苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究

利用人工模拟降雨试验，定量研究了不同降雨强度（45mm/h、87mm/h、127mm/h）下20°陡坡苜蓿草地的产流产沙变化规律，分析了苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙的水动力学机理。试验结果表明，苜蓿草地累积径流量和累积产沙量与降雨时间呈很好的幂函数关系，随着降雨时间的增大而增大。在45mm/h和87mm/h降雨强度时，草地径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈高-低-稳定的变化趋势，在127mm/h降雨强度时，草地径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈高-低-高的变化趋势。苜蓿草地的水土保持作用通过改变土壤的入渗特性实现，草地坡面入渗率与径流量和产沙量呈明显负线性相关。从水动力学角度对苜蓿草地径流剪切力和单位水流功率与输沙率的关系进行了分析，得出试验条件下苜蓿草地的临界径流剪切力值为2.857N/m2，临界单位水流功率值为0.0114 m/s，输沙率随径流剪切力和单位水流功率的增大而增大。     

三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征试验研究

三峡库区暴雨集中,历时短,强度大,是造成土壤侵蚀的重要因素。为开展对三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征研究,通过建立三峡库区小流域微缩模型,分别实施降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h的3场人工模拟降雨,对小流域模型降雨入渗规律和径流侵蚀过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:径流量均随降雨强度的增加而增加,而降雨强度增加入渗的作用仅在一定范围内是有效的;随着降雨的进行,产流强度和入渗率都趋于稳定状态,入渗率服从对数函数规律,产流强度呈幂函数变化;3场降雨中累计产沙量和累计径流量的关系均满足幂函数形式,含沙量和侵蚀量之间呈较好的线性关系。该研究成果可为这一区域的水土流失防治提供重要的科学依据。     

坡沟系统侵蚀产沙及其耦合关系研究

利用变坡度坡沟系统模型和人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了不同降雨强度下的坡沟系统产流产沙过程,揭示了坡面沟道侵蚀产沙耦合特征。结果表明:坡沟系统累积径流量和累积产沙量与降雨时间呈显著的幂函数关系,随着降雨时间的增大而增大。梁峁坡面来水径流量与沟坡净侵蚀量之间呈幂函数关系,梁峁坡面来水含沙量与沟坡净侵蚀量之间呈反线性相关。从水力学角度对坡沟系统单位水流功率与单宽输沙率的关系进行了分析,得出试验条件下的临界单位水流功率值为0.0043m/s,输沙率随单位水流功率的增大而增大。     

灌木减流减沙效应及其水力学机理试验研究

利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了不同降雨强度下20.陡坡面灌木的减流减沙效应,探讨了灌木保持水土作用的水力学机理.结果表明:在45、90和130 mm/h降雨强度下,灌木地坡面土壤的平均入渗率是裸地坡面入渗率的2.9 ～4.7倍;与裸地相比,灌木地径流流速减少59.4％ ～81.9％,径流量减少61.7％ ～80.6％,产沙量减少95.5％～99.3％;断面比能参数可表征为侵蚀产沙的主导因子,灌木地临界断面比能值为0.13cm,裸地临界断面比能值为0.074cm.研究结果对定量评价灌木减流减沙作用有一定的参考意义.     

喀斯特原生马尾松林下地表径流与土壤侵蚀效应

探索喀斯特马尾松原生林地表径流和土壤侵蚀的的变化规律,对该区的植被类型的水土资源保护利用及生态恢复有着重要的启示意义。利用野外人工模拟降雨实验,在尾松原生林里设置不同坡度(15°、20°和25°)径流小区,监测不同雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下径流和泥沙量的变化。结果表明,喀斯特马尾松土壤的持水率在短时间内较难达到完全饱和;在不同雨强、坡度的条件下,马尾松地表侵蚀产流产沙特征差异明显;相同条件下,产沙量随着雨强及坡度的增大而增大;但产流量在坡度一定时,90 mm/h雨强的累积及总径流量明显高于60、120 mm/h的雨强;不同降雨强度对小于25°坡面的累积径流量影响较小,但当雨强≥90 mm/h,坡面≥25°时累积径流量变化明显。     

植被影响下坡面流阻力变化特征研究

坡面流阻力是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值.利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了在45、87和127mm/h降雨强度下,20°陡坡面裸地、草地和灌木地的坡面流阻力变化特征.结果表明,由于植被覆盖措施的阻滞作用,相对于裸地坡面,草地和灌木地坡面径流阻力系数明显增大.草地和灌木坡面阻力系数分别是裸地坡面的5.58 ～ 7.45倍和5.61 ～6.26倍.不同被覆条件下坡面平均阻力系数与降雨强度关系密切,随降雨强度的增大呈减小趋势.同时,坡面流阻力系数受到降雨强度和下垫面条件发育形态的共同影响.建立了不同被覆坡面的复合非线性阻力系数计算公式,变量系数表明草被覆盖度和降雨强度对坡面流阻力大小有着决定性的影响.该研究对于揭示植被调控坡面产流产沙机理,为生态修复工程建设提供科学依据具有一定的科学意义.     

淮北平原砂姜黑土区坡面产流产沙规律试验模拟

针对淮北地区砂姜黑土土壤侵蚀的问题,利用五道沟实验站人工模拟降雨试验场,开展了三个雨强(40mm/h、60mm/h、80mm/h)及三个坡度(5°、10°、15°)产流产沙实验。结果表明:产流量随降雨历时表现为前期快速增大,中期缓慢增大,后期平稳,其中5°40mm/h产流量整体呈缓慢增长趋势,雨强60mm/h、80mm/h,坡度10°、15°,产流量随坡度增大而基本相同;产沙量随雨强和坡度增大而增大,其中雨强80mm/h,坡度10°、15°在降雨后期产沙量相近;不同坡度,累计产流量、产沙量随降雨时间变化关系呈线性函数关系(R~2 0.97)。     

PAM和PG对土壤入渗及坡面产沙的调控效应

近年来对PAM等高分子材料阻控侵蚀产沙功能的研究日益得到重视，其对丰富水土流失治理基础理论和促进水土保持技术发展具有重要意义。基于野外人工模拟降雨试验，研究了高分子材料PAM和PG对黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤入渗、坡面产沙的调控效应。研究结果表明：在5°、10°、15°黄土坡面上施用PAM、PG可以提高土壤入渗率并缩短达到相对稳渗的时间、减少坡面产沙量，即对入渗、产沙过程均有一定的调节作用；在施用PAM和PG的各种处理中，PAM施用量为2 g/m²的增渗效果最为明显，PAM施用量为2 g/m²和PG施用量为200 g/m²的减沙效果较明显，但在5°和15°坡面上PG施用量为200 g/m²时反而降低了土壤入渗率，这一现象值得进一步研究；施用PAM、PG后没有改变土壤入渗率随降雨历时的变化规律和产沙量对径流量增加的响应规律，土壤入渗率与降雨历时呈二次多项式关系，产沙量随径流量增加呈幂函数增加。     

亚喀斯特林地野外模拟降雨条件下地表径流特征

以贵州省亚喀斯特地区为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨实验的方法,分析不同降雨强度的地表径流效应特征,实验结果表明:降雨过程中任意时间段,雨强越大,地表径流量越大;降雨过程中,雨强为30 mm/h时的径流系数范围为0.0143~0.0407。雨强为75 mm/h时的径流系数范围为0.0093~0.0420。雨强为120 mm/h时的径流系数范围为0.0111~0.0435;侵蚀产沙随降雨历时变化的幅度较地表径流大,产沙量变化曲线呈现明显的不规则波动;雨强为30 mm/h时的产流时间是2.37 min,雨强为75 mm/h时是1.29 min,雨强为120 mm/h时是1.51 min;降雨结束时,累积地表径流量表现为雨强越大,累积地表径流量越大,即雨强为120mm/h时的累积地表径流量最大。以累积地表径流量算出的径流系数,表现为随着雨强的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果表明:在亚喀斯特地区,雨强不同导致地表径流特征不同。该实验结论可为亚喀斯特地区水土保持和生态保护建设等提供一定的理论参考。     

坡面各侵蚀分带的侵蚀特征对降雨雨型的响应

以不同侵蚀带的径流小区为研究对象,统计试验地附近土壤侵蚀观测站6年降雨、径流泥沙观测资料,对浅沟坡面不同侵蚀带侵蚀产沙对降雨雨型的响应,结果表明:随着降雨强度的提高,不同土壤侵蚀分带的径流量均呈增加趋势,且短历时、高强度暴雨在片蚀带、细沟侵蚀带和浅沟侵蚀带的径流量与土壤侵蚀量均最大;不同侵蚀分带径流产沙量呈显著的线性关系;随着降雨强度的增加,浅沟侵蚀带径流产沙量逐渐增大,不同降雨强度下,片蚀带径流产沙量均较小,表明发生坡面侵蚀的主要原因是由于沟蚀的径流产生引起的。在不同降雨雨型下的线性函数方程中,均以A1降雨雨型下三个侵蚀分带回归方程的斜率最大,且土壤侵蚀量与降雨强度之间呈显著的正相关关系。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.