Cr和Si元素对奥氏体不锈钢组织构成及凝固路线的影响

以316Ti奥氏体不锈钢为基础,设计不同Cr和Si元素含量的合金成分,结合Thermal-Calc热力学模拟计算与合金铸锭凝固组织形貌、成分分析,研究了Cr和Si元素对合金凝固组织构成的影响。研究结果表明,热力学计算能够获得奥氏体不锈钢中析出δ相的临界Cr和Si含量。合金凝固时的元素偏析和冷却过程中的“δ→γ”相变可对δ相析出预测产生一定影响。此外,本工作还针对δ相析出评价了两种凝固路线判据。      

超超临界转子用钢的镍铬当量比对δ-铁素体析出的影响

采用真空感应炉熔炼不同镍铬当量比的超超临界转子用钢锭,分析镍铬当量比对δ-铁素体析出的影响。研究表明:标准成分范围内铸锭中析出的δ-铁素体是由于冷却过程中非平衡相变引起的,高镍铬当量比的铸锭偏析较轻,δ-Fe呈小块状分布,通过再结晶和热挤压可以被完全吸收;低镍铬当量比的铸锭偏析加重,δ-铁素体含量明显增多,呈网状分布,热加工后呈链条状分布在晶界位置,很难将其完全消除;随镍铬当量比的提高,δ-铁素体含量减少,合金冲击韧性明显改善。     

共焦激光扫描显微镜及其在钢铁相变原位观察中的应用

介绍了宝钢研究院共焦激光扫描显微镜(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy,CLSM)的结构及其工作原理,在此基础上通过Fe-C二元合金凝固、奥氏体不锈钢凝固、低碳钢中高温铁素体(δ)←→奥氏体(γ)相变界面稳定性、AISI304不锈钢加热过程中δ相的形核与生长、AISI304不锈钢冷却过程中δ→γ相变等典型实例描述了CLSM在钢铁相变原位观察中的应用情况.表明CLSM在研究钢铁材料的凝固、固态相变、夹杂运动等方面具有无与伦比的优势与应用前景.     

超级双相不锈钢S32760凝固过程Thermo-Calc热力学软件的应用

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件得到S32760（022Cr25Ni7Mo3WCuN）超级双相不锈钢凝固过程中的相图,确定了S32760双相钢是FA （铁素体-奥氏体）凝固模式,通过改变奥氏体和铁素体的形成元素的含量,确定在不同的化学成分下的热加工性能、Cr₂N和σ相析出温度,得到S32760双相钢热加工温度区间随着奥氏体形成元素C、N、Ni、Mn含量的增加而变大,随着铁素体形成元素Si、Cr、Mo含量的增加而减小,而W对热加工性能没有影响。根据热力学计算,确定了最优的化学成分（/%:0.022C,0.30Si,0.80Mn,25.60Cr,6.20Ni,0.54Cu,3.50Mo,0.54W,0.27N）,S32760双相钢最佳热塑性温度为1195℃, Cr₂N相的析出温度为1050℃, σ相析出温度为1020℃,热加工区间为145℃,并且通过了后续的现场实践验证。     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ)在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.      

5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢元素偏析及均匀化处理

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢由于高含量硅元素的加入使其具有优异的耐高温腐蚀性能和较低的成本,在制酸行业有着潜在的应用价值。然而,该合金中高含量硅元素的加入会促进凝固过程中溶质再分配,进而造成显著的元素偏析,最终导致合金内部产生枝晶组织和大量的有害相。对铸锭组织进行均匀化处理能够有效消除枝晶与元素偏析,促进析出相回溶和枝晶消融,从而改善材料的热塑性,有效应对热变形开裂问题。因此,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,研究了实验室条件下制备的5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢铸锭的显微组织和元素分布状态,通过残余偏析指数、扩散动力学计算并结合均匀化处理试验验证,最终确定了5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢合理的均匀化处理工艺。结果表明,5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中钼元素偏析最为严重,通过残余偏析指数模型计算得到的均匀化动力学方程可用来指导该成分合金的均匀化处理工艺;5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢经过1 150 ℃×12 h均匀化处理后,铸锭内枝晶消融,元素偏析基本消除,析出相与铁素体回溶到基体中,合金转变为全奥氏体组织,热塑性得到改善;当加热温度达到1 250 ℃时,合金出现过烧现象,晶界开始熔化。     

硼微合金化对6Mo超级奥氏体不锈钢微观组织及耐蚀性影响

摘要：综述了6Mo超级奥氏体不锈钢凝固、热加工和热处理阶段的微观组织演化规律,并分析了合金元素对Mo偏析和σ相析出及耐蚀性能的影响规律。结合作者前期工作,重点分析了微合金化元素硼对其凝固阶段Mo偏析、热加工和热处理阶段σ相析出以及耐蚀性能的影响。硼抑制热加工过程中σ相的析出,减小析出相数量和尺寸,有利于热塑性提高;同时还可促使钝化膜表面形成富铬和富Mo氧化物,加速基体表面钝化膜致密化,且减缓晶界处贫Cr和贫Mo区,提高耐蚀性。     

06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的DTA试验与组织分析

 根据铬当量、镍当量的计算结果推断了06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式,并采用差热分析技术（DTA）对06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢在10和30℃/min的加热冷却速度下的凝固过程进行了研究,对DTA曲线中的吸热峰和放热峰进行了分析,并采用激光共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品进行了测定。分析结果表明：06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的实际凝固模式为FA型,即铁素体奥氏体型。随着冷却速率的增加,奥氏体形核率增大,残余的δ铁素体在形态上更加细小分散。该研究结果对实际生产中改善铸坯组织,提高铸坯质量具有着一定的意义。     

304奥氏体不锈钢亚快速凝固组织演化和形成机理

通过感应炉熔化的304钢(/%:0.053C、0.55Si、1.50Mn、0.030P、0.002S、17.02Cr、8.01 Ni、0.50Cu、0.08Mo)直接浇铸在水冷铜模上得到厚7 mm直径25 mm的圆形试样,研究了Cr、当量/Ni当量和1.5～1 000℃/s的冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢铸态凝固组织形态和分布的影响。结果表明,随冷却速率增加至75～90℃/s,该钢的凝固模式由FA(铁素体-奥氏体)模式向AF(奥氏体-铁素体)模式转变,初生相由枝晶铁素体转变成枝晶奥氏体,但冷却为～1 000℃/s时,观察到块状铁素体组织,并且枝晶状奥氏体转变成胞状奥氏体。     

S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢凝固相转变的热力学分析

超级奥氏体不锈钢广泛应用于海洋、环保、化工等苛刻腐蚀环境。由于合金化程度较高，凝固过程凝固偏析严重，析出相多且复杂。本文结合热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc，分析S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢在凝固过程中组织的组成和析出相的演变规律，主要合金元素Mo、Cr、Ni、N在凝固过程发挥的功能及其对相组织演变的影响，Mo-Cr元素交互作用对凝固相组织演变影响规律。结果表明，该钢种液固相线温度分别是1 394.4℃和1 358.6℃，平衡凝固路径是L→γ，非平衡凝固路径是L→L₁+γ→L₂+γ+δ→γ+δ+σ。Mo偏析是导致σ相析出的主要原因，δ相和σ相析出时，液相中Mo含量分别为8.5%和11.3%。     

Hot Mechanical Properties of 24Cr‐14Ni High Alloy Billets

24Cr‐14Ni alloys have gained importance in high temperature applications. Because of δ‐ferrite and α phase formation, 24Cr‐14Ni austenitic stainless steel billets are difficult to hot work. The mechanical properties at high temperature of such stainless steels are investigated on a hot tensile test machine according to hot‐rolling conditions, under different time and temperature regimes. These 24Cr‐14Ni stainless steels were also hot rolled under various reduction ratios. The influences of the reduction ratio on the hot mechanical properties and phase transformation from δ‐ferrite into σ phase in 24Cr‐14Ni stainless steels are discussed in detail. The results obtained can be a contribution to improve the hot rolling of this high alloy stainless steel.     

Effect of solidification conditions on the solidification sequence of austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels

Unlike the well-known effect of alloy elements in promoting the ferritic or austenitic solidification of stainless and acid-resisting chromium-nickel steels, kinetic effects have as yet not been so widely looked into. For this reason, the impact of the solidification rate on the ratio of the amounts of ferritic and austenitic liquid solidification was investigated for the steels of grades X8CrNiTi18.10 and X8CrNiMoTi18.11. A microanalysis for the determination of the primary ferrite content of samples taken from ingots of different size and at different distances from the ingot surface for a total of 161 heats revealed the following:

• – Increasing solidification rate causes the primary ferrite content produced during solidification to rise for steels with peritectic solidification sequence due to the resultant approach of the distribution coefficient to unity.
• – Increasing solidification rate causes the austenite content to rise for steels with a primary simultaneous crystallization of austenite and ferrite due to a low total segregation in case of austenite crystallization as compared with ferrite crystallization.
• – The effect of an elevated solidification rate is qualitatively equivalent to a shift of the saturation lines of the three-phase space l+δ+γ in the Fe—Ni—Cr ternary system for liquid and γ-crystals in the direction S with the two saturation lines approaching each other. Hence, contrary to what is expected according to the equilibrium diagram of Schürmann and Brauckmann, austenitic Cr—Ni steels solidify primarily in peritectic mode and, in the area of the line of the double-saturated liquid, through a primary simultaneous crystallization of austenite and ferrite.
• – The boundary composition between primary ferritic and primary austenitic crystallization changes with an increase in cooling rate by seven orders of magnitude from 1.25 to 1.70 as expressed in the ratio of the Cr—Ni equivalents according to Hammar and Svensson.

     

加热制度对316L铸坯微观组织和力学性能的影响

奥氏体不锈钢316L中的δ铁素体含量对其表面质量、热加工性能和力学性能方面有着明显的影响。研究了连铸坯加热过程中不同温度和保温时间对316L中δ铁素体含量、形貌和力学性能的影响,研究表明,316L连铸坯热轧前加热温度在奥氏体单相区以下时,铁素体含量随着加热时间的延长而减少,且温度越高,同样的加热时间其铁素体含量越少;当加热温度处于铁素体＋奥氏体双相区,随着时间的延长,铁素体含量也在逐渐减少,但没有单相区加热时降低的明显,适量δ铁素体的存在有利于提高材料的力学性能。     

Microstructures of Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Twin-Roll Strip Caster

 The microstructures of austenitic stainless steel strip were studied using color metallographic method and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). In the cast strips, there are three kinds of solidification structures: fine cellular dendrite in the surface layer, equiaxed grains in the center and fine dendrite between them. The solidification mode in the surface layer is the primary austenite AF mode because of extremely high cooling rate, with the retained ferrite located around the primary cellular austenite. In the fine dendrite zone, the solidification mode of molten stainless steel changes to FA mode and the residual ferrite with fish-bone morphology is located at the core of the dendrite. The retained ferrite of equiaxed grains in the center is located in the center of broken primary ferrite dendrite with vermicular morphology.     

The solidification sequence in an 18-8 stainless steel,investigated by directional solidification

The directional solidification technique was applied in order to investigate the complicated solidification sequence in a commercial austenitic stainless steel which was known to yield a primary precipitation of § ferrite when cast into a 5 tons ingot. Three stages of solidification were found. The first precipitation of § ferrite was interrupted by precipitation of austenite and at the end of the solidification there was a transition back to precipitation of § ferrite. The competition between the first two stages is affected by the cooling rate and the nitrogen content. The precipitation of austenite from the melt results in the usual coring whereas ô ferrite forms with a very homogeneous composition, presumably due to rapid diffusion in this phase. On cooling austenite forms from the § ferrite and this reaction also results in coring, presumably due to rapid diffusion in § ferrite.