microstructural evolution of H13 mandrel steel during its manufacturing process and the influence of the preheat treatment procedure and the second-step tempering temperature on its microstructural and mechanical properties were investigated.The experiment results showed that,using an H13 mandrel steel billet in the as-annealed condition produced by Baosteel as a raw material,the preheat treatments of normalization,spheroidization annealing,or normalization plus spheroidization annealing,as described in this paper,had no significant effect on the final mechanical properties after quenching and tempering.H13 mandrel steel met all the mechanical property requirements via quenching and tempering without preheat treatment.In the temperature range from 600 to 680℃,with an increase in the second-step tempering temperature,the strength gradually decreased whereas the plasticity and toughness gradually improved.Using the quenching-plus-first-tempering procedure of1030℃/1 h/oil cooling+600℃/5 h/air cooling,good balance between strength and toughness could be achieved by selecting 650℃as the second-step tempering temperature.The test results also showed that the holding time of the second tempering played a big role in the mechanical properties.When this holding time was extended from 1 to2 h,the hardness of the H13 mandrel steel decreased and the extent of this reduction increased with an increase in the second-step tempering temperature.In the temperature range of 1 030 to 1 090℃,the yield strength,tensile strength,and hardness gradually increased,however,the impact toughness decreased with increases in the quenching temperature.     

Effect of BainiticTreatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TRIP Cold-Rolled Steel Sheets

The effects of bainitic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.10C-1.5Mn-l.5Al TRIP-aided cold-rolled steels have been investigated.The samples were heated by intercritical annealing at 820℃for 2 min and quenched in banitic temperature with different hoding time for 5 to 300s,two salt bath were used for the heat treatment.Experimental results show that the yield strength and elongation increase with the increasing of bainitic holding time,while the tensile strength decrease.The volume fraction of retained austenite rise at the beginning of bainitic holding and then reduce,the carbon content of retained austenite increase during the bainitic holding.The tensile strengthen multiply elongation reaches the highest value at 120s.The mechanical stability of retained austenite fits well with strain hardening during deformation.     

Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel Containing Ni of 9 %

  Mechanical properties of quenching, intercritical quenching and tempering (QLT) treated steel containing Ni of 9% were evaluated from specimens subject to various tempering temperatures. The detailed microstructures of steel containing Ni of 9% at different tempering temperatures were observed by optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The volume fraction of austenite was estimated by XRD. The results show that high strength and cryogenic toughness of steel containing Ni of 9% are obtained when the tempering temperature are between 540 and 580 ℃. The microstructure keeps the dual phase lamellar structure after the intercritical quenching and there is cementite created in the Ni rich constituents when tempering temperature is 540 ℃. When tempering temperatures are between 560 and 580 ℃, the reversed austenites (γ′) grow up and the dual phase lamellar structure is not clear. The γ′ becomes instable at 600 ℃. When tempered at temperature ranging from 500 to 520 ℃, the increase of dislocation density in the lamellar matrix makes both tensile strength and yield strength decrease. When tempered at 540 ℃ and higher temperature, the yield strength decreases continuously because the C and alloying elements in the matrix are absorbed by the cementite and the γ′, so the yield ratio is decreased by the γ′. There are two toughness mechanisms at different tempering temperatures. One is that the precipitation of cementite absorbs the carbon in the steel which plays a major role in improving cryogenic toughness at lower temperature. Another is that the γ′ and the purified matrix become major role at higher tempering temperature. When the tempering temperature is 600 ℃, the stability of γ′ is decreased quickly, even the transformation takes place at room temperature, which results in a sharp decrease of Charpy V impact energy at 77 K. The tempering temperature range is enlarged by the special distribution of cementite and the lamellar structure.     

空冷高硅中碳低合金钢的组织与性能

研究了高硅中碳低合金钢空冷态和空冷+回火态的显微组织和力学性能.试验钢在860℃保温0.5h奥氏体化后空冷处理,随后分别在250℃和400℃保温1h回火.结果表明:试验钢空冷后组织为贝氏体/马氏体和残余奥氏体的混合组织,硬度约为41 HRC;而250℃回火后组织变化不大,硬度明显升高,约为49 HRC,韧性明显增加,由44 J/cm2增加到66 J/cm2,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率明显下降.回火温度进一步增加对力学性能影响不大.     

常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

70Si3MnCrMo钢中贝氏体及其回火稳定性

 对一种新型70Si3MnCrMo钢进行了等温和连续冷却贝氏体相变热处理。利用拉伸和冲击试验研究试验钢的力学行为,利用XRD、SEM和TEM等方法对试验钢进行了相组成分析和微观组织形貌观察。研究结果表明,试验钢经等温贝氏体相变,其最佳综合力学性能出现在200 ℃回火,强塑积为26.4 GPa·%。经连续冷却贝氏体相变,其最佳综合力学性能出现在300 ℃回火,强塑积达到28.6 GPa·%。回火温度较低的情况下,热处理后的组织为由贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织,这种无碳化物贝氏体由超细贝氏体铁素体板条而获得超高强度,由一定量的高碳残余奥氏体来保证较高的塑性和韧性。试验钢经连续冷却贝氏体相变,其贝氏体铁素体板条中出现了超细亚单元,并且残余奥氏体呈薄膜状和小块状两种形态分布于贝氏体铁素体板条之间,这两种形态残余奥氏体的稳定性不同。拉伸试样在变形过程中残余奥氏体持续发生TRIP效应,直至全部残余奥氏体都发生转变生成应变诱发马氏体,从而使钢得到更好的强、塑性配合,表现出十分优异的综合性能。     

The mechanical stability of austenite and cryogenic toughness of ferritic Fe-Mn-AI Alloys

In an attempt to understand the role of retained austenite on the cryogenic toughness of a ferritic Fe-Mn-AI steel, the mechanical stability of austenite during cold rolling at room temperature and tensile deformation at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperature was investigated, and the microstructure of strain-induced transformation products was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The volume fraction of austenite increased with increasing tempering time and reached 54 pct after 650 °C, 1-hour tempering and 36 pct after 550 °C, 16-hour tempering. Saturation Charpy impact values at liquid nitrogen temperature were increased with decreasing tempering temperature, from 105 J after 650 °C tempering to 220 J after 550 °C tempering. The room-temperature stability of austenite varied significantly according to the(α + γ) region tempering temperature;i.e., in 650 °C tempered specimens, 80 to 90 pct of austenite were transformed to lath martensite, while in 550 °C tempered specimens, austenite remained untransformed after 50 pct cold reductions. After tensile fracture (35 pct tensile strain) at -196 °C, no retained austenite was observed in 650 °C tempered specimens, while 16 pct of austenite and 6 pct of e-martensite were observed in 550 °C tempered specimens. Considering the high volume fractions and high mechanical stability of austenite, the crack blunting model seems highly applicable for improved cryogenic toughness in 550 °C tempered steel. Other possible toughening mechanisms were also discussed. Formerly Graduate Student, Seoul National University.     

1800MPa级低合金超高强度工程机械用钢显微组织与力学性能

 设计了一种新型的超高强度工程机械用钢,在中试轧机上进行了不同工艺模拟轧制,对比研究了工艺1（80%变形量+直接淬火+250℃回火）、工艺2（90%变形量+层流冷却快冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）和工艺3（90%变形量+空冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）3种不同控轧控冷工艺对试验用钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：工艺1条件下试验钢的抗拉、屈服强度最高,塑韧性最好,分别可达到1816,1473MPa,伸长率为9.5%,断面收缩率为45%,室温冲击功为28J,-40℃冲击功为21J,硬度值达到50HRC,认为获得的是板条马氏体+残余奥氏体的复相组织和析出的复合微合金碳化物、ε-碳化物强韧化机制的综合作用;工艺2,3分别得到的是板条马氏体+块状贝氏体+残余奥氏体、板条马氏体+针状铁素体+片层状珠光体+残余奥氏体,力学性能下降明显;第二相析出物主要是Nb,V,Ti的复合析出颗粒。     

回火工艺对热轧U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨组织性能的影响

U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨的生产流程为150 t 转炉-LF-VD-280 mm×380 mm铸坯 轧制,终轧930~980 ℃,空冷-340 ℃ 4 h两次回火,空冷。U20Mn2SiCrNiMo钢热轧态(终轧930~980 ℃空冷）和(320 ℃一、二次回火)组织均由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。力学性能试验结果表明：U20Mn2SiCrNiMo钢轨最佳回火工艺为320 ℃ 4 h空冷+320 ℃ 4 h空冷二次回火,其性能为：屈服强度1242 MPa,抗拉强度1393 MPa,HBW硬度值417,伸长率15.0%,断面收缩率60%,冲击吸收功K_U2 98 J,轨底纵向残余应力+180 MPa。     

Effect of tempering on mechanical properties of 25Co15Ni11Cr2MoE steel

The change rule of mechanical properties and impact fracture morphologies of a high Co- Ni secondary hardening ultra- high strength 25Co15Ni11Cr2MoE steel tempered at 200-750?? after quenched was studied by mechanical properties test and microstructure analysis such as optical microscope(OM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results show that experimental steel after quenching and tempering has a remarkable secondary hardening effect. After tempered at 400-495??, the hardness of experimental steel can reach and beyond the quenched hardness. In this range, tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of experimental steel increase with the tempering temperature increasing, tensile strength and hardness of experimental reach maximum (57. 3HRC and 2160MPa) after tempered at 470??, meanwhile, with the tempering temperature increasing, impact toughness of experimental steel decreases during the prophase, until reaches minimum at 430??, then increases gradually, and reaches maximum after tempered at 510??. The recommended optimum heat treatment process of 25Co15Ni11Cr2MoE steel is as follow: 950???1h oil quenching??(-73??)??1h rising back to room temperature in the air ??495???5h air cooling. At this time, the experimental steel has the best strength and toughness matching.     

热处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度及耐磨性的影响

本试验研究了不同淬火和回火工艺热处理对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度和磨损性能的影响。实验结果表明:当在1050~1100℃范围内淬火、520℃回火时,得隐针马氏体+少量残余奥氏体组织,材料硬度与耐磨性均较好;当在1100℃淬火,各温度二次回火硬度均较一次回火高,当在550℃回火时,试验钢实现二次硬化,且残余奥氏体大量转变,硬度和耐磨性达最大值,材料性能最优。     

Effect of heat treatment process on ultra- high strength martensitic steel

For the purpose of getting the best properties, the thermal expansion experiment and the orthogonal experiments were investigated in an ultra- high strength martensitic steel for crusher liner composed of medium content of C and medium content of Cr. And the 4 influencing factors of quenching temperature, quenching holding time, tempering temperature and tempering time were considered in designing orthogonal experiment. Based on the orthogonal experiment, the mechanical properties of the test steel under different heat treatment conditions were analyzed by means of the extreme method. The optimal heat treatment process was as follows: (950?? holding 1. 5h) oil quenching + (250?? holding 3h) tempering + air cooling to room temperature. After the heat treatment, the martensite + retained austenite multi- phase microstructure was obtained after the heat treatment, the tensile strength reached 1774. 6MPa, the yield strength was 1369. 4MPa, the hardness was 55. 3HRC, and the impact energy(none notch) was 22J.