钯/竹炭催化剂的制备及表征

采用H₂O₂和HClO₄对竹炭进行改性,并用氧化负载法(以H₂O₂和 NaClO 为氧化剂)改进金属钯在载体竹炭上的负载,制备出钯/竹炭催化剂(Pd/BC)。经对湿地松松香的歧化反应试验,并与市售钯/炭(Pd/C)催化剂比较,结果表明,以H₂O₂和HClO₄体积比1:1混合溶液改性竹炭,并以H₂O₂和NaClO体积比5:1混合氧化剂负载钯所得Pd/BC-17催化剂具有较高的催化活性,催化活性优于含钯量 5% 的市售Pd/C催化剂。     

浸渍法制备SO42-/TiO2-La2O3及其光催化氧化性能

不同硫酸浓度条件下,利用浸渍法处理TiO₂-La₂O₃,制得系列固体超强酸SO₄^2-/TiO₂-La₂O₃。通过XRD、FT-IR、TG-DTA和UV-Vis表征,揭示SO₄^2-/TiO₂-La₂O₃的微观结构和内在规律性。以邻硝基苯酚为探针反应,考察SO₄^2-/TiO₂-La₂O₃光催化性能。结果表明,SO₄^2-/TiO₂-La₂O₃的光催化活性明显高于TiO₂-La₂O₃,SO₄^2-/TiO₂-La₂O₃的催化活性取决于H₂SO₄浓度,浸渍液中H₂SO₄的合适浓度为0.5 mol·L^-1,掺杂La₂O₃适宜的物质的量分数为0.5%,最佳焙烧温度为500 ℃。     

US/H2O2系统协同降解苯酚的动力学研究

超声波/过氧化氢（US/H₂O₂）复合氧化过程在废水处理领域有很广泛的应用前景，但在动力学方面的研究很少，为此研究了US/H₂O₂工艺降解苯酚的动力学.结果表明，苯酚在单独超声波辐射（US）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化和超声波/过氧化氢（US/H₂O₂）协同下的降解均符合表观一级动力学.在单独的超声波辐射或者过氧化氢氧化下苯酚去除率很小，而在复合氧化过程US/H₂O₂工艺中有显著的提高，表明协同效应存在.苯酚去除的速率常数增强因子可达到6.904.进一步从US/H₂O₂系统中存在US、H₂O₂和羟基自由基（•OH）3部分协同作用的降解机理，推导出了简化的机理动力学模型，很好地反应过氧化氢浓度过量条件下苯酚的降解.     

工艺条件对Ni/Al2O3和Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备γ-Al₂O₃载体和不同Ce添加量的CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体,然后用浸渍法制备Ni负载质量分数10%的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床微反装置中考察了反应温度、原料气配比和CH₄空速等工艺条件对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,添加Ce的催化剂催化性能有较大提高,在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,反应温度750 ℃时, CH₄转化率94.3％,与Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,提高20％。Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的CH₄转化率均随反应温度的升高而增大。原料气中n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的增加均能提高各催化剂的CH₄转化率。但n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的变化对各催化剂的催化性能的影响不同。随着n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)的增大,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）降低,n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)升高;而n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)增大时,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均升高。随着CH₄空速的增加,Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂上CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均较大程度下降;而在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,随着CH₄空速的增加,CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n(CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)变化不大。     

动态UV-vis/H2O2/草酸铁络合物法光解苯胺

UV -vis/H₂ O₂ /草酸铁络合物法是一种高级氧化工艺 ,这个工艺产生的羟自由基·OH是一种很强的氧化剂 ,能很快和水中有机物发生反应 .以苯胺为处理对象对该法的氧化能力和效果进行了研究 ,并确定了降解苯胺的最佳工艺条件 :pH =3 .5 ,Fe^{2 +} ∶H₂ O₂ ∶C₂ O^{2 -}₄ ≈ 1∶4∶6 (mole) .UV -vis/H₂ O₂ /草酸铁络合物法处理高浓度苯胺水样非常有效 ,12min内苯胺去除率均在 99%以上 .流动法处理苯胺模拟废水的效果明显好于静态法     

动态UV-vis / H2O2 / 草酸铁络合物法光解苯胺

UV -vis/H₂ O₂ /草酸铁络合物法是一种高级氧化工艺 ,这个工艺产生的羟自由基·OH是一种很强的氧化剂 ,能很快和水中有机物发生反应 .以苯胺为处理对象对该法的氧化能力和效果进行了研究 ,并确定了降解苯胺的最佳工艺条件 :pH =3 .5 ,Fe^{2 +} ∶H₂ O₂ ∶C₂ O^{2 -}₄ ≈ 1∶4∶6 (mole) .UV -vis/H₂ O₂ /草酸铁络合物法处理高浓度苯胺水样非常有效 ,12min内苯胺去除率均在 99%以上 .流动法处理苯胺模拟废水的效果明显好于静态法     

铜锰氧化物水煤气变换催化剂的还原与催化性能

以CuSO₄·5H₂O和MnSO₄·H₂O为前驱物,NaOH为沉淀剂,选用共沉淀工艺,添加Al₂O₃、BaO+Al₂O₃、ZrO₂+Al₂O₃或CeO₂+Al₂O₃粉末作为催化助剂,制备了4种铜锰氧化物水煤气高温变换催化剂。X射线衍射分析表明,4种铜锰氧化物催化剂的主要化学成分为氧化铜和氧化锰系化合物以及锰钡、铜锰和铜锰铝复合氧化物;在催化水煤气变换反应(WGSR)后,4种铜锰氧化物的化学成分发生了变化。H2还原实验结果表明,在4种铜锰氧化物中,添加ZrO₂+Al₂O₃的铜锰氧化物H₂还原效率最好;而添加CeO₂+Al₂O₃的铜锰氧化物H2还原效率最小。对WGSR出口气中CO体积分数进行对比分析可知,分别添加Al₂O₃和CeO₂+Al₂O₃铜锰氧化物催化剂的变换活性较好。     

酸性离子液体中苯甲醇催化氧化合成苯甲醛

在没有任何有机溶剂和卤素的条件下，以30%H₂O₂为氧化剂，Na₂WO₄·2H₂O为催化剂，在酸性离子液体[(CH₂)₄SO₃HMIm]TSO中，研究了苯甲醇选择性氧化合成苯甲醛。在n(苯甲醇)∶n（H₂O₂）∶n(离子液体)∶n(Na₂WO₄·2H₂O)=40∶48∶1∶1、90 ℃和3 h条件下，催化效果最好，此时苯甲醇转化率为90.1%，苯甲醛选择性为92.1%。反应结束后，产物和离子液体分层，通过简单的倾倒即可分离产物。分离后的离子液体经真空干燥脱水后重复使用4次，催化活性基本不变。     

负载型杂多酸催化剂的制备及光催化性能研究

采用浸渍法和微波法相结合,制备负载型杂多酸光催化剂H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂。在紫外光照射下,研究对模拟染料废水酸性蓝溶液的光催化降解的影响。结果表明,H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂比单独的H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀光催化性能好,〖JP2〗在初始浓度10 mg·L^-1酸性蓝溶液、m(H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀)∶m(TiO₂)=1∶3、催化剂加入量为90 mg·L^-1、pH=1.05、30%的H₂O₂用量10 mL·L^-1和180 min条件下,脱色率达93%以上。     

活性炭催化过氧化氢氧化脱附其表面吸附的二苯并噻吩

主要研究了活性炭催化过氧化氢氧化脱附其表面吸附的二苯并噻吩。比较了使用H₂O₂水溶液,H₂O₂+HCOOH水溶液和H₂O₂+CH₃COOH水溶液对活性炭进行催化氧化再生的性能,并考察了催化条件对活性炭再生性能的影响。结果表明：3种不同的催化氧化再生方法都能使活性炭获得不同程度的再生,其中,使用H₂O₂+HCOOH水溶液进行催化氧化再生的活性炭再生效果最好,达90％以上。使用H₂O₂+HCOOH水溶液对活性炭进行再生时,H₂O₂浓度、HCOOH浓度、反应温度和时间对活性炭再生性能均有影响,选择合适的催化条件,可使再生性能达到最佳。     

CH4-CaSO4和H2S-Fe2O3反应体系的热力学和动力学研究

The destruction of hydrocarbon in deep carbonate diagenetic environment is one of problems on the formation of oil and gas. Organic-inorganic reactions in the process of TSR(Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction) are the main reason to make disappearance of the hydrocarbons. The work in this field has often been the subject of much research work in recent years. In this paper, the thermodynamics of CH4-CaSO4 and H2S-Fe2O3 systems is discussed to investigate the possibility of reactions. It is found that these two reactions can proceed spontaneously.Increasing temperature is favorite for CH4-CaSO4 system but disfavorite for H2S-Fe2O3 system. Thermal simulation experiments were carried out using autoclave at high temperature and high pressure. The properties of the products were characterized by microcoulometry, FT-IR and XRD methods. On the basis of the experimental data, a reaction kinetic model is developed and kinetic parameters are determined.     

An Intermediate-temperature H2S Fuel Cell with a Li2SO4-based Proton-conducting Membrane

A laboratory-scale intermediate-temperature H2S fuel cell with a configuration of H2S, （metal sulfide-based composite anode）/Li2SO4＋Al2O3/（NiO-based composite cathode）, air was developed and studied for production of power and for desulfurization of a fuel gas process stream. The cell was run at typical temperature （600-650℃） and ambient pressure, but its electrochemical performance may be limited by electrolyte membrane thickness. The membrane and its performance in cell have been characterized using scanning electron microscope （SEM） and electrochemical impedance spectrum （EIS） techniques. Composite anodes based on metal sulfides, Ag powder and electrolyte behaved well and stably in H2S stream, and composite cathodes based mainly on nickel oxide, Ag powder and electrolyte had superior performance to Pt catalyst. The maximum power density of up to 70mW.cm^-2 and current density of as high as 250mA.cm^-2 were obtained at 650℃. However, the long-term cell stability remains to be investigated.     

氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池阴极流道设计模型

为了优化氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池阴极的气体流道，建立了沿流道长度和深度方向的气体流道设计模型.模型考虑了阴极气体在流道中的动量传递、质量传递和电极反应等物理过程.将二维问题经积分均化后转化为较简单的一维问题，偏微分方程组转变为常微分方程组，使计算过程得以简化.以50 cm长的流道为例，计算了沿流道方向的浓度、流速以及电流密度的分布.还利用此模型分析了各操作与设计参数如入口流速、流道深度、交换电流密度等对浓度、流速和电流密度分布的影响.     

高性能钯膜及其在氨分解制氢中的应用

引 言 液氨催化分解制氢工艺具有价格低廉、安全性好、附加值低、产物不含COx杂质等优点[1].此外,氨分解制氢体系的理论质量储氢量是17.6%,明显高于电解水(11.1%)、甲醇-水蒸气重整(12%)、汽油-水蒸气重整(12.4%)、氢化物水解(5.2%～8.6%)等制氢体系.但是,以纯氨为原料分解后只能得到含氢75%的混合气,而燃料电池只有在使用纯氢为原料气时才具有最高的工作效率,因此应当对氨分解产物中的氢进行提纯.     

甲醇/H2O/H2O2/1,3,5-三甲苯/磷酸三辛酯五元系液液平衡的实验数据

测定了常压、 4 0℃下甲醇 /H₂ O/H₂ O₂ /1,3,5 -三甲苯 /磷酸三辛酯五元系液液平衡数据 ,分别用UNIQUAC模型和NRTL模型对实验数据进行了关联 ,取得了较满意的结果     

煤在O2/CO2中燃烧的Nox释放规律

利用一维沉降炉,对3种煤在O₂/CO₂和空气两种气氛下燃烧NO_x析出特性进行了比较,分析了炉膛温度、过量空气系数对NO_x生成量的影响,并对O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x的生成和破坏机理进行了分析.研究发现两种气氛下NO_x都有一个峰值出现,挥发分含量高的煤种峰值靠前, 挥发分含量低的煤种峰值靠后,O₂/CO₂条件下,峰值出现较空气条件下提前且有所下降;空气条件下NO_x的生成量随温度提高较快地增加,而O₂/CO₂气氛中NO_x的生成量随温度变化比较缓慢;在两种气氛下NO_x的峰值均随过量空气系数的增加而增加,高挥发分煤在O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x峰值低于空气条件下峰值,而低挥发分煤则受影响较小.     

活性炭粒子对K2CO3溶液中CO2化学吸收的强化

The enhancement of chemical absorption of CO2 by K2CO3/H2O absorbents in the presence of activated carbon （AC） particles was investigated. The results show that the gas absorption rates can be enhanced significantly in the presence of AC particles, and the maximum enhancement factor 3.7 was observed at low stirring intensities. The enhancement factor increased rapidly with the solid loading during the initial period of absorption and then be- came mild gradually to a maximum value. Both the liquid-solid contact area and the probability of solid particles residing at the gas-liquid interface decreased with the increase of the particle size, leading to a negative effect on the enhancement of mass transfer. The influence of the particles on gas absorption decreased with the reaction rate. The stirring speed changed the interfacial coverage and mass transfer rate on the liquid side and consequently affected the mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases; the enhancement factor decreased with the stirring intensity. A heterogeneous two-zone model was proposed for predicting the enhancement factor and the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.     

中温H2S-空气燃料电池阴极催化剂的研究

Abstract Cathode catalysts comprising composite NiO, NiO-Pt, or LiNiO2 have been developed for electro- chemical oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells （ITSOFCs）. All catalysts exhibited good electrical conductivity and catalytic activity at operating temperature. Composite NiO catalysts were found to be more active and have lower over potential and higller current density than pure Pt although the electrical conductivity of NiO itself is lower than that of Pt. This problem has been overcome by either admixing as high as 10% （by mass）Ag powder into NiO_ cathode layer or using composite NiO c atalysts such as NiO-Pt and LiNiO2 catalysts. Composite catalysts like NiO with Ag, electrolyte and starch admixed, NiO-Pt, which was prepared from a mixture of NiO and Pt powders, by admixing electrolyte and starch, and LiNiO2, which is derived from the reaction of LiOH-H2O and NiO with electrolyte and starch admix_ed have been shown to be feasible and effective in an intermediate-temperature H2S-air fuel cell. A fuel cell using Li2SO4-based proton-conducting membrane as electrolyte, metal sulfides as anode catalysts, and composite NiO as cathode catalysts produced a maximum current density about 300mA·cm^-2 and maximum power density over 80 mW-cm-2 at 680℃.     

微波/过氧化氢系统催化降解苯酚水溶液

研究了在微波/过氧化氢（MW/H₂O₂）系统下苯酚的降解效果，并且详细探讨了影响MW/H₂O₂系统催化氧化降解苯酚的各种因素。实验结果表明：在单独的微波辐照或者过氧化氢氧化下苯酚去除率很小，而在MW/H₂O₂组合氧化系统中有显著的提高，苯酚降解的拟一级动力学速率常数增强因子可达到5.98，表明存在明显的协同效应。另外，在实验中加入Fe²⁺能加速苯酚的降解。     

甲烷的二氧化碳重整动力学研究

The kinetics of CO2 reforming of methane has been studied at 976-1033K on a commercial NiO/CaO/Al2O3 catalyst in a packed-bed continuous reactor. The reaction was carried out at atmospheric pressure and CO2/CH4 ratio > 2. The Hougen-Watson rate models were fitted to experimental data assuming the dissociative adsorption of methane as the rate-determining step. The reaction rate showed an effective reaction order of about unity for CH4. The apparent activity energy was found to be 104kJ·mol-1. Therefore the kinetic reaction parameters were determined and a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.