和田河流域冰川径流对气候变化响应的模拟分析

为模拟和田河流域上游冰川径流,构建了嵌入冰川模块的SWAT模型,并基于实测径流数据及冰川编目数据对模型进行校正与验证,定量分析了和田河流域上游冰川径流的变化趋势及其对出山径流的贡献和对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:1967—2017年玉龙喀什河流域多年平均冰川径流量为11.02亿m³,冰川径流对出山径流的贡献率为48.7％,喀拉喀什河流域多年平均冰川径流量为9.51亿m³,冰川径流贡献率为45.5％;在0.01显著性水平下,玉龙喀什河流域气温与降水量均呈显著上升趋势,喀拉喀什河流域气温呈显著上升趋势,降水量呈不显著上升趋势;气候变化背景下,两条支流由于地理位置、冰川特征等的不同,导致两条支流的径流响应呈现较大差异,玉龙喀什河流域冰川径流量呈显著增加趋势,而冰川径流对出山径流的贡献率呈显著下降趋势,喀拉喀什河流域冰川径流量与冰川径流贡献率均呈不显著增加趋势。     

天北经济带主要河流径流变化特征分析

选用天山北坡经济带主要代表性河流域的4个水文站1960~2008年的气温、降水、径流系列资料,采用线性趋势分析及年代际变化分析方法,重点分析了玛纳斯河流域、呼图壁河流域、头屯河流域和乌鲁木齐河流域径流的不同时期的趋势变化及气候背景。其结果自20世纪60年代以来,在气温、降水呈增加趋势的气候变化背景下,河川径流相应呈增加趋势变化。     

基于HBV的黑河流域径流对气候变化的响应

黑河流域是我国西北干旱区内陆河研究的代表性流域,研究未来气候变化对黑河流域山区径流的定量影响,对干旱区水资源规划设计、开发利用和保护管理具有重要意义。采用HBV-light模型,首先根据实测径流数据验证了该模型在黑河流域上游的适用性,然后拟定25种气候变化情景模式,模拟气温与降水变化对径流的定量影响。结果表明:(1)当气温保持不变时,降水增加会造成年径流增加;而当降水维持不变时,气温升高将导致年径流减少。(2)关于径流年内分布,气温变化与6~9月份的径流呈负相关关系,而与4月份的径流呈显著正相关关系;降水变化与径流呈明显的正相关关系;年径流与年内分配均表现为对于降水变化的敏感性高于气温变化。(3)未来气候变化有助于缓解黑河流域水资源短缺的现状。     

讨赖河流域气温、降水变化的周期性分析

采用小波分析方法对讨赖河流域气温降水变化进行周期性分析,结果表明,1950年代以来,讨赖河流域气温呈总体上升趋势,气温变化周期在山区以11年和5年为常见,在平原区18-13年和6年为常见;降水枯、平、丰交替特征明显,有微弱增加,山区降水变化具有11年和4年左右的周期;平原区降水周期以10年和4年为常见。     

讨赖河流域水资源分析与规划

介绍了讨赖河流域的基本情况,分析了水资源的组成及数量。介绍了水资源一般规划的方法,预测了讨赖河流域的需水,并分析了未来水资源的供需平衡,给出了讨赖河流域水资源分析规划的结论和建议。     

气候变化条件下洪泽湖以上流域水资源演变趋势

基于IPCC对全球和中国的气候变化趋势,利用1990—2011年气象资料,采用增量情景设置方法,分析气候变化情景下洪泽湖以上流域水资源的演变趋势。结果表明:该流域水资源量对降雨变化有较强的敏感性,实际蒸散发对温度变化的敏感性较强。与基准期相比,在气温同等条件、降水增加情景下,流域水资源量呈增加趋势;在降水同等条件、气温升高情景下,流域的实际蒸发会增加,导致水资源量呈减少的趋势。径流年内分配受降水变化影响较大;随着降水增加,径流年内分配更集中,加大年内径流分配差异,可能加大流域湖泊调蓄压力。     

基于SWAT模型的汤河西支流域水量时空模拟研究

本文应用分布式水文模型SWAT模型模拟汤河西支流域水量时空分布, 并通过设定气温分别升高和降低2.5℃, 模拟分析气候变化对流域水量的影响. 分析结果表明SWAT模型适用于汤河西支流域的径流模拟,模拟的汤河西支流域2000-2010年年径流深和实测径流之间相对误差均小于7%, 月流量过程拟合系数达到0.86以上, 具有较高的模拟精度; 汤河西支流域径流空间分布受流域降水空间分布的影响总体上呈现北大南小的分布趋势, 径流深在600-800mm的区域主要集中在西北区域. 气温升高2.5℃, 在降水不变化的前提下, 汤河西支流域径流减少, 气温降低2.5℃, 流域径流增加. 研究成果对于汤河西支水资源评价和管理可提供参考价值.     

气候变化对乌鲁木齐河流域水资源的影响分析

随着气候的变化,乌鲁木齐河流域的水资源也发生了一定程度的变化。气候变化与冰川融水和降水的径流等有着密切的关系,对河流域的水资源有着重要的影响。文章首先分析了近几十年来乌鲁木齐河流域的气候变化呈现出的特点,然后从气温和降水两个方面分析了气候变化对乌鲁木齐河流域水资源的影响,最后提出了相关的水资源保护策略。     

气候变化条件下长江水资源演变趋势与对策

在总结气候变化对流域水资源影响研究方法的基础上,分别构建了长江流域水量平衡简化模型和汉江流域9 km×9 km的VIC分布式水文模型,并利用GCMs的输出驱动所建水文模型,预测了长江和汉江流域水资源在气候变化背景下的变化趋势。研究结果表明,对于长江和汉江流域,尽管未来气温序列预测值有所差异,但气温升高的趋势是一致的,未来降水的变化相对气温而言更复杂,趋势性不明显。基于气候模式预测信息估算的未来100 a流域水资源量变化情况基本为,前40 a左右呈逐渐减小,之后总体呈逐渐增大的趋势。     

东洋河流域土地利用及气候变化对径流的影响

为分析东洋河流域土地利用与气候变化对径流的影响,选用SWAT分布式水文模型,通过情景分析法模拟变化环境下流域的径流响应。结果表明:①SWAT模型在东洋河径流模拟过程中具有较好的适用性且不确定性较小。②按现有土地利用和气候变化趋势,单一因子和共同作用对径流均有削减作用(即水文负效应),将会造成下游用水形势更加严峻,并影响整个洋河流域的生态环境。③未来气候变化情景中,径流量与降雨变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。④极端土地利用情景中,增加耕地和林地使年均径流量减少,增加草地使径流量增加。⑤影响未来流域年均径流的主要因素是气候变化,土地利用变化的影响相对较弱。土地利用的变化对调蓄径流有一定作用,可缓解气候变化带来的水文负效应,有助于流域水资源的科学管理。     

Optimal water allocation at different levels of climate change to minimize water shortage in arid regions (Case Study: Zayandeh-Rud River Basin,Iran)

Climate change is one of the most important factors influencing the future of the world's environment. The most important impacts of climate change are changes in water supply and demand in different regions of the world. In this study, different climate change patterns in two RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios (RCP: Representative Concentration Pathway), were adopted for the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin, Iran, through weighting of GCMs (General Circulation Models). These climate change patterns are including ideal, medium, and critical patterns. Using the LARS-WG model (Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator), the outputs of the GCMs were downscaled statistically and the daily temperature and precipitation time series were generated from 2020 to 2044. Then, based on this information, the inflow volume into the Zayandeh-Rud Reservoir was predicted by the IHACRES model (Identification of unit Hydrograph and Component flows from Rainfall, Evaporation and Streamflow) and the agricultural water demand was also estimated based on future evapotranspiration. Finally, using GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) software, water resources in this basin were allocated based on the basic management scenario (B) and the water demand management scenario (D). The results showed that the average monthly temperature will increase by 0.6 to 1.3 °C under different climate change patterns. On the other hand, on the annual basis, precipitation will decrease by 6.5 to 31% and inflow volume to the Zayandeh-Rud Reservoir will decrease by 21 to 38%. The results also showed that the water shortages based on the baseline management scenario (B) will be between 334 and 805 MCM (Million Cubic Meters). These range of values varies between 252 and 787 MCM in the water demand management scenario (D). In general, the water shortage can be reduced in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin with water demand control, but complete resolution of this problem in this region requires more integrated strategies based on a sustainable development, such as a fundamental change in the cropping pattern, prevention of population growth and industrial development.     

The change and prediction of temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM)

In order to explore the climate change in the Dawen River basin,based on the data of six weather stations in the Dawen River basin from 1966 to 2017,Mann Kendall test and wavelet analysis were used to study the temperature and precipitation trends,mutations and cycles in the region.In addition,based on the three scenarios of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5 under the CanESM2 model,SDSM was used to compare and analyze the future climate change of the Dawen River basin.The results revealed that:the annual mean temperature of the Dawen River basin had increased significantly since 1966 (p<0.01);in different scenarios,the spatial distribution of the projected maximum temperature,minimum temperature and precipitation will hardly change compared with that in history;the temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin will generally increase in the future.The rising trend of maximum and minimum temperature under the three scenarios is in the EP相似文献   

Investigation of the Behavior of an Agricultural-Operated Dam Reservoir Under RCP Scenarios of AR5-IPCC

In regions where the Mediterranean climate prevails, the agricultural sector and agricultural-operated dam reservoirs are threatened by climate change. In this respect, the prediction of hydro-meteorological changes that may occur in surface water resources under climate change scenarios is essential to examine the sustainability of reservoirs. In this paper, Demirköprü reservoir in the Gediz Basin/Turkey, a reservoir operated for irrigation purposes, was analyzed against the RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios specified in the AR5 report of the IPCC. Projection period was evaluated as 2016-2050 water year period. First, statistical downscaling, Bayesian model averaging and quantile delta mapping bias correction techniques were respectively applied to monthly total precipitation and monthly average temperatures of meteorological stations in the region using 12 GCMs. According to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, negligible reductions in precipitation are foreseen, while significant increases of 1.3 and 1.8 °C, respectively, are projected for temperatures under the same scenarios. Following the calibration of rainfall-runoff models for the sub-basins feeding the reservoir, streamflow simulations were also performed with projected precipitation and temperatures. In particular, according to the RCP 8.5 scenario, reservoir inflows during the period 2016-2050 could be reduced by 21% compared to the reference scenario results. Finally, the projected crop water demands and hydro-meteorological changes are evaluated together and the reservoir performances are examined using various indices. Assuming that the performance of the past irrigation yields will not change in the future, it is foreseen that reservoir’s sustainability will decrease by 16% under the RCP8.5 scenario. Even if the irrigation efficiency is increased by 40%, the reservoir cannot reach past sustainability characteristics.     

Estimation of future water resources of Xiangjiang River Basin with VIC model under multiple climate scenarios

Variation trends of water resources in the Xiangjiang River Basin over the coming decades have been investigated using the variable infiltration capacity(VIC) model and 14 general circulation models'(GCMs') projections under the representative concentration pathway(RCP4.5) scenario. Results show that the Xiangjiang River Basin will probably experience temperature rises during the period from 2021 to2050, with precipitation decrease in the 2020 s and increase in the 2030 s. The VIC model performs well for monthly discharge simulations with better performance for hydrometric stations on the main stream of the Xiangjiang River than for tributary catchments. The simulated annual discharges are significantly correlated to the recorded annual discharges for all the eight selected target stations. The Xiangjiang River Basin may experience water shortages induced by climate change. Annual water resources of the Xiangjiang River Basin over the period from 2021 to 2050 are projected to decrease by 2.76% on average within the range from-7.81% to 7.40%. It is essential to consider the potential impact of climate change on water resources in future planning for sustainable utilization of water resources.     

Analysis of the effect of climate change on the Nakdong river stream flow using indicators of hydrological alteration

This study models the effect of climate change on runoff in southeast Korea using the TANK conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The results are assessed using the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA) developed by U.S. Nature Conservancy. Future climate time series are obtained by scaling historical series, provided by four global climate models (GCMs, IPCC, 2007) and three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2000), to reflect a maximum increase of 3.6 °C in the average surface air temperature and 33% in the annual precipitation. To this end, the spatio-temporal change factor method is used, which considers changes in the future mean seasonal rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as well as the daily rainfall distribution. In this study, the variance range for precipitation is from +3.55% to +33.44% compared to the present for years between 2071 and 2100. The variance range for the daily mean temperature is estimated between +1.59 °C and +3.58 °C. Although the simulation results from different GCMs and GHG emissions scenarios indicate different responses of the flows to the climate change, the majority of modeling results show that there will be more runoff in southeast Korea in the future. According to the analysis results, the predicted impacts of hydrological alteration caused by climate change on the aquatic ecosystem are as follows: 1) an increase in the availability of aquatic ecosystem habitats in Nakdong River in future summers and winters, 2) an increase in stress on the aquatic ecosystem due to extremely high stream flow, 3) an increase in the stress duration of flood events for the Nakdong River downstream and 4) an increase in aquatic ecosystem stress caused by rapid increases or decreases in stream flow.     

气候变化下黄河流域未来水资源趋势分析

开展流域水资源变化趋势研究是水资源规划和开发利用的基础工作。基于RCPs（Representative Concentration Pathways）排放情景下7个全球气候模式的气候情景资料,分析了黄河流域未来气温及降水的变化趋势;采用RCCC-WBM模型动态模拟了黄河流域未来水资源情势。结果表明:黄河流域在未来30年（2021—2050年）气温将持续显著升高（线性升率为0.24～0.35 ℃/（10 a））;与基准期（1961—1990年）相比,流域降水总体可能增多,但对降水变化预估的不确定性较大;受气候变化影响,黄河流域未来水资源量较基准期的可能会略微偏少,流域水资源供需矛盾可能进一步加剧;不确定性及其带来的评估风险是目前及未来气候变化影响及水资源评估中需要加强研究的重要内容。     

基于Copula函数的气候变化下洪水峰量联合分析

为研究气候变化对北江流域洪水特征发生频率的影响,采用分位数映射(Quantile Mapping,QM)后处理方法校正BCC_CSM1.1气候模式2种情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下的气候数据,用于SWAT模型模拟历史(1965—2010年)和未来(2030—2064年、2065—2099年)的北江流域径流量,并采用单变量分析法和基于Copula函数的双变量联合分析法分别对各时期年最大洪峰流量Q和年最大7 d洪量W进行对比分析。结果表明:除RCP8.5下2065—2099年的W外,重现期(T≥50 a)越大,气候变化对Q和W的影响越大; RCP4.5下气候变化对Q和W的影响较RCP8.5下大;2种未来情景下,气候变化对Q的影响均大于对W的影响;对于同一重现期,双变量联合分析法推求的洪水特征设计值较单变量分析法的偏安全。该研究结合了气候变化和双变量联合分析,对变化环境下的洪水风险评价与管理具有一定的参考价值。     

Uncertainty Modeling of Statistical Downscaling to Assess Climate Change Impacts on Temperature and Precipitation

Consideration of different Statistical Downscaling (SD) models and multi-sources global climate models’ (GCMs) data can provide a better range of uncertainty for climatic and statistical indices. In this study, results of two SD models, ASD (Automated Statistical Downscaling) and SDSM (Statistical Downscaling Model), were used for uncertainty analysis of temperature and precipitation prediction under climate change impacts for two meteorological stations in Iran. Uncertainty analysis was performed based on application of two GCMs and climate scenarios (A2, A1B, A2a and B2a) for 2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100 future time slices. A new technique based on fuzzy logic was proposed and only used to describe uncertainties associated with downscaling methods in temperature and precipitation predictions. In this technique, different membership functions were defined to fuzzify results. Based on these functions width, precipitation had higher uncertainty in comparison with the temperature which could be attributed to the complexity of temporal and local distribution of rainfall. Moreover, little width of membership functions for temperatures in both stations indicated less uncertainty in cold months, whereas the results showed more uncertainty for summer. The results of this study highlight the significance of incorporating uncertainty associated with two downscaling approaches and outputs of GCMs (CGCM3 and HadCM3) under emission scenarios A2, A1B, A2a and B2a in hydrologic modeling and future predictions.     

基于区域水平衡理论和SWAT模型的沁河流域水收支平衡演变分析

基于区域水平衡理论和SWAT模型,提出了分布式水收支平衡模型的构建思路及水收支平衡计算方法,对人类活动和未来气候变化情景下的沁河流域水收支平衡状况进行模拟,并通过皮尔逊相关系数和Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了水收支平衡的关键影响要素及其演变规律。结果表明:2010—2016年沁河流域蓄水总量呈下降趋势,降水量及出口径流量为沁河流域水收支平衡相对关键的影响要素；未来多气候情景下蓄水总量呈上升趋势,多年平均降水量及出口径流量两个关键影响要素的总体变化情况与辐射强迫水平呈正相关关系；典型气候情景SSP2-4.5下降水量及出口径流量在2037—2041年、2061—2063年可能存在突变。