压制温度对粉末材料零件中润滑剂分布的影响

温压是一种可制取高压坯强度、高压坯密度的粉末冶金工艺,压制温度的提高降低了金属颗粒应力流动,提高了金属颗粒的延性,使得粉末的压制性提高,颗粒间的冶金结合及机械结合加强。尽管有许多温压方面的论文发表,但很少涉及到压制温度对润滑剂作用的影响,在多数情况下,润滑剂的选择仅仅只考虑到了金属／润滑剂系统压制性能和脱模性能的提高。本文研究了水雾化铁粉混合物在25℃-150℃之间温压时润滑剂的特性。采用了诸如SEM、WDS和SIMS等技术手段,对含有不同润滑剂（LiSt和EBS）混合粉的压坯的显微结构、零件中润滑剂的发布情况等进行了分析观察,其结果与零件压制过程中铁粉及润滑剂的特性有关。     

420不锈钢粉末温压成形工艺

对420不锈钢粉末进行温压,探索温压工艺参数对压坯密度的影响,并对温压与室温模压（添加0．7％硬脂酸锌作润滑剂）后压坯的密度和弹性后效进行比较。实验结果表明：最佳粉末加热温度为90℃,最佳模具温度为120℃,最佳润滑剂含量为0．7％（质量分数）。在该工艺条件下,当压制压力为784MPa时,压坯密度达到6．86g／cm^3：经1130℃烧结后样品密度略有下降,为6．83g／cm^3,硬度为HRC33。温压压坯密度比室温模压的提高约0．2g／cm^3,温压后压坯弹性后效较室温模压小。     

铜基金属粉末温压工艺致密化的研究

研究了铜基金属粉末的温压压制行为,并与冷压压制进行了比较。结果表明:相同压力下,温压压制的压坯密度明显高于冷压压制,在压制压力为500-600 MPa时,密度增加达0.24 g/cm3;温压温度有一个最佳值,必须高于润滑剂的玻璃化温度,低于润滑剂的熔点温度;石墨含量增加,压坯密度下降,当石墨含量小于1%时,温压压制的优势较为明显。     

侧压系数及压坯高径比对温压有效性的影响

钢铁粉末温压技术的有效性不仅取决于粉末／模具加热温度、压制压力及润滑剂的特性，而且取决于所要生产的零件的特点，如几何形状。本文通过引入温压侧压系数（β）并运用唯象的温压压制方程着重分析了压坯高径比或高径差比对温压生坯密度的影响。理论分析表明，当β值超过某值时，温压生坯密度明显降低。不同β值的压坯温压实验表明，当β＝３～１０，温压生坯密度随粉末／模具温度变化有一最大值；而β≥２４时，无模壁润滑生坯密度随粉末温度升高而降低，而适当的模壁润滑却可保证得到６９０ＭＰａ下的７３８ｇ／ｃｍ３的高的温压生坯密度。     

低温温压工艺

较系统地研究了低温温压工艺,考察了粉末温度、模具温度、润滑剂含量和压制压力对温压 密度的影响。实验结果表明:低温温压中最佳的模具温度、粉末温度分别为120℃和100℃;粉末 中最佳的润滑剂含量为0.65％;当压力为686 MPa时,Fe-1.5Cu-0.5C和Fe-1.5Ni-0.5Mo-0.5Cu- 0.5C(均为质量分数,％)材质体系的粉末压坯密度分别达到了7.42和7.41 g／cm3;2种粉末的温 压坯件经烧结后都发生了收缩,进一步提高了密度,合金Ni,Mo元素等具有优良的烧结强化效 果;采用低温温压工艺可以生产出烧结密度为7.34 g／cm3,烧结硬度为HRC 28,热处理后表观硬 度为HRC 54的高性能P／M齿轮。     

粉末混合料配方对温压试样的生坯与烧结件性能的影响

温压是一种用加热粉末混合料与模具来提高被压制零件生坯密度的技术。加热的温度范围一般为 90～ 15 0℃。依据零件大小、粉末混合料配方及压制参数 ,与“冷”压制相比 ,采用用温压技术一般可将生坯密度提高 0 0 7～ 0 3g/cm3。可是 ,要想通过适度地提高压制温度来提高生坯密度 ,必须正确地设计粉末混合料 ,使之能在作业温度下稳定地充填阴模型腔 ,以保证压制的零件质量 (重量 )与密度均匀一致。另外 ,还必须在保持脱模力小与零件表面粗糙度值低的条件下 ,正确选择基体粉末与混入的元素粉末 ,以使生坯密度与烧结件密度都能达到最大值。要特别指出 ,润滑剂的选择是温压的关键。本文讨论了在不同的压制条件下 ,各种温压粉末混合料的性状。介绍了基体钢粉牌号和各种添加剂的数量与类型对生坯与烧结件性能的影响。着重阐述了润滑剂对生坯密度与脱模力的影响。     

粘结剂处理的铁基混合粉的温压特性

研究的目标是结合粉末粘结技术和温压技术以制备高质量、高性能的粉末冶金材料。预粘结粉末的一大优点是能有效地降低成分偏析，因此在混粉过程中应尽量避免偏聚。本文采用两种混粉工艺制备预粘结铁基混合粉，通过不同的压制压力、不同的粘结剂含量以常温压制和温压压制制备出铁基粉末冶金材料，测量其压坯密度并进行比较分析。研究结果表明，不同预粘结工艺、压制温度和粘结剂含量对压坯密度影响很大。在一定的粘结剂含量范围内，生坯密度随粘结剂含量增加而呈线性减少。不同的预粘结工艺对生坯密度的影响随着粘结剂含量的增加而增大。     

316L不锈钢粉末的温压工艺研究

研究316L不锈钢的温压行为,分析温压工艺参数对压坯密度的影响.结果表明:在粉末加热温度为90℃、模具温度120℃、润滑剂含量0.8%(质量分数)的工艺条件下,压制压力为784 MPa时,压坯密度达6.92 g/cm3:经1130℃烧结后密度为7.06 g/cm3,硬度为HRB76.还对温压与室温模压(添加0.7%硬脂酸锌)后的压坯密度和弹性后效进行了比较:确证温压压坯密度比室温模压密度提高约0.2 g/cm3,弹性后效较室温模压的小.     

用作温压基粉原料的Fe-Ni-Mo合金钢粉温压与烧结行为研究

与通常采用纯雾化铁粉和部分合金化铁粉作为温压基粉不同,作者对水雾化Fe-Ni-Mo合金钢粉作基粉的Fe-1.5Ni-0.5Mo-1.0Cu-xC(x=0.6,0.8,1.0)粉末进行了温压与烧结行为的研究.结果表明,通过设计新型聚合物润滑剂,高硬度的合金钢粉仍适用于温压工艺.当粉末和模具的加热温度分别为125和145℃时,Fe-1.5Ni-0.5Mo-1.0Cu-0.8C的温压密度较高,在735MPa的压力下进行压制,压坯密度达到7.35g/cm~3,比室温压制提高了0.19g/cm~3左右.并且,温压压坯的弹性后效比室温压制降低了40％,在1120℃烧结1h后的烧结密度为7.32g/cm~3.     

铁基粉末温模压制技术的研究

温压工艺是一种能以较低成本制备高密度铁基粉末冶金零部件的新技术，但该技术在工业化应用中，需要昂贵的设备投入及改造费用，限制了其大规模应用。论文作者利用具有优异室温润滑性能的润滑剂，以经过退火和未退火处理的雾化铁粉配制的、材质为Fe-2Ni-1.5Cu-0．5C的2种混合粉末为原料，研究制备高密度粉末冶金材料的常规压制和温模压制工艺。结果显示，粉末中较理想的润滑剂含量范围为0．1％～0．3％（质量分数），此时，润滑剂含量对压制效果影响不明显。在压制压力为763MPa、模具温度为100℃的条件下，含0．1％润滑剂的2种粉末压坯密度分别达到7．50g／cm^3和7．43g／cm^3，对应的脱模压力为34MPa和42MPa，与传统温压效果相接近，而采用传统的室温压制也可以获得7．36g／cm^3的压坯密度。     

用温压制造高密度材料的关键参数

温压技术是由在加热的阴模中压制预热的粉末组成[1],已知温压有助于零件密实,从而改进烧结件的性能[2,3]。温压需要在适合温压的温度范围内进行。特别是,粉末混合粉应具有好的流动性,同时对阴模模壁有良好润滑性,以减小脱模力。在试验室和工业生产中都研究了用粘结剂处理的和未经粘剂处理的用温压技术制造的材料的性状与性能。为了确定和定量各种关键生产参数,诸如压制压力,粉末温度与阴模温度,生产速率及零件大小对生坯和烧结件特性和零件脱模力的影响,进行了专门的试验研究。依照粉末流动性与松装密度的稳定性,压制压力与温度以及压制零件的重量与密度讨论了温压的工艺性。     

Relationship between physical structure and machinability of green compacts

Abstract

The dependence of green machinability on compact density and strength was investigated for room temperature and warm compacted steel powder compacts containing two different types of lubricant. Brazilian disc compression tests were employed to determine green strength, while machinability was assessed in terms of response to drilling.

For the room temperature compacted materials, it was found that high compact densities and strength were not, in most cases, associated with improvements in machinability. Furthermore, it was shown that lubrication (both type and quantity) and compaction pressure plays a critical role in determining the level of breakouts observed. In contrast, the use of warm compaction, in conjunction with specially designed lubricants, has been shown to be a suitable method of producing high density, high strength compacts while retaining good green machining characteristics. Mechanisms responsible for the observed behaviours of both the room temperature and warm compacted specimens have been forwarded in the present paper.     

Investigation of warm compaction and sintering behaviour of aluminium alloys

Abstract

The effects of warm compaction on the green density and sintering behaviour of aluminium alloys were investigated. Particular attention is paid to prealloyed powders, i.e. eutectic and hypereutectic Al-Si alloys, regarding their potential applications in the automotive industry. The effects of chemical composition, alloying method, compacting temperature and the amount of powder lubricant were studied. The compaction behaviour was examined by an instrumented die enabling simultaneous measurement of density, die wall friction coefficient, the triaxial stresses acting on the powder during the course of compaction and ejection pressure. The sintering behaviour was studied via dilatometeric analysis as well as normal batch sintering. The results show that warm compaction could be a promising way to increase the green density of aluminium alloys, especially prealloyed powders, and to decreased imensional instability during sintering. Moreover, it reduces the sliding friction coefficient and the ejection force during the powder shaping process. This paper presents the significant advantages and drawbacks of using the warm compaction process for commercial PM aluminium alloys.     

粉末冶金温压的致密化机理

通过对铁粉的动态压制曲线、脱模力曲线、 X射线衍射、摩擦和润滑的研究, 揭示了温压的致密化机理： 温压成形过程可分为3个阶段, 在初期阶段, 粉末的颗粒重排过程占主导地位, 颗粒重排份额与冷压相比提高15%～31%; 而在后期, 温压致密化以塑性变形为主, 铁粉塑性变形程度的改善又为粉末颗粒的二次重排起了协调作用, 使铁粉获得最大程度的颗粒填充密度; 其间, 温压润滑剂对致密化起了重要作用, 它降低了摩擦因数, 改善了粉末和模壁、粉末和粉末之间的润滑条件, 有效地降低了粉末成形的摩擦阻力, 有利于粉末致密化的顺利进行.     

润滑剂对Fe基粉末冶金材料温压工艺的影响

通过扫描电子显微镜观察和性能测试研究了硬脂酸锌、乙烯基双硬脂酰胺(ethylene bis stearamide,EBS)、复合润滑剂以及压制温度对Fe基粉末冶金材料温压工艺的影响规律。结果表明:当润滑剂加入量(质量分数)超过0.4%后,Fe基粉末的流动性和松装密度均随润滑剂加入量的增加而降低,其中加入单一EBS润滑剂的影响更大。添加润滑剂后增加了Fe基粉末冶金生坯的致密度,其中添加硬脂酸锌和复合润滑剂的Fe基粉末冶金生坯断口颗粒间结合更为紧密。润滑剂对提高Fe基粉末冶金试样生坯密度、烧结密度及抗弯强度的作用顺序为复合润滑剂硬脂酸锌EBS,Fe基粉末冶金材料的密度和力学性能均随温压温度的升高而增加。在最佳润滑剂加入量0.4%时,120℃温压Fe基粉末冶金试样密度比室温压制Fe基粉末冶金试样的密度提高了0.14~0.21 g/cm~3,硬度和抗弯强度提高了40%~65%。     

Effect of Zinc Stearate on Apparent Density,Mixing, and Compaction/Ejection of Iron Powder Compacts

Abstract

The behaviour of zinc stéarate (0–4 wt-%) during mixing with iron powder has been studied by monitoring changes of apparent density and comparison with powder prepared by depositing zinc stéarate from solution onto the iron particles. Apparent density was increased by the development of thin surface films at low lubricant contents but was decreased by the formation of thick layers and free lubricant at high contents. Pressure/density data were obtained from floating-die compaction of cylindrical iron powder compacts containing deposited zinc stéarate with and without die-wall lubrication to determine the relative significance of interparticle friction, particle/die-wall friction, and compaction inhibition. An optimum lubricant addition minimized interparticle friction during compaction. This was greater than the optimum observed for loose packing owing to the more arduous conditions prevalent in compaction. Compaction pressure losses associated with interparticle friction were lower than those caused by die-wall friction. The latter was only minimized by lubricant additions which also caused undesirable compaction inhibition. The forces required to overcome particle/die-wall friction were similar for both compaction and ejection.     

温压技术在非铁基粉末冶金材料中的应用研究

概述了随着铁基粉末冶金温压技术的日趋成熟，温压工艺正逐渐向非铁基材料领域渗透的基本情况。指出，温压工艺可以有效提高硬质合金、钛合金、磁性材料和钨基合金等粉末压坯密度，合理的润滑剂／粘结剂设计则是获得优异温压效果的保证。分析讨论表明，在塑性金属基复合材料、粘结磁性材料和聚合物基复合材料制备中，温压工艺更具有应用优势；作为常规温压工艺的延伸和发展，流动温压工艺因具有成形复杂零件的能力，亦具有广阔的应用前景。     

Certain features of warm isothermal compression of iron powder

Processes of warm compression of mixtures of iron powder with organic binder (animal fat, zinc stearate) are investigated. Comparative experiments on the compressibility of SC-100.26 and PZhRV-200.28 iron with different binders are conducted. An increment in the density in warm compression of iron powder is achieved only where the iron powder is of high ductility, high purity, and the lubricants present in the mixture are of sufficient viscosity at the temperature and pressure of warm compression.     

温压压制压力强化因子及压制曲线的唯象分析

介绍了一种使用钢铁粉末室温压制回归方程来建立其温压压制方程的分析方法。粉末和模具温度、装粉高度通过压力强化因子影响温压生坯密度。温压压制方程描绘的压制曲线与实验数据相符合。曲线表明装粉高度增加时,粉末和模具加热温度应当降低。对于某些装粉高度温压失去有效性。