黄河泥沙的絮凝形态学和絮体构造模型问题

从黄河高浊度水在高分子絮凝剂作用下的干扰沉降现象出发，叙述了黄河泥沙颗粒与高分子聚合物链状分子间的吸附作用、黄河泥沙絮凝过程的比表面积模型。结合分形理论在絮凝形态学中的应用，对有限扩散凝聚、弹射凝聚和反应控制凝聚等三种凝聚模型进行了简介，同时讨论了絮体的分形和高分子聚合物的分形。文章对几种分形维数的计算方法作了简介。以黄河泥沙颗粒絮凝后形成的微小絮体为代表，讨论了絮体的构造模型，以及自由沉降和干扰沉降状态下，不同的絮体构造模型及模型的适用可能。     

黄河泥沙架桥絮凝聚集体的分形

处理含沙量在20～30kgm3以上的高浊度水,必须采用高分子絮凝剂进行固-液分离。在这些工艺中架桥絮凝是最常见的颗粒凝聚机理。然而,对有关架桥絮凝体的构造特性知之甚少。本文采用沉降技术并结合黄河泥沙架桥絮凝体的电镜照片,对絮体分形特征进行了研究。从沉降实验数据求得稳定态泥沙絮体质量分维D3=1930±005,这表明絮体具有高度多孔的分形构造。运用分维模型及图像处理技术得到的二维分维值D2证明,如果假定所有的泥沙絮体在层流范围沉降,则会低估了质量分维值。     

PAC为混凝剂时高岭土悬浊液的混凝条件及絮凝体形态学特征

通过显微摄像仪对絮凝体的形成过程及其形态学特性进行了系统的研究.试验结果表明,高岭土悬浊液的最佳混凝pH为7～8,在低投药量时,压缩双电层和吸附电中和是主要的混凝机理,在高投药量条件下,则是卷扫絮凝起主导作用.絮凝体平均粒径和分形维数都随搅拌时间的延长而增大,并最终趋于稳定.在pH=7和以PAC作为混凝剂的条件下,形成的絮凝体最大粒径为0.45 mm,对应的分形维数约为1.68.随着投药量的增大,絮凝体分形维数的变化较小,但絮凝体平均粒径显著增加.当投药量过高时,网扫絮凝作用下的絮体结构松散,抗剪切能力差,絮凝体分形维数略有下降(1.60),但絮凝体平均粒径减小明显,降至0.25 mm左右.     

长江口徐六泾河段洪季中水期悬浮泥沙沉降特性

2007年9月27日至10月5日长江口洪季中水期间,在徐六泾2号水文平台处,结合OBS3A、LISST100(B)和ADCP对该地区的悬浮泥沙在大中小三种不同潮型下进行观测.详细分析了洪季中水期该处悬浮絮凝体沉降特性,结果表明不同潮差会对絮凝体的特性产生较大的影响,在相同絮凝体粒径下,大潮差时絮凝体有效密度和沉降速度都是小潮差时絮凝体的1.5倍,整个测量期间沉降速度约为0.5～3.0mm/s.针对目前利用分形学研究泥沙沉降特性的成果结合本文结果可知徐六泾处絮凝体质量分形维数约为2.5,并且由于泥沙形状及分布不均的影响泥沙沉降特性的系数约为0.43～0.5.     

高分子絮凝剂下泥沙絮体结构的分形特性

在黄河泥沙高浓度悬浊液中投加高分子絮凝剂,架桥絮凝沉降实验与电镜实验研究表明,絮体结构的形成与生长具有分形特性。借助分形数学理论中特征参数“分维D”定量分析了高分子种类、高分子的分子量、不同投加剂量与浓度下絮体结构的分形特性及其构型特征,讨论了高分子絮凝剂的架桥絮凝机理以及高分子絮凝剂在含沙高浊水中的分形行为,为含沙高浊水中高分子絮凝剂的正确选择提供了一种新的思路。     

黄河原水絮体分形及分形维数研究

水的混凝处理过程中,絮凝体的结构具有分形构造特征,直接影响着水处理的固液分离效果,若絮凝体较为密实,形态结构紧凑,则易于沉降.依据分形理论,以郑州段黄河原水为研究对象,借助电子显微镜和图像分析系统,考察了絮凝体分形维数与混凝剂投量、沉后水浊度、UV254、CODMn之间的关系.结果表明,絮体分形维数的变化能够很好地反映絮凝程度及处理效果,可作为自来水厂进行混凝控制的参数.     

黄河高浊度水的絮凝形态学特性

在黄河泥沙高浓度悬浊液中投加阳型高分子聚合物进行沉降试验时，借助电镜观察、图像分析技术与“分维”特征参数，探讨了不同絮凝阶段含沙高浊水絮凝形态学参数的变化规律。结果表明：分形絮体的粒径呈广义的正态分布；絮体自由沉速的变化规律不能用传统的Stokes定律解释；不同泥沙浓度对应的絮凝形态学特性的发展变化规律相似；理想絮体分形结构出现在絮凝过程的中间时段，此时，絮体粒度分布集中、密实程度高、孔隙率小、沉速快、分维值最大。     

泥沙絮团结构的试验研究综述

承接《泥沙研究》2015(5)黏性泥沙絮团强度的试验综述,絮团结构与絮团强度密切相关,是动水条件下表现出的絮团强度的微观解释。絮团结构,即絮团内部链接键的数量、强度和链接方式。总结了以往絮凝试验研究中对于絮团结构的量化描述以及相应研究进展。     

三维分形絮团沉降的格子Boltzmann模拟

黏性泥沙絮团的形成机理和沉降特性对河口海岸细颗粒泥沙运动规律研究具有重要作用。为了从微观结构出发研究絮团运动机理，由扩散受限絮凝体聚集模型生成不同大小的分形絮团，引入格子Boltzmann方法模拟三维分形絮团的静水沉降，获得了絮团沉速的变化过程。比较格子Boltzmann算法模拟结果与采用盒子计数分维数的 Winterwerp絮团沉速公式，发现二者有较好的一致性，表明格子Boltzmann模拟方法可应用于河口海岸环境中的黏性泥沙运动研究。     

强化絮凝工艺中絮凝体特征参数分析与研究

通过对混凝反应过程中絮凝体特征参数,即粒径分布、平均粒径、分形维数的分析,进行强化絮凝网格与普通网格絮凝型式的比较,从而对絮凝过程中强化絮凝网格的微涡旋及动力学控制指标对絮凝体形成的影响给出定量描述,并以此为基础优化絮凝网格技术,改善混凝处理效果,实现1 NTU的沉后水浊度控制目标。     

黄河泥沙架桥絮凝体分形结构的动态演变研究

黄河泥沙架桥絮凝试验研究表明 ,剪切絮凝条件下泥沙絮凝体的最佳絮凝结构只能维持一段时间。在整个剪切絮凝过程中 ,泥沙絮凝体的分形结构从疏松多孔、开放的分枝状DLCA构造 ,逐步演变到密实的最佳RLCA构造后 ,又开始呈现疏松脆弱结构。絮凝体分维值上升至某一值后 ,又以微小的幅度下降。停止搅拌后 ,泥沙絮凝体粒径能在瞬间长大 ,但絮团结构脆弱稀疏 ,分维值低     

Influence of floc structure on membrane permeability in the coagulation-MF process.

The relation between floc structure and membrane permeability was studied in a coagulation-MF hybrid process. The floc structure changed with operating parameters in the coagulation process and was quantified with fractal dimension (dF). The concentration ratio between suspended colloids and injected coagulant had an essential effect on dF of coagulated flocs. Larger flocs with low fractal dimension were produced for ALT (aluminum ion concentration dosed/suspended particle concentration) between 0.4 and 0.8. Flocs maintained stable characteristics at the coagulation period of over 20 minutes. Membrane permeability was improved with coagulated flocs of lower fractal dimension, which tend to have higher porosity and aggregate relatively loosely. These more porous flocs reduce specific resistance of coagulated flocs. The relation between membrane filterability and fractal dimension of flocs was explored in a submerged MF hybrid system as well as in a batch unstirred cell filtration.     

PDMDAAC协同处理地表水絮体分形维数研究

试验分别选用聚合铁(PFS)与聚合铝(PAC)处理地表原水,以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为助凝剂,考察PDMDAAC助凝后絮体形态变化,絮体图像用显微摄像系统分析,计算絮凝体的分形维数。结果表明:在郑州市东风渠原水处理中,投加无机絮凝剂35 mg/L、PDMDAAC 1.0 mL/L,PDMDAAC助凝效果显著,浊度明显降低,絮体密实;协同PFS处理后絮体的一维分形维数由1.099 6增大到1.140 4,二维分形维数由1.520 9增大到1.544 3;协同PAC处理前后絮体的一维分形维数由1.038 0增大到1.046 8,二维分形维数由1.303 2增大到1.394 6;絮体大小和密实度可以从形态学方面进行量化,一维、二维分形维数均可以,二维分形维数更切合实际。     

The effects of starvation on physical characteristics of flocs in SBR for treating saline wastewater.

This study focused on the effects of starvation on physical characteristics of flocs in SBR for treating saline wastewater. Feeding was stopped for 5 and 15 days. A time response of the floc to these starvation periods was monitored as well as the removal efficiencies of pollutants. Correlation between the physical characteristics of flocs and settling of sludge was conducted. As the starvation periods were increased, there was a shift in the floc size distribution from a high proportion of large flocs to the development of small size flocs. The fractal dimension of flocs also decreased, as starvation periods were increased. From the results, the effect of starvation on SBR treating saline wastewater can be ordered as follows: COD Mn removal < floc size and fractal dimension < T-N removal < T-P removal.     

长江黄河含沙量垂线分布的分形研究

为了从流体内部结构入手分析挟沙水流含沙量分布,以长江、黄河实测资料为例,从分形标度的角度出发,探讨了天然河道含沙量垂线分布的规律。研究结果表明：天然河道含沙量垂线分布呈二阶累计和变维分形现象,分维数可以反映含沙量垂线分布的均匀程度,分维数越大,含沙量垂线分布越均匀;长江含沙量垂线分布的分维数（绝对值）要小于黄河的分维数,并且同一条河道的不同位置分维数不同;含沙量垂线分布的分维数大小与泥沙粒径、水深等有关。     

黏性泥沙不等速沉降絮凝的格子Boltzmann模拟

建立黏性泥沙运动的三维格子Boltzmann模型,对黏性泥沙不等速沉降絮凝过程进行全尺度直接数值模拟,从微观角度分析了泥沙颗粒不等速沉降形成的絮团特性和絮团成长过程。模拟结果与已有实验结果一致。模拟结果还表明,不等速沉降时不同泥沙浓度条件下形成的絮团若大小相近则沉降速度接近,但泥沙浓度对水体中泥沙总体平均沉速有明显影响,泥沙浓度越高,泥沙平均沉速越大,主要是因为泥沙浓度越大,颗粒之间越容易发生碰撞而形成更大、更多的絮团。     

HYDRODYNAMICS OF FRACTAL FLOCS DURING SETTLING

The settling and hydrodynamic properties of 3-D fractal flocs in quiescent water are investigated with a numerical model based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), with considering the settling velocity, hydrodynamic drag force and infra-floc flow. The comparisons of floc settling velocities and effective densities indicate that the numerical results present good agreements with observations in field and at laboratory. The results show that the drag force FD increases with the floc size df according to the relationship FD∝df3. Moreover, the intra-floc flow field and movement of the pore water provide a better understanding of the intra-floc flow from the microscopic viewpoint. The results also indicate that the lattice Boltzmann method is a promising approach to reveal the mechanisms of the flocculation in aquatic environments.     

Bacterial composition of activated sludge--importance for floc and sludge properties.

Activated sludge flocs consist of numerous constituents which, together with other factors, are responsible for floc structure and floc properties. These properties largely determine the sludge properties such as flocculation, settling and dewaterability. In this paper we briefly review the present knowledge about the role of bacteria in relation to floc and sludge properties, and we present a new approach to investigate the identity and function of the bacteria in the activated sludge flocs. The approach includes identification of the important bacteria and a characterization of their physiological and functional properties. It is carried out by use of culture-independent molecular biological methods linked with other methods to study the physiology and function, maintaining a single cell resolution. Using this approach it was found that floc-forming properties differed among the various bacterial groups, e.g. that different microcolony-forming bacteria had very different sensitivities to shear and that some of them deflocculated under anaerobic conditions. In our opinion, the approach to combine identity with functional analysis of the dominant bacteria in activated sludge by in situ methods is a very promising way to investigate correlations between presence of specific bacteria, and floc and sludge properties that are of interest.