脂肪酸酯催化加氢制脂肪醇研究进展

综述了脂肪酸酯催化加氢制备脂肪醇的催化剂和工艺条件研究现状。重点阐述了铜基催化剂以及反应条件温和、高活性的贵金属催化剂用于催化加氢的研究进展。指出了脂肪酸酯催化加氢制脂肪醇工艺存在的问题。提出了开发环境友好的新型催化剂是未来的发展趋势。     

甘油法制备二氯丙醇反应副产物的鉴别与机理分析

以甘油为原料,氯化氢气体为氯化剂,分别在自制无机催化剂和有机酸的催化作用下制取了二氯丙醇. 采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析,对反应副产物进行了鉴别,分析了羧酸催化甘油氯化时副反应的反应历程,发现副产物主要包括羧酸甘油酯、羧酸自聚物、羧酸氯丙醇酯及甘油自聚物. 同时比较了有机酸与无机催化剂的优缺点,结果表明,无机催化剂催化下甘油氯化反应对一氯丙醇及二氯丙醇的总选择性可达99%以上,与有机酸催化相比,提高了4%.     

用于制造甲基丙烯酸酯的工艺

正本发明公开了一种用于从丙酮合氰化氢和硫酸,通过分离反应副产物并将所述反应副产物同时催化转化为附加的α-不饱和羧酸酯产物、β-不饱和羧酸酯产物,从而以高收率制造α-不饱和羧酸酯、β-不饱和羧酸酯的方法。催化剂包括在多孔载体上的至少一种IA族元素以及作为助催化剂的硼。     

Ru催化加氢选择性脱除F-T合成水相中的含氧化合物

采用催化加氢技术脱除F-T合成水相中羧酸、醛、醇、酮、酯含氧化合物,考察了Ru/ZrO₂、Ru/TiO₂、Ru/SiO₂和Ru/Al₂O₃ 4种Ru催化剂的反应性能.相对于酸、醇,水中的醛、酮、酯更易被转化.其中Ru/ZrO₂和Ru/TiO₂具有良好的加氢脱羰活性,在200℃、9.8 MPa、3.0 h^-1空速下,酸、醛、醇、酮、酯均转化为C₁～C₆的烷烃,总转化率达92%.同条件下,虽然Ru/Al₂O₃对酸、醛、酮、酯的转化活性较高(>87%),但对醇的转化不到30%,具有选择性转化特点.H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD结果表明,Ru/Al₂O₃催化剂的金属活性位与载体酸性位的协同作用有利于羧酸的加氢反应,能抑制醇的加氢脱羰活性;而金属-载体相互作用较弱和酸度较低的催化剂有利于羧酸、醇发生加氢脱羰反应.Ru/Al₂O₃催化剂运行500 h后失活,XRD、SEM和N₂-物理吸附表明,载体结构物相和织构性质的改变以及活性组分的流失是导致催化剂失活的主要因素.     

手性修饰催化剂在多相不对称氢化中的研究进展

手性修饰金属催化剂是最具发展潜力的多相不对称催化剂之一。本文综述了近年来三个具有代表性的多相不对称氢化反应体系的研究进展,即酒石酸修饰镍催化剂催化β-酮酯不对称加氢体系、金鸡纳生物碱修饰铂催化剂催化α-酮酯不对称加氢体系以及金鸡纳生物碱修饰钯催化剂催化C=C和C=N双键不对称加氢体系。概述了催化体系的影响因素,探讨了酒石酸及金鸡纳生物碱修饰型催化剂的手性识别机理模型。指出开发高效催化剂,修正或提出手性识别机理模型仍是今后多相不对称催化氢化反应研究的方向。     

锆/铪基催化剂催化转移加氢反应的研究进展

催化转化是可再生生物质资源利用的重要途径,高效催化剂的构建是生物质及其衍生物催化转化的关键环节。生物质衍生羰基类化合物加氢转化为醇或酯类化合物是生物质催化转化利用过程中重要的反应步骤。由于氢转移加氢反应过程具有反应条件温和的优点,因此非均相氢转移加氢催化剂在羰基类生物质平台分子转化中得到广泛应用。过渡金属锆、铪是常用的氢转移加氢反应活性金属。围绕不同锆/铪基氢转移催化剂的制备及其在生物质平台分子加氢转化反应中的应用进行综述。简要介绍了锆、铪氢转移催化剂的制备方法,详细介绍锆氧化物或氢氧化物、不同配体（羟基、羧酸、膦酸、磺酸、钨酸、胺类、有机金属骨架、沸石分子筛）配位锆/铪基催化剂、双金属催化剂,并对比分析它们的催化性能、循环稳定性和结构机理,最后对生物质氢转移加氢催化转化及其催化剂构建发展趋势进行了展望。     

乙醇酸甲酯催化加氢制备乙二醇

在微型固定床反应器上,以乙醇酸甲酯为原料,使用Cu-Cr催化剂,催化加氢制备了乙二醇.考察了氢酯摩尔比、反应温度、反应压力、床层空速对反应的影响,并对加氢催化剂的活性进行了XRD的评价.结果显示最佳反应条件为:氢酯摩尔比40:1、反应温度210℃、反应压力3.5MPa,床层空速0.4h-1时,乙醇酸甲酯的转化率达94%...     

铑催化剂催化烯烃不对称加氢反应研究进展

不对称催化氢化反应具有完美的原子经济性和清洁高效等特点,是最受青睐的不对称合成方法之一。C=C、C=O、C=N的不对称加氢反应仍主要依赖过渡金属催化剂。过渡金属催化剂,尤其是铑催化剂,催化碳碳双键的不对称加氢反应仍是一个不断发展的领域。本文对近年来利用铑催化剂催化烯烃进行不对称氢化反应的研究进展进行了综述,着重介绍了铑-双膦配体催化体系催化烯烃不对称加氢反应的催化机理,以及铑催化剂在烯胺、不饱和羧酸及衍生物、烯醇酯和非官能团烯烃不对称氢化中的应用,并通过对现有文献的总结指出了今后铑催化剂催化烯烃氢化反应的研究重点,即:①铑-单膦配体催化烯烃不对称氢化反应的作用机理须待提出;②非官能化底物不对称催化氢化反应的手性配体亟待拓宽。     

Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂用于醋酸仲丁酯加氢制备仲丁醇联产乙醇

采用固定床反应器,研究共沉淀法制备的Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂用于醋酸仲丁酯催化加氢制备仲丁醇联产乙醇的催化性能,并考察反应温度、氢酯物质的量比、反应压力和空速对反应的影响。结果表明,Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂表现出优良的催化性能,在反应温度210℃、氢酯物质的量比15、反应压力4.0MPa和空速1.0h-1条件下,醋酸仲丁酯转化率大于99%,仲丁醇选择性大于99%,乙醇选择性大于97%。推测Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂上醋酸仲丁酯加氢制备仲丁醇联产乙醇的反应网络,仲丁醇与乙醇的脱氢反应和脱水反应、烯烃饱和加氢反应和酯交换反应是该体系在Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂上存在的主要副反应。     

草酸酯催化加氢制备乙二醇研究进展

综述了近年来碳一合成路线中草酸酯催化加氢制备乙二醇的研究进展。分别介绍了以Ru等贵金属催化剂为主的液相均相加氢法和以铜基催化剂为主的非均相气相或液相加氢法,详细介绍了各类催化剂在草酸酯催化加氢方面的特点。并且就目前国内外对草酸酯氢化动力学方面的研究予以总结,给出了草酸酯加氢过程典型的动力学过程。最后比较了分别以草酸二甲酯和草酸二乙酯为原料路线的优缺点。     

不饱和脂肪酸甲酯加氢Cu-Ni/SiO_2催化剂的研究

针对铜镍二元催化剂活性低、难过滤及容易造成金属在加氢产物中残存等问题,开展了用于不饱和脂肪酸甲酯加氢的高活性、易过滤、低金属残存Cu Ni/SiO2催化剂的研究。以特制的、具有固定物性参数的SiO2做载体,是本催化剂的特点。通过控制铜镍比和不陈化解决了金属残存问题,且红外光谱表明,产物不发生异构。催化剂制备方法和条件为:并流沉淀,趁热过滤;铜镍总量与SiO2质量比为4∶1;铜镍质量比为1∶2 5;焙烧温度350℃左右,焙烧时间3h。该催化剂优点为:不需单独还原易于保存,反应速率快,加氢活性高,催化剂用量为甲酯质量的0 5%,1MPa氢压,反应30min条件下,产物碘值可由110降到5以下。     

The cooperation effect of Ni and Pt in the hydrogenation of acetic acid

The catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acid to alcohols is one of the important strategies for the conversion of biomass.Herein,a series of Ni-doped PtSn catalysts were prepared,characterized and studied in the hydrogenation of acetic acid.The Ni dopant has a strong interaction with Pt,which promotes the hydrogen adsorption,providing an activated hydrogen-rich environment for the hydrogenation.Meanwhile,the presence of Ni also improves the Pt dispersion,giving more accessible active sites for hydrogen activation.The cooperation of Pt and Ni significantly promotes the catalytic activity of the hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol.As a result,the catalyst with 0.1%Ni exhibits the best reaction activity,and its space time yield is twice as that of the PtSn/SiO2 catalyst.It provides a meaningful instruction on the catalyst design for the carboxylic acid hydrogenation.     

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Chiral α‐Amino and α‐Hydroxy Esters at Room Temperature with Nishimura Catalyst without Racemization

The hydrogenation of carboxylic acid derivatives at room temperature was investigated. With a mixed Rh/Pt oxide (Nishimura catalyst), low to medium activity was observed for various α‐amino and α‐hydroxy esters. At 100 bar hydrogen pressure and 10% catalysts loading, high yields of the desired amino alcohols and diols were obtained without racemization. The most suitable α‐substituents were NH₂, NHR, and OH, whereas β‐NH₂ were less effective. Usually, aromatic rings were also hydrogenated, but with the free bases of amino acids as substrates, some selectivity was observed. No reaction was found for α‐NR₂, α‐OR, and unfunctionalized esters; acids and amides were also not reduced under these conditions. A working hypothesis for the mode of action of the catalyst is presented.     

Co改性的Pd/C催化剂在转移加氢中的应用研究

通过调整Co和Pd的浸渍顺序制备了不同的钴改性的Pd/C催化剂,考察了催化剂在3,5-二羟基苯甲酸转移加氢制备3,5-二氧代环己烷羧酸反应中的活性。确认先浸渍钴后浸渍钯、并在300℃以氢气还原得到的Co-Pd/C催化剂具有最佳活性,反应转化率和选择性分别达到94.6%和99.5%。对该催化剂以BET、TPR、XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等手段进行了表征。结果表明,先浸渍的钴占据了活性炭的微孔使最可几孔径由2.72nm增大为3.32nm,并且与一些对反应不利的官能团作用,使后浸渍的钯主要分布在催化剂的大孔中,避免了过多深度加氢副产物的生成。催化剂活性组分为零价的钯,其平均粒径约10nm,以有利于转移加氢的聚集态存在,使催化剂获得了较高的活性和选择性。     

Enhanced synergy between Cu0 and Cu+ on nickel doped copper catalyst for gaseous acetic acid hydrogenation

As the substitution of common noble catalysts in the hydrogenation of carboxylic acid, a highly effective Cu-Ni/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared by a novel stepwise ammonia evaporation method. Its performance in the gas-phase hydrogenation of acetic acid was further examined. With the introduction of Ni dopant, more stable Cu^δ+ sites, which can adsorb more acetic acid, were formed due to the electron transfer from Cu to Ni. This makes more Cu⁰ sites available for hydrogen adsorption, which was suggested as the rate-determining step in acetic acid hydrogenation. A conversion of 99.6% was successfully achieved on this new Cu/SiO₂-0.5Ni catalyst, accompanied by the ethanol selectivity of 90%. The incorporation of nickel between copper nanoparticles enhances the synergistic effect between Cu⁰ and Cu⁺. It also helps mitigate the aggregation of copper nanoparticles due to the Ostwald ripening effect induced by acetic acid and enhance the stability of copper catalyst in the conversion of carboxylic acid.     

Aspects of carbon dioxide utilization

Carbon dioxide reacts with hydrogen, alcohols, acetals, epoxides, amines, carbon–carbon unsaturated compounds, etc. in supercritical carbon dioxide or in other solvents in the presence of metal compounds as catalysts. The products of these reactions are formic acid, formic acid esters, formamides, methanol, dimethyl carbonate, alkylene carbonates, carbamic acid esters, lactones, carboxylic acids, polycarbonate (bisphenol-based engineering polymer), aliphatic polycarbonates, etc. Especially, the productions of formic acid, formic acid methyl ester and dimethylformamide with a ruthenium catalyst; dimethyl carbonate and urethanes with a dialkyltin catalyst; 2-pyrone with a nickel-phosphine catalyst; diphenyl carbonate with a lead phenoxide catalyst; the alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides with a zinc catalyst has attracted attentions as the industrial utilizations of carbon dioxide. The further development of these production processes is expected.     

Selektivhydrierung von Fettstoffen mit metallorganischen Mischkatalysatoren nach Ziegler-Sloan-Lapporte II: Hydrierung von Fettsäureestern zu Fettalkoholen

Selective Hydrogenation of Fats and Derivatives using Ziegler-Type Organometallic Catalysts II: Hydrogenation of Fatty Acid Esters to the Primary Alcohols The reaction of cobalt- or nickelcompounds with triethylaluminium lead to homogeneous metallorganic catalysts from Ziegler-type, which were applicated in the hydrogenation of fatty acid esters as homogeneous analogous of the heterogeneous Adkins-catalyst. The fatty acid esters could be hydrogenated, under milder conditions (Temperature = 70–190°C, Pressure = 10–90 bar), with good conversions till 100% and yields over 80 mol% to the corresponding primary alcohols. But the needed amounts of catalyst were high. It could be secured that the excess of triethylaluminium in the catalyst complex (AlEt³/transition metall = 7.5) didn't participate to the hydrogenation of the fatty acid ester to the primary alcohol, but only to the formation of insignificant amounts of alkylated derivatives of the fatty acid ester.