绵竹市清平乡塌洞沟泥石流发育特征及成因机制分析

清平乡塌洞沟受"5·12"地震影响,沟域内产生了大量松散物源,在暴雨等诱发条件下已爆发多次泥石流灾害。通过对该泥石流沟的详细调查,将沟域分为形成流通区及堆积区,并研究各区段冲淤特征及该泥石流的堆积特征,并对其成因机制进行分析。     

四川绵竹走马岭沟特大泥石流成因及防治措施

为进一步研究泥石流成灾机理,采取有针对性的防治措施,对四川绵竹市清平乡走马岭沟“8.13”特大泥石流灾害成因进行了分析。结果表明：震区异常丰富的固体物源、短时强降雨、陡峻的地形条件以及汇水环境是该次特大泥石流形成的主要原因。在分析了此次泥石流的动力学特征及其危害性的基础上,针对走马岭沟现有物源及潜在泥石流隐患,提出了“固源+拦挡+排导+停淤”的综合治理方案,主要通过谷坊坝的固坡压脚、拦砂坝的拦挡、防冲墙的引流、停淤场的停淤作用来达到良好的治理效果。     

天水市龙王沟泥石流成因和运动特征及危害性

龙王沟是威胁天水市区的一条重要泥石流沟,历史上曾多次暴发泥石流,对下游居民造成了严重威胁。在对龙王沟实地跟踪调查的基础上,划分了龙王沟泥石流4区的特征,从物源储量、降雨等多个因素方面分析了龙王沟泥石流的形成条件,并计算了不同频率下龙王沟泥石流的容重、流量、流速及冲出量等动力学参数,可为龙王沟泥石流的治理提供参考。     

康定市牛棚子沟泥石流发育特征及动力学过程模拟

牛棚子沟位于四川省康定市大渡河左岸,沟口为土地复垦区,2020年8月暴发泥石流。经现场勘察,牛棚子沟流域内物源丰富,沟口排导条件极差,仍具备暴发大规模泥石流的可能性。笔者采用规范公式计算了牛棚子沟泥石流的动力学参数,分析了泥石流的成灾特征。使用基于有限体积法的CFX软件,模拟了牛棚子沟可能暴发的泥石流在沟口的运动、堆积过程。模拟结果显示20 a一遇降雨泥石流堆积面积为1.70×10⁴ m²,最大堆积宽度为250 m,沟口居民将遭受重大威胁,既有排导槽设计不合理。将模拟结果与实测堆积范围对比,计算得出模拟结果精度为88.3%,并根据模拟结果提出了针对性的防治措施建议。     

清平“8.13”特大泥石流河道应急排险

通过对清平文家沟"8.13"特大山洪泥石流的形成原因进行分析,说明其发生泥石流的必然性和对绵远河清平段的巨大危害性。提出了河道的排险治理措施,并开展了河道排险施工,减少了泥石流继续对清平场镇及乡村的危害,取得了较好的经济和社会效果。     

汶川县肖家沟泥石流物源演变及冲出规模研究

为研究强震区泥石流流域内物源演化特征并预测其冲出规模特征,以映秀镇肖家沟为研究对象,利用搜集到的4期高清遥感影像和DEM数据,结合ArcGIS技术对肖家沟流域内的崩滑体进行详细的解译。通过统计分析得出其震后多年间的物源演变规律及特征。结果表明:未来3～5 a间,在没有强降雨等外力作用的条件下,肖家沟的物源状态会持续呈现衰减趋势,并最终达到稳定状态。但现场调查表明:现阶段沟内仍存有大量沟道物源及少量崩滑物源,而且该沟的地貌在地震、山洪、泥石流的下切冲蚀作用下,更有利于水动力条件的形成,进而诱发物源的起动,这也在一定程度上降低了泥石流暴发的临界雨强,因此在持续性强降雨的作用下仍有暴发泥石流的可能性,仍需要加强泥石流的预警、防治及活动性预测等研究工作。运用FLO-2D软件模拟不同频率条件下的泥石流的冲出特征,结果显示:在5%,2%的降雨频率条件下,肖家沟泥石流将造成河流的部分淤塞,但均不会造成堵江,而在1%的降雨频率的条件下将造成堵江。     

清平“8.13”特大泥石流河道排险 应急治理施工

通过对清平文家沟“8. 13”特大山洪泥石流形成原因的分析，说明其发生泥石流的必然性和 对绵远河清平段的巨大危害性。提出河道的排险治理措施，并开展河道排险施工，减少泥石流继续对 清平场镇及乡村的危害，取得了较好的经济和社会效果。     

四川省雅江县恶古泥石流沟作为某水电站堆渣场地的研究

四川省雅江县恶古沟为雅砻江一级支流,流域水系复杂,支沟发育,沟口向里约1km处的狭长地带拟选定为某水电站堆渣场。恶古沟为衰退期的泥石流沟,在暴雨情况下可能暴发小~中等规模泥石流,对于沟口水电站堆渣区构成危害。本文通过对恶古沟沟谷特征、泥石流形成条件、发展趋势及对于沟口渣场的危害等方面综合分析后认为,在采取适当的防护措施后,沟口渣场具备堆放条件。     

白路沟稀性泥石流发育特征及其发展趋势分析

白路沟位于成都平原与川西高原过渡区,沟域汇水面积大,沟底纵坡陡.本文在研究区地质、地貌、水文地质、气候和人为活动等调查基础之上,对泥石流的形成条件、冲淤特征进行了分析,并对泥石流发展趋势进行了探讨.根据研究区泥石流物源丰富,长时间降雨或集中暴雨等特点,白路沟评定为特大型易活动区泥石流.白路沟泥石流一旦暴发势必对沟口的居民、相关建(构)筑物的安全、工程的正常运行构成严重的威胁,本文可为流域的综合治理提供科学依据.     

客基沟泥石流形成条件与动力特征

客基沟为一老泥石流沟,受汶川地震的影响,沟内存在大量松散固体物质,潜在危害性大。在分析流域概况及泥石流形成区、流通区和堆积区基本特征的基础上,对客基沟形成泥石流的地形、水源、物源三个基本条件进行深入论述,分析计算泥石流的重度、流速、流量、固体冲出量、冲压力等动力学参数,预测客基沟泥石流发生几率较大,暴发类型属中型暴雨型稀性沟谷泥石流。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.