正挑丁坝区鱼类栖息地水力生境指标分布特征数值模拟

丁坝区鱼类栖息地研究对河流生态保护具有重要意义,基于三维水流数学模型,探讨了正挑丁坝区鱼类栖息地水力生境指标的分布特征,结果表明：（1）水流流速随弗劳德数Fr的增大而增大,坝后回流区宽度逐渐减小,主流区沿程从急变流变为渐变流,并逐渐恢复为均匀流;（2）主流区和回流区流速梯度G较小,G>2的区域主要集中在水槽左右两岸和丁坝坝头附近,横断面上G随弗劳德数Fr的增大而减小;（3）丁坝上游至下游剖面动能梯度M的分布特征与G相似,M高值区出现在水槽右岸及坝头附近相对槽宽B⁺=0.25～0.40区段,但水槽左岸的M值较小且沿程变化不大;（4）丁坝上游流速适宜度S_u随Fr的增大而减小,丁坝和丁坝下游断面S_u随Fr的增大而增大;丁坝下游回流区的S_u较小,一般不超过0.3,而主流区的S_u可能超过0.8,表明该区域鱼类产卵栖息条件较好。研究结果可为丁坝区鱼类资源保护和生态航道工程建设提供参考。     

基于FLUENT的丁坝回流区数值模拟

利用FLUENT中的k-ε湍流模型和VOF模型,对非淹没的圆头、拐头和梯形丁坝回流区流场进行了数值模拟。首先将文献试验与模型计算进行了对比,结果吻合良好。然后进一步对不同类型丁坝进行了模拟。计算结果表明,不同类型丁坝的坝后回流区范围不同,圆头坝坝后回流区范围最大(涡长和涡宽),拐头坝次之,梯形坝最小。同一丁坝下,随着水深增加,圆头坝和拐头坝坝后回流区范围减小,且越接近水面减小越慢;梯形坝由于有坡度,结果与前两个丁坝结果相反。     

护岸式铅丝笼丁坝挑角的选择

通过室内模型试验,研究了不同挑角时丁坝附近的水流结构、坝后回流区及自由水面的变化情况,以及不同挑角丁坝附近局部冲淤变化的规律。结果表明:随着丁坝挑角的增大,坝上游流速减小区范围扩大,坝头流速变幅增大,坝后回流区长度和宽度均有所增大,坝头水面比降也增大;结合实际工程经验,建议护岸式铅丝笼丁坝的挑角宜设计为下挑45°。     

透空潜坝附近水流特性的数值模拟

透空式潜坝是一种兼顾生态和环境的新型整治建筑物。为深入了解透空潜坝附近水流特性,基于N-S方程和不可压缩气液两相流理论建立三维数值水槽,对梯形透空式潜坝附近水流特性进行数值模拟,研究了透空率、水深和流速对潜坝附近流场、紊动能和涡量等水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同水流条件下,随着透空率的增大,坝后回流流速减小,坝后根部紊动强度逐渐增大,而坝后1~4倍坝高范围内紊动强度逐渐减小,涡量先增大后减小。透空率不变情况下,在相同断面平均流速条件下随着水深增大,透水率逐渐减小,潜坝附近紊动强度整体减小,但紊动范围变化不大,坝顶强涡量区面积减小。在相同水深条件下随着断面平均流速增大,涡旋回流强度逐渐增大,潜坝附近高紊动区紊动强度整体也增大, 坝体顶侧和透水圆孔附近正负涡量间隔分布,强度逐渐增大。     

水力坡度对淹没单丁坝近区水流结构的影响

采用超声波水位和PIV流速测量技术,在U形水槽中试验研究了不同水力坡度下淹没单丁坝对水流的影响。同一水力坡度,丁坝上游横比降沿程逐渐增大,丁坝下游横比降沿程逐渐减小。不同水力坡度,随着水力坡度的增大:① 丁坝附近的水位、横比降、淹没程度和丁坝迎水面与背水面的水位差逐渐减小;② 丁坝上游最高水位位置向下移动,丁坝下游水位恢复点位置向上移动;③ 断面平均流速及最大流速逐渐增大,但最大流速出现的位置基本不变;④ 漩涡流速分布较相似,但漩涡强度增加,坝后漩涡中心逐渐向下游对岸移动。当水槽坡度为-1‰~1‰时,淹没丁坝对丁坝上方5 cm处的剖面水流影响较小;当水槽坡度为2‰时,淹没丁坝对丁坝上方5 cm处的剖面水流影响较大;当水槽坡度为1‰~2‰时,淹没丁坝对水流结构的影响可能存在1个临界变化点。研究结果有助于对河床演变及海岸工程等复杂水环境问题的深入探索。     

桩柱透水丁坝水流特性试验研究

在前人研究的基础上,结合室内试验,对桩柱透水丁坝附近水流特性进行了探讨.由不同透水率的丁坝试验结果,绘制透水丁坝附近流场分布图,得出透水丁坝的流场分布规律,分析了平轴螺旋流产生的机理,并给出了透水丁坝附近流场分区划分方法.同时发现坝后回流随着丁坝透水率的增大而逐渐消失,缓流状态下,透水率在20%-30%之间时,透水丁坝坝后回流现象消失,随之出现了一个流速减小区.通过量纲分析给出了该流速减小区长度的计算公式,公式与试验数据拟合良好.     

梯形透水潜坝三维水流特性的数值模拟

基于OpenFOAM开源程序包,对4种透空率(0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4)潜坝的三维流场进行数值模拟,研究了透空率和流量对透水潜坝周围三维水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同流量条件下,随着透空率增大,坝后回流减弱,上升流高度降低,缓流区范围减小,涡量减小,坝体腔内及坝后透水圆孔附近紊动能增大;相同透空率条件下,随着流量增大,坝后缓流区范围增大,回流逐渐减弱,掺混紊动作用加剧,涡量及紊动能的大小和影响范围也逐渐增大。     

水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率的变化规律研究

为了研究水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率变化的规律,采用ANSYS FLUENT 15. 0,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型,对不同透水率下透水丁坝周围的流场进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,透水丁坝坝体前后压差随透水率的增大逐渐减小,上游坝根处压强最大,坝头下游侧附近压强最小,坝根和坝头部位易发生水毁。回流强度随着透水率的增大逐渐减弱。当透水率达到40%时,回流基本消失,坝后为一个缓流区。不同透水率下水槽同一横断面处流速分布规律相似。随着离丁坝侧河岸距离的增加可划分为流速缓慢增大区、流速迅速增大区和流速稳定区。随着透水率的增大,主流区流速逐渐减小,坝后作用区流速逐渐增大。研究成果能够为透水率这一重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供参考,实际应用中推荐透水率为30%。     

非淹没复式断面丁坝区的流速分布规律

复式断面丁坝是常见的航道整治建筑物。通过室内水槽试验开展非淹没复式断面丁坝流速分布规律研究。结果表明①表层合流速高速区主要出现在一级丁坝坝头下游外侧,二级丁坝长度b₂对高速区流速大小及平面分布形态具有明显影响,而弗劳德数Fr只影响高速区流速大小,表层横向流速平面分布接近扇形,最大横流可达试验流速的0.45倍;②横断面上纵向流速高速区位于一级丁坝坝头附近,强横流区位于二级丁坝前缘,均呈带状分布,b₂越大,带宽越小,高速区分布更为集中;③纵剖面上纵向流速最大值出现在丁坝下游靠近水面附近,其沿程位置随b₂的增大而上移,横向流速呈先增大后减小的变化,最大值出现在丁坝附近靠近槽底的部位,强横流区呈枫叶型分布。研究结果可为航道整治工程设计和丁坝水毁保护等提供参考。     

透水丁坝局部冲淤规律试验研究

试验研究了透水丁坝附近河床的冲淤特性,绘制了这一区域的等高线图,分别对不同透水率的透水丁坝附近河床冲淤后的纵向断面、横向断面以及坝轴断面各点高程变化进行了比较.结果表明,透水丁坝的最大冲刷深度小于不透水丁坝,但其下游侧有冲刷槽,其深度从坝根到坝头差距不大,且该冲槽宽度随透水率的增大而增大;透水丁坝对河床的有效影响长度比同样坝长的不透水丁坝略长,最大淤积高程则更高,透水率为30%时的影响长度最大.说明透水丁坝在自身防护和保护范围两方面均优于不透水丁坝.     

Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)

The demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q₅₀ flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q₉₀ flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q₅₀ method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN APPROACH IN MODELING TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTIALLY CAVITATING FLOW

1. INTRODUCTIONCavitation is a phenomenon that widely occurs in liquids. When the flow leads to the local pressure below the saturation vapor pressure of water (the fluid medium, in our research), usually incipient cavitation firstly occurs on the solid b…     

中小型泄水工程利用附着混合流消能问题的探讨

本文介绍了混合流的概念，结合某一中型水库的试验，观测了混合流在抬高尾水时的下游流态。流速分布的变化规律以及对消能效果的影响。从而说明了低水头泄洪建筑物利用挑流消能有更多的可能性。     

台阶式溢流坝中小流量流态改善方式研究

台阶式溢流坝有显著的掺气效果和消能效果,目前在中小型工程中广泛应用。但是台阶式溢流坝在小流量浅水深的工况下,坝面上流态较差,呈现跌流或者过渡流态,容易形成水翅和水流跃离现象。为了解决上述问题,本文结合某工程通过水工模型试验研究对台阶起始端的体型进行优化,结果表明优化方案能够很好地改善较小流量时的过渡流态。     

Application of the ‘natural flow paradigm’ in a New Zealand context

The natural flow paradigm (NFP) emphasizes the need to partially or fully maintain or restore the range of natural intra‐ and interannual variation of hydrologic regimes to protect native biodiversity and the evolutionary potential of aquatic, riparian and wetland ecosystems. Based on our studies of natural and managed flow regimes in New Zealand, we do not believe that all components of the natural flow regime are necessary to achieve the objectives of the NFP, either partially or fully, because many aquatic species have very flexible niches and life‐history requirements (i.e. there is ‘ecological redundancy’). Obviously, maintaining the natural flow regime will maintain the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions necessary for sustaining natural ecosystems. However, if there is adequate knowledge of what ‘values’ need to be maintained in a waterway, and the aspects of the flow regime that are required to maintain those values are also known, then regimes can be designed that target these requirements and thus optimize conditions for the ‘values’. We believe that an assessment of ecosystem requirements using information on river processes together with habitat requirements and life‐history strategies of biota can achieve the best balance between resource use and sustaining ecosystem function and value, and show examples where changes to natural flow regimes have maintained, or even improved, instream values in some New Zealand rivers. We caution that simple flow‐based rules, such as those that might be developed under the NFP, could be unnecessarily restrictive on multiple use of water in New Zealand while, at the same time, preclude the opportunity for enhancement of key ecosystem values in many waterways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ON THE CALCULATION OF FLOW OVER AND THROUGH A ROCK-FILL DAM

1.INTRODUCTIONInthedesignofanovertoppedrock--filldam,oneofthemajortasksistodecidethesizeofthedownstreamprotection.Theovertoppedrock--filldamismadeofporousmedia,thereforethewaterwillpenetrateintothedamfromtheupperfaceandemergeoutofitfromthelowerpart,whileitflowsoverthedam.Hence,theprotectionissubjectedtotheactionofboththeoverflowandtheseepageflow,andneitherofthemcanbenegligible.Inthiscase,theflowfieldconsistsoftwoparts:theopenflowandtheseepageflow,whichhavedifferentproperties.Infact,forthe…     

无旋流研究

本文将变分法和流网相结合,从理论上证明了无旋流条件下流量达到极大值,并总结出流量达到极大值时,下游流动的两种表现形式:临界流和均速流。文中给出了下游流动分别为临界流和均速流两种情况下的7个实例。在无旋流条件下,应用本文的结果可以进行如下两种情况的计算:(1)利用求极大值来求流量;(2)当流量已知时,如果下游流动为临界流,则可求水深及流速;如下游流动为均速流,则可求流速等。     

直槽流动失稳过程数值模拟的可视化

本文利用计算机可视化的方法对直槽流动的数值模拟结果进行了处理，得到了若干组显示涡量场和涡管运动变化的计算机动画，通过对这些直观的动画进行分析，发现了直槽流动失稳的一些现象，对于流动稳定性的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

低含沙水流运动特性综述

本文着重综述了清水水流、挟沙水流的流速分布动特性、能量间分配关系等流动现象的内部规律，并系统分析比较了它们的异同，文中还兼论了卡门常数。