Performance Indexes Analysis of the Reservoir-Hydropower Plant System Affected by Climate Change

Assessing the effects of climate change phenomenon on the natural resources, especially available water resources, considering the existing constraints and planning to reduce its adverse effects, requires continuous monitoring and quantification of the adverse effects, so that policymakers can analyze the performance of any system in different conditions clearly and explicitly. The most important objectives of the present research including: (1) calculating the sustainability index for each demand node based on the characteristics of its water supply individually and also calculating the sustainability index of the whole water supply system, (2) investigation the compatible of changes trend among various reservoir performance indexes and (3) evaluation the changes in performance reservoir indexes in the future time period compared to the baseline tie period under three Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for all water demand nodes and the entire water supply system. To this end, first, climatic parameters data affecting on the water resources such as temperature and precipitation were gathered in the baseline period (1977–2001) and the climatic scenarios were generated for the future period (2016–2040) using the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Then, the irrigation demand changes of the agricultural products with the Cropwat model and the value of inflow to the reservoir with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were calculated under the climate change effects. In the next step, the climate change effects on the water supply and demand were simulated using Water Evaluation and Planning model (WEAP), and its results were extracted so as the water management indexes. The results show that the temperature will increase in the future period under all three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) compared to the baseline period, while precipitation will decrease under the RCP2.6 scenario but will increases under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Under the trend of changing in temperature and rainfall, the irrigation demand in the agricultural sector in all scenarios will increase compared to the baseline period. However, the inflow of reservoir will decrease under the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios and will increases under RCP8.5 scenario. Evaluation of WEAP modeling results shows that the sustainability index of the entire Marun water-energy system will decrease in the future period compared to the baseline period under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by 13, 10 and 8%, respectively. The decrease in the system sustainability index shows that in the absence of early planning, the Marun water-energy supply system will face several challenges for meeting the increasing demand of water in different consumer sectors in the coming years.

     

The effects of climate change on the water resources of the Geumho River Basin,Republic of Korea

Assessments of the variation and vulnerability of water resources due to climate change are essential for future planning in agriculture. In this study, the impacts and uncertainty associated with climate change on water resources in the Geumho River Basin were measured based on the relative change in the mean annual runoff and the aridity index. Statistically adjusted and downscaled multi-ensemble General Circulation Model (GCM) predicted rainfall and temperature data for three representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) were applied to two lumped parameter conceptual rainfall runoff models. The results revealed considerable uncertainty in the projected temperature, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET), runoff and aridity index (AI). Additionally, temperature and rainfall were predicted to increase significantly in the future. The PET was projected to increase by a mean (range) of 9% (7–12%), 18% (9–30%) and 25% (8–49%), while the mean annual runoff was projected to change by a mean (range) of 1% (−33 to 40%), −9% (−47 to 27%) and −4% (−44 to 35%), in the 2030s, 2060s and 2090s, respectively. The AI was projected to decrease in the future, particularly for the RCP8.5. Overall, the results of this study indicate that climate change will most likely lead to lower water resource levels than are currently present in the Geumho River Basin.     

Investigation of the Behavior of an Agricultural-Operated Dam Reservoir Under RCP Scenarios of AR5-IPCC

In regions where the Mediterranean climate prevails, the agricultural sector and agricultural-operated dam reservoirs are threatened by climate change. In this respect, the prediction of hydro-meteorological changes that may occur in surface water resources under climate change scenarios is essential to examine the sustainability of reservoirs. In this paper, Demirköprü reservoir in the Gediz Basin/Turkey, a reservoir operated for irrigation purposes, was analyzed against the RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios specified in the AR5 report of the IPCC. Projection period was evaluated as 2016-2050 water year period. First, statistical downscaling, Bayesian model averaging and quantile delta mapping bias correction techniques were respectively applied to monthly total precipitation and monthly average temperatures of meteorological stations in the region using 12 GCMs. According to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, negligible reductions in precipitation are foreseen, while significant increases of 1.3 and 1.8 °C, respectively, are projected for temperatures under the same scenarios. Following the calibration of rainfall-runoff models for the sub-basins feeding the reservoir, streamflow simulations were also performed with projected precipitation and temperatures. In particular, according to the RCP 8.5 scenario, reservoir inflows during the period 2016-2050 could be reduced by 21% compared to the reference scenario results. Finally, the projected crop water demands and hydro-meteorological changes are evaluated together and the reservoir performances are examined using various indices. Assuming that the performance of the past irrigation yields will not change in the future, it is foreseen that reservoir’s sustainability will decrease by 16% under the RCP8.5 scenario. Even if the irrigation efficiency is increased by 40%, the reservoir cannot reach past sustainability characteristics.     

Estimation of future water resources of Xiangjiang River Basin with VIC model under multiple climate scenarios

Variation trends of water resources in the Xiangjiang River Basin over the coming decades have been investigated using the variable infiltration capacity(VIC) model and 14 general circulation models'(GCMs') projections under the representative concentration pathway(RCP4.5) scenario. Results show that the Xiangjiang River Basin will probably experience temperature rises during the period from 2021 to2050, with precipitation decrease in the 2020 s and increase in the 2030 s. The VIC model performs well for monthly discharge simulations with better performance for hydrometric stations on the main stream of the Xiangjiang River than for tributary catchments. The simulated annual discharges are significantly correlated to the recorded annual discharges for all the eight selected target stations. The Xiangjiang River Basin may experience water shortages induced by climate change. Annual water resources of the Xiangjiang River Basin over the period from 2021 to 2050 are projected to decrease by 2.76% on average within the range from-7.81% to 7.40%. It is essential to consider the potential impact of climate change on water resources in future planning for sustainable utilization of water resources.     

Potential Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves in Roorkee,India

Intensification and frequency of hydrologic events are attributed to climate change and are expected to increase in coming future. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves quantify the extreme precipitation and are used extensively to assess the return periods of rainfall events. It is expected that climate change will modify the occurrence of extreme rainfall events. Thus a need of updating IDF curves arises under the climate change scenario. This paper aims at updating the IDF curves for a typical Indian town using an ensemble of five General Circulation Models (GCMs) for all the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. Sub-daily maximum intensities (15-, 30-, 45-, 60-, 120-, and 180 min) were obtained from the observed records. Equidistance quantile method was used to study the relationships between the historical and projected GCM data, and the historical GCM and observed sub-daily data. This relationship was used to obtain projected sub-daily intensities. The IDF curves were developed using observed and projected data. Analysis of the curves indicated increase in precipitation intensities for all the RCP scenarios. It was also found that intensities of all return periods increases with intensifying RCP scenarios. The variation in the intensities across the GCMs was attributed to the driving forces considered in a particular GCM.     

GCMs降尺度及其在讨赖河上游径流预报中的应用

在气候变化和人类活动影响下,内陆河流域出山径流变异程度提升,研究径流预测及其对气候变化响应具有理论和实践的双重意义。以讨赖河流域上游为研究区,采用Delta降尺度及权重集成方法对14种GCMs在3种RCP情景下的气温和降水进行优化,预测分析了该区未来径流变化和水资源供需平衡。结果表明:由气候-生态联合驱动的径流预测模式在讨赖河流域适用性良好,气温对出山径流总体呈负减效应,降水和NDVI表现为正增效应。未来气温和降水呈增加趋势,增温主要发生在河谷地带,降水增加在分水岭周边更为显著。流域出山径流总体增加,不同子区径流变幅从小到大依次为OL06＜OL04＜OL05＜OL01＜OL03＜OL02。尽管未来出山径流有所增加,但从水资源满足度来看,平、枯水年讨赖河流域仍存在水资源短缺问题。     

Climate change impact on water quality in the integrated Mahabad Dam watershed-reservoir system

Climate change, besides global warming, is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle, which can impact watershed nutrient yields and affect water quality in the receiving water bodies. The Mahabad Dam Reservoir in northwest Iran is a eutrophic reservoir due to excessive watershed nutrient input, which could be exacerbated due to climate change. In this regard, a holistic approach was employed by linking a climate model (CanESM2), watershed-scale model (SWAT), and reservoir water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2). The triple model investigates the cumulative climate change effects on hydrological parameters, watershed yields, and the reservoir’s water quality. The SDSM model downscaled the output of the climate model under moderate (RCP4.5) and extreme (RCP8.5) scenarios for the periods of 2021–2040 and 2041–2060. The impact of future climate conditions was investigated on the watershed runoff and total phosphorus (TP) load, and consequently, water quality status in the dam’s reservoir. The results of comparing future conditions (2021–2060) with observed present values under moderate to extreme climate scenarios showed a 4–7% temperature increase and a 6–11% precipitation decrease. Moreover, the SWAT model showed a 9–16% decline in streamflow and a 12–18% decline in the watershed TP load for the same comparative period. Finally, CE-QUAL-W2 model results showed a 3–8% increase in the reservoir water temperature and a 10–16% increase in TP concentration. It indicates that climate change would intensify the thermal stratification and eutrophication level in the reservoir, especially during the year’s warm months. This finding specifies an alarming condition that demands serious preventive and corrective measures.     

基于区域水平衡理论和SWAT模型的沁河流域水收支平衡演变分析

基于区域水平衡理论和SWAT模型,提出了分布式水收支平衡模型的构建思路及水收支平衡计算方法,对人类活动和未来气候变化情景下的沁河流域水收支平衡状况进行模拟,并通过皮尔逊相关系数和Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了水收支平衡的关键影响要素及其演变规律。结果表明:2010—2016年沁河流域蓄水总量呈下降趋势,降水量及出口径流量为沁河流域水收支平衡相对关键的影响要素；未来多气候情景下蓄水总量呈上升趋势,多年平均降水量及出口径流量两个关键影响要素的总体变化情况与辐射强迫水平呈正相关关系；典型气候情景SSP2-4.5下降水量及出口径流量在2037—2041年、2061—2063年可能存在突变。     

Effect of management strategies on reducing negative impacts of climate change on water resources of the Isfahan–Borkhar aquifer using MODFLOW

Recently, many studies have investigated the effect of climate change on groundwater resources in semiarid and arid areas and have shown adverse effects on groundwater recharge and water level. However, only a few studies have shown suitable strategies for reducing these adverse effects. In this study, climate conditions were predicted for the future period of 2020–2044, under the emission scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, for Isfahan–Borkhar aquifer, Isfahan, Iran, using MODFLOW‐2000 (MODFLOW is United States Geological Survey product). Results showed that the average groundwater level of the aquifer would decrease to 13, 15, and 16 m in 2012 to 2044 approximately under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Then, three groundwater sustainability management scenarios were defined that included 10%, 30%, and 50% reduction in groundwater extraction. These strategies simulated the reduced negative effects of climate change on the aquifer. The results showed that decreases in water withdrawal rates of 10%, 30%, and 50% under RCP8.5 scenario (critical scenario) could decrease the mean groundwater level by 14, 11, and 7 m, respectively. The main result of the study showed that 50% reduction in groundwater withdrawal may increase the groundwater levels significantly in order to restore the aquifer sustainability in the study area. In this study, with assuming that the current harvest of wells in the future period is constant, so the results of studies showed that for the aquifer's sustainability management, the water abstraction from the aquifer should reduce up to 50% of the existing wells. Changing the irrigation method from surface to subdroplet irrigation plays an important role in reducing the withdrawal from the aquifer. The results of a study in Iran have shown that the change in the irrigation method from surface to subdroplet irrigation causes a 40% reduction in water use for agriculture.     

Basin Scale Water Resources Systems Modeling Under Cascading Uncertainties

Global change in climate and consequent large impacts on regional hydrologic systems have, in recent years, motivated significant research efforts in water resources modeling under climate change. In an integrated future hydrologic scenario, it is likely that water availability and demands will change significantly due to modifications in hydro-climatic variables such as rainfall, reservoir inflows, temperature, net radiation, wind speed and humidity. An integrated regional water resources management model should capture the likely impacts of climate change on water demands and water availability along with uncertainties associated with climate change impacts and with management goals and objectives under non-stationary conditions. Uncertainties in an integrated regional water resources management model, accumulating from various stages of decision making include climate model and scenario uncertainty in the hydro-climatic impact assessment, uncertainty due to conflicting interests of the water users and uncertainty due to inherent variability of the reservoir inflows. This paper presents an integrated regional water resources management modeling approach considering uncertainties at various stages of decision making by an integration of a hydro-climatic variable projection model, a water demand quantification model, a water quantity management model and a water quality control model. Modeling tools of canonical correlation analysis, stochastic dynamic programming and fuzzy optimization are used in an integrated framework, in the approach presented here. The proposed modeling approach is demonstrated with the case study of the Bhadra Reservoir system in Karnataka, India.     

Assessment of Water Resources Development Projects under Conditions of Climate Change Using Efficiency Indexes (EIs)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Gharanghu multi-purpose reservoir system (East Azerbaijan, Iran) using efficiency indexes (EIs) affected by climate change. At first, the effects of climate change on inflow to the reservoir, as well as changes in the demand volume over a time interval of 30 years (2040–2069) are reviewed. Simulation results show that inflow to the reservoir is decreased in climate change interval compared to the baseline interval (1971–2000), so that comparison of long-term average monthly inflow to the reservoir in climate change interval is reduced about 25% compared to the baseline. Also, water demand in climate change interval will increase, namely volume of water demand for agricultural, drinking and industrial, and environmental in climate change interval is expected to increase by 20%. The simulation results of the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model is used to determine EIs of multi-purpose reservoir system. Next, three scenarios of water supply for climate change interval are introduced to WEAP model, keeping variable of parameter related to water demand volume (based on different percentages of supply) and keeping constant of the parameter related to the volume of inflow to the reservoir. Results show that system EIs in climate change interval will have a disadvantage compared to the baseline. So that, reliability, vulnerability, resiliency and flexibility indexes in climate change interval based on 100% of water supply compared to the baseline will decrease 18%, increase 150%, decrease 33%, and decrease 47%, respectively. These indexes based on 85% of supply compared to the baseline will decrease 12%, increase 75%, decrease 30%, and decrease 39%, respectively. Also, those based on 70% of supply compared to the baseline will decrease 1%, will be without change, decrease 18%, and decrease 18%, respectively. Changes in indexes in future interval indicate the need to manage water resource development projects in the basin.     

Climate Change and Water Resource Availability: An Impact Assessment for Bombay and Madras,India

ABSTRACT

Global climate change associated with rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases may alter regional temperature and precipitation patterns. Such changes could threaten the availability of water resources/Or rapidly growing Third World cities, many of which are already experiencing severe water supply deficiencies. This paper investigates the potential impacts of climate change on water resource availability for two Indian cities, Bombay and Madras. The paper begins by discussing future trends for population growth and water demand in each city. Nat, using climate change scenarios based on three general circulation models (GCMs), the paper assesses how climate change may affect water availability in the two urban regions. The assessment is conducted through the use of a monthly dryness index measuring potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. For each region, the dryness index under “normal” climatic conditions is compared with indexes created using GCM scenarios. The results of this assessment indicate that, unless large increases in regional precipitation accompany climate warming, higher rates of evapotranspiration will mean reduced water availability for both cities. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for water management in Third World cities.     

Integrated Reservoir Management System for Adaptation to Climate Change: The Nakdong River Basin in Korea

This study begins with the premise that current reservoir management systems do not take into account the potential effects of climate change on optimal performance. This study suggests an approach in which multi-purpose reservoirs can adapt to climate change using optimal rule curves developed by an integrated water resources management system. The system has three modules: the Weather Generator model, the Hydrological Model, and the Differential Evolution Optimization Model. Two general circulation models (GCMs) are selected as examples of both dry and wet conditions to generate future climate scenarios. This study is using the Nakdong River basin in Korea as a case study, where water supply is provided from the reservoir system. Three different climate change conditions (historic, wet and dry) are investigated through the compilation of six 60 years long scenarios. The optimal rule curves for three multi-purpose reservoirs in the basin are developed for each scenario. The results indicate that although the rule curve for large-size reservoir is less sensitive to climate change, medium or small-size reservoirs are very sensitive to those changes. We further conclude that the large reservoir should be used to release more water, while small or medium-size reservoirs should store inflow to mitigate severe drought damages in the basin.     

Flood Wave Superposition Analysis Using Quantitative Matching Patterns of Peak Magnitude and Timing in Response to Climate Change

Flood wave superposition (FWS) of upstream and tributary rivers, as a typical compound hydrological event, may lead to considerable downstream flood hazards. In spite of this, the quantitative identification of FWS classification so far remains elusive. In this study, we quantitatively examined the typical matching patterns of FWS based on flood peak magnitude and timing between the upstream and tributary discharge, to evaluate the flood severity for both present-day conditions and future climate projections. The future FWS projection was realized using hydrological modeling coupled with multiple outputs of global climate models (GCMs) under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 emission scenarios. A triple point of discharge stations, including upstream, downstream and tributary stations, located at a river confluence of the Poyang Lake Basin, China, was selected as the study area. The results revealed that the frequency of perfect temporal matching (0-day time lag) of projected peaks between upstream and tributary floods increased from 61% in the reference period to >68% and?>?66% in the future under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. Furthermore, both the future numbers and frequencies of the projected peaks between upstream and tributary floods with both perfect temporal and magnitude matching (the classification associated with the most damage in FWS) would substantially increase across all GCMs under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5. These findings indicate that future FWS is expected to experience increasing severity due to the changing climate under no matter RCP 2.6 or 8.5 emission scenarios. Overall, it is suggested that effective adaptation strategies be developed in order to stagger the timing of upstream and tributary floods in the future.

     

Impacts of climate change on water provisional services in Tungabhadra basin using InVEST Model

Water is one of the most important ecosystem services because it is essential for food and energy production. The Tungabhadra basin, located in peninsular India, has a variety of challenges, including inter-basin water-sharing issues, low agricultural productivity and value, and rising need for renewable energy production. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) water yield model is used to analyze the consequences of climate change on water related services such as water yield and hydropower generation in the densely populated Tungabhadra basin. The impact of climate change on water supply services is studied for the period 1971–2000 as well as the future period 2021–2040. The model is calibrated using streamflow data collected at the Bawapuram gauge station in Telangana and there is a strong correlation between observed and simulated flow. The water yield for the entire basin declined by 33 and 50% under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The RCP 4.5 scenario reduces hydropower production and its Net Present Value (NPV) by 41 to 59%, whereas the RCP 8.5 scenario reduces production and NPV by 56 to 67%. The assessment of ecosystem services at the catchment scale revealed that the basin could be vulnerable to climate change due to a dramatic drop in ecosystem services. The methodology developed in this study can be applied to other river basins where quantifying ecosystem services is critical.     

Response to Late developers and the inequity of “equitable utilization” and the harm of “do no harm” by Kai Wegerich and Oliver Olsson,Water International, 35 (6), 707–717 (November 2010)

Abstract

A strategy is presented for predicting impacts of future climate change on water supply capabilities, which is based on using output from a general circulation model (GCM) developed by the Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma) with a watershed hydrology model and a river/reservoir system management model. The GCM output was used to adjust input to a watershed hydrology model in order to predict the corresponding impacts on streamflows. Output from the watershed model was used to adjust naturalized streamflows in a river/reservoir system management model in order to determine the corresponding impacts on water supply reliabilities. The methodology was applied in an investigation of capabilities for supplying water to the City of Houston and other users in the San Jacinto River Basin of Texas. Historical versus 2040 to 2059 climate scenarios were compared. Study results indicate that long-term mean streamflows under 2040 to 2059 climate conditions were higher than under historical climate due to significant increases in floods and other high flows. However, flows were lower for the future climate scenario during periods of normal and low flows. Seasonal variations in flows were greater with the future climate scenario than the historical climate. Reservoir storage fluctuations increase under future climate. Due to relatively large storage capacities, reliabilities for water supply diversions were improved somewhat under future climate conditions.     

Integrating a Climate Change Assessment Tool into Stakeholder-Driven Water Management Decision-Making Processes in California

There is an emerging consensus in the scientific community that climate change has the potential to significantly alter prevailing hydrologic patterns in California over the course of the 21st Century. This is of profound importance for a system where large investments have been made in hydraulic infrastructure that has been designed and is operated to harmonize dramatic temporal and spatial water supply and water demand variability. Recent work by the authors led to the creation of an integrated hydrology/water management climate change impact assessment framework that can be used to identify tradeoffs between important ecosystem services provided by the California water system associated with future climate change and to evaluate possible adaptation strategies. In spite of the potential impact of climate change, and the availability of a tool for investigating its dimensions, actual water management decision-making processes in California have yet to fully integrate climate change analysis into their planning dialogues. This paper presents an overview of decision-making processes ranked based on the application of a 3S: Sensitivity, Significance, and Stakeholder support, standard, which demonstrates that while climate change is a crucial factor in virtually all water-related decision making in California, it has not typically been considered, at least in any analytical sense. The three highest ranked processes are described in more detail, in particular the role that the new analytical framework could play in arriving at more resilient water management decisions. The authors will engage with stakeholders in these three processes, in hope of moving climate change research from the academic to the policy making arena.     

多模式下泾河上游流域未来降水变化预估

利用站点实测资料、GCMs 月数据对 GCMs 进行秩评分评估排序, 从 21 种 GCMs 模式优选出的 6 种 GCM模式的日数据、6 种 GCM 集成的气候模式、站点实测资料和 NCEP 再分析资料构建统计降尺度模型 SDSM, 预估泾河上游流域的未来降水变化。结果表明: 构建的降尺度模型对降水模拟较为可靠, 率定期各模式决定系数 R2 为 0.228~ 0.324, 标准误差为 0.354~ 0.450, 率定期和验证期模拟月均降水与实测值年内分布相近。在降尺度性能评价中集成模式表现最好。在 RCP 4.5 情景下, 泾河上游流域未来降水大多数模式和集成模式呈增加趋势, 到 2030 年泾河上游流域降水量将增加 4.8% , 且当地的春季雨量会增加, 夏季雨量会减少。     

章水(南康市城区段)旱限水位分析确定

本文以国家防汛抗旱总指挥部、水利部水文局旱限水位确定办法作为标准,对赣江上游一级支流章水中游(南康市城区段)旱限水位作出分析,根据当地实际用水需求及来水量,最终确定该水位值,该水位设置合理,能满足日常用水需求,可作为今后干旱发生时启动干旱应急响应提供基本依据.     

气候变化背景下流域生态需水预估−以好溪流域为例

为探究未来气候变化对流域生态需水量的影响,保障河流生态需水量,针对好溪流域进行生态需水量计算 及预测。基于好溪流域气象数据及下垫面条件建立流域生态需水模型,并根据 GF1-WFV 遥感影像数据订正后的 地表反射率和作物种植结构提升模型模拟精度。选择 CanESM2气候模式下的 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 这 3 种 排放情景,建立气候变化背景下流域生态需水预测方法,计算现状年并预测未来年份的生态需水量及生态需水保 障程度。结果表明,基于光学遥感影像进行数据订正后,模型模拟精度有所提升,率定期的模型精度 R2从 0.80 提 升为 0.85,验证期的 R2从 0.75 提升至 0.78。应用提升精度后的模型进行生态需水预测,在 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 情景下,2025—2100 年的年均生态需水分别增加了 0.27 亿、0.21 亿和 0.29 亿 m3,其中 RCP8.5 情景下生态 需水保障程度最高,RCP4.5 情景下生态需水保障程度最低。