高浓度生物制药废水处理工程简介

某生物制药公司生产废水含有较高的CODCr、氨氮和磷酸盐,设计采用物化—UASB—两级A/O工艺。经过多年实际运行检验,该工艺对高浓度制药废水具有处理效果良好,运行稳定,管理简便,运行费用低等优点。     

石家庄高含氮高浓度化纤废水处理改造工程试验研究

己内酰胺 锦纶化纤废水属于高含氮高浓度有机废水。通过理论分析和试验研究 ,对原A/O/A/O工艺存在的问题进行了分析 ,提出了替代工艺ENSBR/BDAR/COR技术路线。试验结果表明 ,该工艺流程处理效率高 ,运行稳定 ,能达标排放     

预处理—UASB-A/O工艺处理高浓度制药废水

以南京某医药化工公司生产废水处理工程为例,介绍了预处理—UASB—A/O工艺处理高浓度制药废水的工艺特点、设计参数、处理效果及运行成本.该工程处理水量为600 m3/d,废水主要含有丙酮、硝基苯磺酸钠、甲苯、三乙胺等有毒有害物质,运行结果表明,当进水COD和BOD5分别为4 600 mg/L和3 300 mg/L,出水COD和BOD5分别为115 mg/L和20 mg/L,去除率分别为97.5％和99.4％,达到了《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21904—2008).     

两段ABR—A/O工艺在高浓度硫酸盐制药废水处理中的应用

在高浓度硫酸盐制药废水的厌氧处理中,硫酸盐还原菌通过竞争性与非竞争性抑制影响产甲烷菌的活性和生长率。采用两段ABR-A/O组合工艺处理含高浓度硫酸盐制药废水。结果表明:系统稳定运行后,进水CODCr为10500～15000mg/L,SO42-为1000～1500mg/L时,CODCr、SO42-去除率分别达到98%和92%,出水各项指标均达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级标准。     

高浓度制药废水处理工程实例

某制药企业生产废水排放量大,成分复杂,含有硝基类、芳香类和烃类等大量有毒、有害、难降解物质.采用兼氧-深曝-两级A/O工艺,并将高浓度废水预先进行有效预处理,以减轻处理系统负荷.实践表明,工程运行稳定,出水达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)一级标准.     

A/O系统处理高浓度氨氮废水的试验研究

简述A/O系统处理高浓度氨氮废水的试验过程与步骤,通过采集试验数据,分析试验结果,研究A/O系统处理工艺对高浓度氨氮废水处理的可行性,确定合适的工艺参数.     

ABR-UBF-CASS工艺处理肌苷制药废水

肌苷制药废水属于高浓度有机废水,采用ABR-UBF-CASS工艺对其进行处理,运行结果表明:在进水CODCr为2 300～6 400 mg/L的情况下,缓慢增加ABR、UBF和CASS反应器容积负荷,运行三个月,出水CODCr在300 mg/L以下,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准.     

ABR-UASB-CASS工艺处理庆大霉素废水工程应用

介绍了采用ABR-UASB-CASS工艺处理庆大霉素制药废水的工程,当进水COD、BOD5、SS分别为10 535 mg/L、4 069 mg/L、537 mg/L时,出水COD、BOD5、SS分别为183 mg/L、28 mg/L、55 mg/L,去除率分别为98.3％、99.3％、89.8％,出水水质可达《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级排放标准,该工艺的稳定运行可为制药行业高浓度有机废水的处理提供参考.     

Fenton氧化—混凝沉淀—水解酸化—好氧工艺处理制药废水

针对天津某制药厂制药废水的特点,进行清浊分流,高浓度废水经Fenton氧化—混凝沉淀—水解酸化处理后与低浓度废水混合再进一步处理.工程实际运行结果表明,该组合工艺处理效果好、运行稳定,各项水质指标均达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)二级排放标准.     

头孢抗生素制药废水处理工程设计

针对头孢类抗生素产品生产废水高浓度、高氨氮、高盐分的特点,采用混凝、气浮、吹脱和蒸发等方法加强废水的预处理,然后采用A2/O工艺进行生化处理,最后采用BAF工艺进行强化处理。经检验,出水水质可达《上海污水综合排放标准》(DB31/199—1997)二级标准。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。