模拟敞开式UV反应槽的湍流模型比较研究

应用商用CFD软件F luent模拟敞开式UV反应槽内的流速分布及停留时间分布。分别采用4种湍流模型来评估湍动效应对流场分布的影响,其中包括标准k-ε模型、低雷诺数k-ε模型、雷诺应力模型(RSM)及分离涡(DES)模型。将模拟结果与实验数据进行对比发现,DES模型对于回流区的模拟好于其他模型;而在回流区域外,低雷诺数k-ε模型则更为合适。     

鼓泡塔内气液两相流动力特性数值模拟研究

利用CFD软件模拟的方法研究鼓泡塔内气液两相流动力特性,为鼓泡塔的设计提供依据。采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型分别结合标准k-ε紊流模型和RNG k-ε紊流模型对鼓泡塔内气液两相流进行数值模拟,并使用Phase Coupled SIMPLE算法进行速度与压力耦合求解。比较鼓泡塔内轴截面(y=0)处不同高度液相速度和气相速度的变化情况,发现速度沿径向呈现出抛物线分布,沿水深方向越接近通气孔,速度越大,且气相速度整体大于液相速度。通过将z=0.28 m处的垂向液相速度与实验值比较,得出欧拉-欧拉双流体模型结合标准k-ε紊流模型模拟鼓泡塔气液两相流动力特性优于RNG k-ε模型,且发现上升力对模拟结果有显著的影响。     

四种湍流模型对沙波运动模拟的比较

采用四种湍流模型对沙波运动进行数值模拟,分析了不用湍流模型对沙波运动的影响。分析结果表明：雷诺应力模型（RSM）计算的尾涡区没出现应该出现的涡状结构,不适合做沙波计算;Realizable后k-ε模型计算的尾涡区出现明显的涡结构畸变,也不适合做沙波计算;标准k-ε模型和RNGk-ε模型的计算结果差异不大,但是RNGk-ε模型还是出现了一定的误差。因此,本文推荐在做沙波计算时采用标准k-ε模型。     

水库温差异重流模型的研究

本文采用三维Spalart模型、k-ε模型和RSM雷诺应力模型，分别对水库温差异重流进行了模拟。以水库模型实验数据为判别依据，比较了几个模型的计算结果。RSM模型能相当准确地模拟水库中温差异重流的潜入、推进及库区涡流的形成过程。RSM模型模拟精度高，但其计算量大，收敛性和稳定性较差。K-ε模型收敛容易，且精度不差。在RSM模型计算不易收敛和工程应用中对精度要求不太高的情况下，k-ε模型不失为一种较好的选择。单方程的Spalart模型模拟精度差，不建议采用。     

低弗汝德数闸后淹没水跃的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,对弗汝德数为3.19的淹没水跃进行了数值模拟。应用标准k-ε模型和RNG k-ε模型结合VOF(volume of fluid)自由表面跟踪技术,得到了淹没水跃自由表面位置、纵向速度、紊动能及速度矢量等变化情况。结合实验数据,详细对比研究了两种模型的模拟结果,分析了Fr=3.19淹没水跃的内部流场特性。研究表明RNG k-ε模型能更好的模拟低弗汝德数下淹没水跃的紊流结构,给出了2X/Y124为水跃发展区,并得出水跃产生的旋滚对紊动的产生和耗散起着重要作用。     

基于CFD的顺直明渠断面流场数值模拟研究

为研究顺直明渠断面的流速分布,选取梯形明渠为例,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法建立三维顺直明渠数值仿真模型,采用刚盖假定法和流体体积(VOF)法分别捕捉自由水面,对比研究了不同宽深比明渠的断面流速分布;选取标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型及雷诺应力模型(RSM)分别封闭雷诺平均(RANS)方程,对比评估了各数值模型的模拟效果。结果表明：刚盖假定法适用于宽深比大的宽浅明渠,VOF法适用于宽深比小的狭窄明渠,3种模型中RNG k-ε模型的模拟误差更稳定,更加适用于顺直明渠模拟。所建立的数值模型能够很好地模拟明渠断面的实际流速分布,模拟数值与实测数值的误差在6.00%以内。     

3种紊流数值模型模拟明渠丁坝三维水流初探

采用3种不同的紊流数值模型:标准k-ε模型、k-ω模型、Reynolds-Stress模型(RSM模型),以VOF方法来处理自由的表面,数值模拟了明渠中丁坝水流的流动,并且在5个不同的断面上与实验的资料进行了比较,算出了它们各自的误差,结果表明:标准k-ε模型可以比较准确地模拟明渠中丁坝绕流的情况.     

城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟中不同湍流模型的比较研究

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT，采用七种不同湍流模型（标准k-ε、RNGk-ε、realizablek-ε、标准k-ω、SSTk-ε、RSM和Spalart-Allmaras）对城市街道峡谷内的气流运动和污染物扩散进行了数值模拟。计算获得的峡谷内气流场和污染物浓度分布表明，虽然七种湍流模型都预测出峡谷内生成一个控制污染物输移的顺时针大旋涡（主旋涡），但它们在次生涡的模拟上存在差异。通过将峡谷迎风面和背风面上的无量纲污染物浓度分布模拟结果与风洞试验数据进行对比分析，揭示出：标准k-ε模型的总体预测效果最好，RNGk-ε模型、realizablek-ε模型以及RSM模型的预测效果次之，而标准k—ω模型、SSTk-ω模型以及Spalart-Allmaras模型的预测效果较差。在环境评价和基于环境容量约束的交通配流方案优选中，本研究成果对于如何合理选择湍流模型来模拟预测机动车排放污染物在峡谷内的扩散分布具有重要指导意义。     

床面上直立圆柱绕流问题的湍流模型比较

该文采用RANS方程和RNGk-ε、k-ω以及RSM三种湍流模型进行计算,模拟了床面上直立圆柱周围的三维复杂流场,分析了定床条件下光滑床面和粗糙床面条件下流场的形态,并将计算结果与实验进行了对比.结果表明,这三种模型均能模拟出圆柱周围的流场,但是在结果上有一定的差别.要使k-ω模型较好地模拟床面的剪应力,需要比其它两个模型更密的计算网格.与RNGK-ε,k-ω模型相比,RSM模型能够更好地模拟圆柱附近的速度场和床面的剪应力,但是计算时间往往更长.     

滩地植被作用下非对称复式河道的三维数值模拟

本文采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)对乔木作用下的非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了教值模拟,并与标准k-ε模型比较.数值计算结果与试验结果的比较表明,RSM能较好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流和主流速分布,此模型模拟植被作用下的复式河槽是可靠的.且水深增大时,滩槽交互区的二次流也随之增强,并向主槽区移动,而主槽区二次流相应减小,滩地区二次流相应增大.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.