Ecological perspectives on regulation and water allocation for the Ord River,Western Australia

Water management agencies throughout Australia are attempting to find a balance between the water requirements of ecological and socio‐economic environments as part of a holistic approach to managing flow‐dependent river ecosystems. Environmental water provisions are under consideration for the Ord River in far northern Western Australia. This river has been regulated for irrigation and there are plans for substantial expansion. Like other semi‐arid and tropical rivers, however, the hydrology of the Ord River is highly variable and unpredictable, and therefore, proportionate water release strategies for the environment that are based on average monthly flows are unsuitable. Regulation continues to produce pronounced ecological changes throughout the river system as the impacts of flow regime are negated. There is a dichotomy in optimal flow regimes for the contrasting management aspirations of ecological restoration based on low seasonal flows, and the dilution flows required for the drainage of agricultural effluent. Whilst current agricultural land and water management practices continue, the two cannot coincide, and consequently, a decision should be made regarding which environmental water allocation holds the primary value. Such a decision would guide the appropriate dry season flow regime on the lower Ord River. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Establishing Environmental Water Requirements for the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia's Largest Developed River System

There is a global need for management of river flows to be informed by science to protect and restore biodiversity and ecological function while maintaining water supply for human needs. However, a lack of data at large scales presents a substantial challenge to developing a scientifically robust approach to flow management that can be applied at a basin and valley scale. In most large systems, only a small number of aquatic ecosystems have been well enough studied to reliably describe their environmental water requirements. The umbrella environmental asset (UEA) approach uses environmental water requirements developed for information‐rich areas to represent the water requirements of a broader river reach or valley. We illustrate this approach in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in eastern Australia, which was recently subject to a substantial revision of water management arrangements. The MDB is more than 1 million km² with 18 main river valleys and many thousands of aquatic ecosystems. Detailed eco‐hydrologic assessments of environmental water requirements that focused on the overbank, bankfull and fresh components of the flow regime were undertaken at a total of 24 UEA sites across the MDB. Flow needs (e.g. flow magnitude, duration, frequency and timing) were established for each UEA to meet the needs of key ecosystem components (e.g. vegetation, birds and fish). Those flow needs were then combined with other analyses to determine sustainable diversion limits across the basin. The UEA approach to identifying environmental water requirements is a robust, science‐based and fit‐for‐purpose approach to determining water requirements for large river basins in the absence of complete ecological knowledge. © 2015 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生态需水配置与生态调度

随着经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，加之我国水资源时空分布不均的现状，水资源短缺已经成为我国经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素。为了正确认识和处理经济社会用水与生态用水的关系，为流域综合管理和各类规划的编制及实施提供可供操作的依据，从生态用水分析评价机制、水资源配置生态用水分析、河流生态安全调度管理和湿地安全管理与生态补水四个方面，通过图表分析和实际流域水资源配置分析的方式．提供了生态需水分析及生态调度规则。     

中国水利现代化和新水利理论的形成

分析在 2 0世纪中 ,中国因大规模进行水利建设而带来的流域水循环短路化、绝缘化及生态系统的孤立化等问题。并以海河流域为例 ,阐述了目前流域社会难以实现可持续发展的理由。为保证中国水利的现代化 ,必须建立新水利理论 ,在传统水利理论的基础上 ,综合考虑技术、经济、环境、生态、社会等对水系影响较大的因素 ,重新定位水利在流域可持续发展中的地位和建设目标 ,以流域为整体 ,以流域社会可持续发展为规划目标 ,不断完善新水利理论。     

流域生态环境需水计算

介绍了我国流域生态需水研究现状,在对流域生态环境需水计算的前提条件进行阐述的基础上,根据生态需水的水文学原理以及生态系统学原理,从8个方面提出了流域生态环境需水的计算方法,以确定整个流域的生态环境需水量,从而合理量化生态需水总量,达到水资源优化配置的目的.     

党河水环境特征与水资源可持续利用

分析了党河水资源形成和演化特点、开发利用状况以及开发利用中引起的生态和环境问题。为保证党河流域社会经济的持续健康发展,实现水资源的可持续利用,必须强化水资源及水环境保护,调整和优化产业结构,大力发展旅游等生态型低耗水产业,并尽快实施引哈济党工程,优化配置水资源。     

水利水电工程生态与环境保护的实践与展望

通过对国内外重大水利水电工程生态与环境保护实践的调研分析,提出应加强流域综合规划和规划环评,加强生态调度,建立环境友好的水利水电工程技术体系;加强河流生态保护目标研究,尽快建立水生态监测体系和生态补偿机制,并建议设立生态补偿专项基金,为各项工作提供资金保障。     

基于HIP法的漓江环境流量

河流环境流量是一种流量范围,是维持河流生态完整性和生物多样性的基础,也是保持健康的河流系统不可缺少的条件.河流环境流量评价已成为当今河流规划管理的一个重要方面.水生态完整性评价方法(HIP)是以实测日流量系列为基础来确定河流环境流量的一种水文学方法.根据桂林漓江实测日流量系列,通过HIP方法的计算,可以得到漓江的环境流量.HIP方法及其计算的环境流量结果可以为河流管理者提供技术支持.     

基于水文学方法的大洋河河道生态需水量计算研究

河道生态需水量的确定对于河流生态系统健康至关重要,为计算大洋河河道内生态需水量,基于大洋河岫岩和沙里寨两个水文站1970-2012年流量资料,分别运用最小生态径流法以及本文提出的保证率为90%(枯水期)、75%(平水期)、60%(丰水期)的适宜生态径流法计算了大洋河河道内生态需水量,并运用Tennant法对计算结果进行评价分析并结合实测流量资料对大洋河生态径流满足度进行了分析,研究结果表明:适宜生态径流量可以使得大洋河河道内的生态环境状况在丰水期和枯水期达到极好的状态,而最小生态径流量也能使大洋河生态环境状况得到改善和稳定,大洋河在丰水期生态径流破坏程度要高于枯水期,本文的研究成果对于大洋河河道生态保护和治理可提供参考价值。     

塔里木灌区引水前后环境流特性变化

基于水文改变指标基本分析方法,筛选建立了环境流评价指标,着重分析了塔里木灌区引水对塔里木河干流阿拉尔和新渠满断面环境流变化的影响。结果表明:在灌区大量引水灌溉前后,干流两个主要水文站的环境流组成分别呈现出不同程度的变化,环境流组成趋于单一化;各水文站的流量事件以枯水流量事件为主;引水对特枯流量事件、高流量脉冲事件和大洪水事件的影响较大。结合环境流指标和生态系统响应关系,制定了面向生态的水资源优化调度方案,为流域生态治理和水量分配提供了参考。     

生态优先视角下跨流域预留水权确权与配置

在生态优先、绿色发展前提下, 提出生态需水差分整合移动平均自回归预测模型( autor egressive integrated moving average model, ARIMA) , 据此在生态需水确权的基础上进行流域预留水权确权, 并在水权确权的基础上 探索水权期权交易模式下预留发展水权再配置方案, 实现跨流域水资源优化配置的同时规避水权买卖双方风险, 为跨流域特殊水权的确权与再配置提供参考。研究表明: 受气候、政策的影响区域生态需水量呈现出较大变化; 南水北调中线受水区天津和河北不具备自备预留发展水量的能力, 需要依靠流域调度中心的统一协调; 流域调度中心可以根据预测年预留发展水量的使用风险情况进行价格方案的灵活配置, 实现预留发展水量经济与社会效益的最优化。     

Stakeholder‐enhanced environmental flow assessment: The Rufiji Basin case study in Tanzania

Environmental flows are now a standard part of sustainable water management globally but are only rarely implemented. One reason may be insufficient engagement of stakeholders and their priority outcomes in the environmental flow‐setting process. A recent environmental flow assessment (EFA) in the Kilombero basin of the Rufiji River in Tanzania concentrated on a broad‐based investigation of stakeholders' use and perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by the river as a framework for the assessment of flow regimes that would maintain them. The EFA process generally followed the Building Block Methodology but within an enhanced stakeholder engagement framework. Engagement began with the involvement of institutional stakeholders to explain the purpose of the EFA and to elicit their priority outcomes. Extensive interactions with direct‐use stakeholders followed to investigate their uses of and priorities for the rivers. Results were used by the EFA specialist team in choosing flow indicators and defining measurable environmental objectives. The specialists then met to reach a consensus of the flow requirements. The EFA results were lastly reported back to stakeholders. During the Kilombero EFA, we learned that stakeholders at all levels have a good awareness of the natural services provided by a healthy river and can contribute to the setting of environmental objectives for the rivers and floodplain. These can be factored into the biophysical assessments of river flows required to maintain habitats, processes, water quality, and biodiversity. It is therefore important to allocate significant resources to stakeholder engagement. It now remains to be seen if enhanced stakeholder engagement, including the increased understanding and capacity built among all stakeholders, will increase support for the implementation of the recommended flows.     

汉江流域实行最严格水资源管理制度探索与实践

汉江流域在我国水资源配置体系中具有重要的战略地位,水利部于2012年批复了汉江流域加快实施最严格水资源管理制度试点的方案,以探索流域实行最严格水资源管理制度的模式和方法。对汉江流域实行最严格水资源管理制度试点(以下简称汉江试点)的背景条件(流域用水矛盾日益突出,水资源利用方式粗放,水生态环境问题趋于严重以及水资源管理能力较为薄弱等)进行了分析。在此基础上,对建立汉江流域水资源管理"三条红线"、实施流域水资源统一调配、加强水源地保护与管理以及构建跨部门和跨区域协调机制等方面的工作及其重要性进行了阐述。根据分析结果,结合汉江流域的实际情况,提出了应推进节水减污型社会建设、合理配置和调度水资源以及完善流域水资源管理体制与机制等方面的建议。     

流域生态环境需水与缺水的快速评估（I）：理论

为识别生态环境缺水严重的区域和合理评价生态环境用水的配置效果，本文提出了一种新的流域生态环境需水与生态环境缺水快速评估方法。将流域的生态环境需水满足程度定义为，流域“实际生态环境用水”与流域在未受或少受人类活动干扰时的“自然状态条件下的生态环境用水”的接近程度。以土地利用资料为基础，运用层次分析法构建流域生态环境需水特征指标来表征流域生态环境用水的相对大小；借鉴水体生物快速评估法的思想，通过流域单元划分、参照单元选择、参照组构建、参照组匹配、观测值与期望值的比较计算等步骤，可以对不同级别流域的生态环境缺水问题进行深入分析，从而快速识别生态缺水严重区域、预测其生态缺水动态变化，并对生态环境用水配置效果进行评价。     

流域生态环境需水与缺水的快速评估(Ⅰ)：理论

为识别生态环境缺水严重的区域,合理评价生态环境用水的配置效果,本文提出了一种新的流域生态环境需水与生态环境缺水快速评估方法。将流域的生态环境需水满足程度定义为,流域"实际生态环境用水"与流域在未受或少受人类活动干扰时的"自然状态条件下的生态环境用水"的接近程度。以土地利用资料为基础,运用层次分析法构建流域生态环境需水特征指标来表征流域生态环境用水的相对大小;借鉴水体生物快速评估法的思想,通过流域单元划分、参照单元选择、参照组构建、参照组匹配、观测值与期望值的比较计算等步骤,可以对不同级别流域的生态环境缺水问题进行深入分析,从而快速识别生态环境缺水严重区域、预测其生态环境缺水动态变化,并对生态环境用水配置效果进行评价。     

西北地区生态需水的量化与分析

我国西北地区在社会经济发展过程中，水资源的不合理配置引发了一系列生态环境问题，研究西北地区生态需水对保护当地的生态环境系统有着重要意义。从生态需水的概念出发，将生态需水量化过程划分为河道内和河道外两部分，并介绍了相应的计算方法和公式。在对西北地区进行生态分区的基础上,运用上述方法，计算出西北地区的生态需水量，其结果对西北地区水资源可持续利用有一定参考价值。     

A Pilot Global Assessment of Environmental Water Requirements and Scarcity

Abstract

This paper presents a first attempt to estimate the volume of water required for the maintenance of freshwater-dependent ecosystems at the global scale. This total environmental water requirement consists of ecologically relevant low-flow and high-flow components and depends upon the objective of environmental water management. Both components are related to river flow variability and estimated by conceptual rules from discharge time series simulated by the global hydrology model. A water stress indicator is further defined, which shows what proportion of the utilizable water in world river basins is currently withdrawn for direct human use and where this use is in conflict with environmental water requirements. The paper presents an estimate of environmental water requirements for 128 major river basins and drainage regions of the world. It is shown that approximately 20 to 50 percent of the mean annual river flow in different basins needs to be allocated to freshwater-dependent ecosystems to maintain them in fair conditions. This is unlikely to be possible in many developing countries in Asia and North Africa, in parts of Australia, North America, and Europe, where current total direct water withdrawals (primarily for irrigation) already tap into the estimated environmental water requirements. Over 1.4 billion people currently live in river basins with high environmental water stress. This number will increase as water withdrawals grow and if environmental water allocations remain beyond the common practice in river basin management. This paper suggests that estimates of environmental water requirements should be the integral part of global water assessments and projections of global food production.     

水资源开发的项目环评与战略环评

我国在水利水电工程建设项目环评方面已取得长足的进步,项目环评的技术也日趋成熟,与此同时也面临一些问题.项目层次上的环评已难以保证水资源开发与生态和环境保护的协调发展,尤其是涉及流域水资源梯级开发中的项目环评如何协调经济社会可持续发展与生态和环境保护之间的关系.为了在环境影响的源头对不利因素进行控制,规划环评或战略环评是流域水资源开发中应高度重视的问题.     

黑河中游张掖城区段水生态治理方案研究

黑河为西北地区第二大内陆河,属"祁连山-河西走廊"水生态二级区。针对其河道基本生态需水不足、河湖面积萎缩、河流地貌及生境形态严重破坏、土地沙漠化加剧等问题,采用"Qp法"和"Tennant法"分析了河道最小生态基流和年内不同时期生态流量,确定了全年河道生态环境需水量,研究了黑河张掖市城区段水生态的治理实施方案,提出了适用于内陆河风沙危害严重区段的河(湖)水-生态河岸-滨岸带-防风固沙林带组成横向生态系统结构的治河模式和内陆河筑湖造境的生态治理模式。研究和实施效果表明:生态环境需水量的计算方法能够较好地适应黑河流域水文特征,提出的治河模式和筑湖造境治理方案对内陆河风沙危害区河道的水生态治理工程建设起到了示范效应,具有科学性和实用性,可为同类工程提供借鉴和参考。