ASM在近底泥沙浓度剖面观测中的应用研究

ASM是现场悬浮物浓度的高分辨率剖面观测仪,在测量悬沙浓度方面具有多点同步的优点。将ASM应用于长江口北槽近底三脚架观测系统,观测近底1m的泥沙浓度剖面。结合同步的OBS实测数据,对比分析了ASM所测浊度数据的可靠性及敏感度。通过对ASM的浊度参数进行含沙量转换的室内标定实验,分析了水体浊度、悬浮物颗粒和浓度间的关系,讨论了泥沙颗粒大小及级配差对ASM观测的影响。结合近底层水沙观测系统,给出了ASM的应用前景,可为基于该仪器的河口海岸滩槽水沙观测及相关研究提供科学依据。     

长江口南槽非均匀细颗粒泥沙起动流速的近似估算

利用文献中的泥沙起动流速公式，推导出非均匀细颗粒泥沙起动流速近似估算公式。采用长江口南槽定点测量涨落潮过程中水深、水面以下lm的流速与近底床悬沙粒径d95资料，拟合该近似估算公式。估算结果表明：近底床悬沙粒径d95小于0．06mm的细颗粒泥沙起动流速值大于已有水槽实验值。     

长江口南槽河道水沙特性及河床沙再悬浮研究

为研究河口地区泥沙在陆海动力共同作用下的再悬浮过程和机制,基于长江口南槽河道连续8 d的水文泥沙同步观测数据,对拦门沙河道潮流速、悬沙浓度、悬沙粒径随时间变化和河床沉积物再悬浮进行了分析研究。结果表明:涨、落潮的水动力和历时存在不对称性;水体悬沙浓度随小潮到大潮的变化而逐渐增加;水体悬沙粒径也随小潮至大潮的变化而不断粗化,但细砂含量略有增加,致使细砂类出现再悬浮现象;一个潮周期内,出现3次悬沙浓度峰值;水体悬沙浓度以及悬沙粒径的变化与流速及底床切应力都有着显著相关性。     

基于ADCP测量的长江口推移质运动速度研究

利用ADCP测量底床推移质运动是近年来水下泥沙研究的新动向。长江河口南港和北港为粉砂-细砂质河床,采用ADCP定点观测方法对其底床推移质运动速度进行研究。结果表明:近底高浓度悬沙对ADCP现场监测推移质运动可能存在一定的影响,但是其影响不随近底悬沙浓度和厚度的变化而变化;床沙普遍运动是利用ADCP底跟踪方法在野外现场监测推移质运动速度的适用条件;南港床沙普遍运动的临界起动流速为1.0m/s,北港床沙普遍运动的临界起动流速为0.9m/s;在满足床沙普遍运动条件下,Va与τsk的2.1次呈幂函数相关,满足水槽实验研究中两者相关性的结果。说明利用ADCP方法估算推移质运动速度合理有效,可用作底沙输运机制现场研究。     

基于ADCP的长江口推移质运动遥测技术研究

利用ADCP底跟踪技术遥测了长江河口北港段推移质运动过程,并对推移质运动状态进行了分段研究。结果表明:无推移质运动状态下,测量误差主要受近底悬沙影响,推移质流速沿水流方向被高估;部分推移质运动状态下,推移质运动视速度与垂线平均流速呈指数相关;普遍推移质运动状态下,两者线性相关显著,且推移质运动速度误差将随流速变化而改变,测量精度主要受脉冲长度和近底悬沙影响。基于ADCP测量数据的推移质单宽输沙率公式合理有效,可以用于河口推移质输沙率的快速定量。     

崇明东滩水文泥沙过程分析

基于2005年9月在崇明东滩采集的现场观测数据,分析了水流和泥沙在潮滩上从光滩到植被区域的不同输运过程。研究结果表明,从光滩到植被带,涨潮和落潮流速逐渐变小,大潮时最大流速由113 cm/s(光滩)减小到8.1 cm/s(植被带);从光滩外侧(靠海)到内侧(靠岸),含沙量逐渐增加,至植被带再减小。潮周期内,流速和水体含沙量变化过程均呈现双峰,峰值出现在涨潮初期和落潮中期,最大含沙量高达7.7kg/m3。测点各潮周期内流速最大值、平均含沙量均与潮汐强弱显著相关。流速增大引起泥沙再悬浮,瞬时含沙量响应流速变化。表层沉积物由光滩外侧(靠海)到内侧逐渐变细,得出泥沙由光滩外侧区域再悬浮,经潮流输移至潮滩内部的泥沙输运模式。分析光滩和植被水沙数据差异表明,植被具有较强的缓流滞沙作用。     

长江口浑浊带近底泥沙浓度变化

基于近底边界层四角架系统观测的水沙过程完整资料,对近底悬浮泥沙浓度的变化及其动力响应关系进行了分析.结果表明:1)近底悬浮泥沙浓度变化过程的特征是多峰性.在一个潮周期内,一般会出现四次明显的悬浮泥沙浓度峰值;2)水体中始终存在一个背景含沙浓度;3)流速的大小并不是决定近底悬浮泥沙浓度大小的唯一决定性因素.潮流加速度、憩流阶段形成的背景泥沙浓度以及床面可供起动的泥沙量同样起重要的作用;4)泥沙浓度变化和动力的响应关系可以归为四类:第一类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而增大)、第一类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而减小)、第二类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而增大)和第二类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而减小).综合分析紊动扩散作用、泥沙的起动和沉降作用及床面泥沙的供应率,对近底层悬浮泥沙浓度和动力响应变化的四个过程进行了详细的解释.     

台风期间长江口南槽近底部沉积动力过程

2017年10月在超强台风"兰恩"发生期间,使用三脚架坐底观测系统在长江口南槽进行了15个潮周期的大潮-小潮的连续观测,获得高精度的盐度、波浪和近底部沉积动力数据。分析表明:台风期间的浪流联合作用控制着南槽的沉积动力过程,实测最大波高为2.1 m,波浪对提高底床切应力有显著贡献;波浪存在明显的涨落潮变化,涨潮阶段有效波高是落潮的1.5～2.7倍,导致涨潮时波浪切应力显著大于落潮;台风对南槽的潮流过程和盐淡水混合程度有明显影响,西北风会抑制涨潮流速并增强水体层化;台风使南槽悬沙浓度显著提高,台风后期近底悬沙浓度高达10 kg/m~3,底床上出现厚度超过1.15 m的浮泥层。     

长江口粗粉砂和极细砂输移特性研究 ——幕式再悬浮和底形运动

在长江口区主航槽中利用悬浮物浓度测定系统(ACP-1)第一次获得了近底紊流“猝发”(burst)和床面泥沙喷发(ejection)的连续时间序列可视图像和数据，同时利用高分辨率流速仪以及旁侧声纳、热敏式双频测深仪等手段获得了大量底形沙波的实测图像和数据。这些图像和数据结果表明长江口南支-南港之间粗粉砂至极细砂在涨落潮流的作用下，呈现静止——细颗粒泥沙起、悬扬——粗颗粒喷发运移的同时进行大尺度底形运动—细颗粒起扬、悬扬—静止的输移循环模式，即当U＜50cm/s，泥沙在底床上基本不运动；50cm/s＜U＜65cm/s，小尺度紊流猝发发生，泥沙开始小尺度起扬，并有幕式猝发现象；65cm/s＜U＜100cm/s时，小尺度紊流猝发强度和持续宽度急剧增大，床面细颗粒泥沙开始喷发导致床面开始冲淤，形成中小尺度沙波；100cm/s＜U＜110cm/s时，大尺度紊流形成，床面粗颗粒泥沙开始喷发；到了U＞110cm/s时，宏观紊流规模更大，床面粗颗粒泥沙的喷发强度和持续宽度急剧增大，导致床面形成大尺度沙波运动。由于U＞110cm/s的落潮流速远远大于涨潮流速，且落潮最大流速达137cm/s，落急(流速＞100cm/s)历时(3小时16分)长，因而发育了大量陡坡朝向下游的大尺度底形沙波，尤其是波长＞10m的大尺度沙波都是朝向落潮流方向；而涨潮最大流速仅113cm/s，涨急(流速＞100cm/s)历时仅约40分钟，因而没有发育朝向上游方向的沙波。     

水—浮泥界面水沙分布及其对浮泥悬扬速率的影响

为探究浮泥层悬扬过程中水-浮泥界面的水沙变化特性,以高岭土为浮泥试样,在环形水槽中测定近底层水流结构和悬沙浓度分布,以此推求浮泥悬扬速率。结果表明:均匀剪切水流作用下水-浮泥界面水沙分布特性是影响浮泥悬扬速率的关键因素;近底层流速与浓度梯度随悬扬时间均呈减小趋势,即交界面处流体的掺混作用使水-浮泥分层流密度差显著减小,界面上浮泥层稳定性减弱,浮泥悬扬速率相应增强;同时考虑浮泥层对交界面处水流结构的影响,以界面实测局部流速代替断面平均流速对悬扬速率的经验公式进行了修正,所得计算结果更为合理。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.