Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO同时还原NO和SO2研究

研究了不同载体(γ-Al₂O₃、HZSM-5、TiO₂、SiO₂和MgO)负载Fe催化剂上CO还原NO反应及CO同时还原NO和SO₂反应。结果表明,Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对CO与NO反应具有良好的催化活性,但随着反应时间的延长,催化剂很快失活;在CO和NO反应中加入SO₂,可以明显改善Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对CO还原NO反应的活性稳定性;O₂和H₂O对催化剂活性的影响较大,CO₂对催化剂的影响较小。XRD结果表明,FeS₂是催化剂的活性中心,在CO与NO反应后,FeS₂转变为催化惰性的Fe₇S₈而导致催化剂活性下降;在CO与NO及SO₂反应体系中引入O₂后,Fe/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上的活性组分FeS2被氧化为Fe₂O₃,导致催化剂失活。     

过渡金属催化CO还原NO研究进展

工业生产过程中产生的烟气含有大量NO和CO,其排放严重影响人类赖以生存的自然环境。CO选择性催化还原NO技术可实现CO与NO同步脱除，具有良好的应用前景。该技术的关键在于催化剂的开发，本文对近些年过渡金属催化CO还原NO的研究进行了分类与总结，重点介绍了Cu基、Fe基、Ni基过渡金属催化剂的研究进展，分析了催化剂的制备方法、CO-NO反应条件、助剂掺杂对催化剂活性的影响，并分析了O₂影响CO-NO反应的机理，并对未来过渡金属催化CO还原NO领域的研究进行了展望。     

常温下碳基活性材料催化氧化NO的研究进展

针对常温、含高浓度O₂ 的NO污染气体排放控制,典型的选择性催化还原（SCR）技术已不再适用。以碳基活性材料为催化剂的NO常温催化氧化技术得到了广泛关注,该技术在常温和高浓度O₂条件下将NO氧化为NO₂,并以硝酸或硝酸盐形式加以回收利用,因此具有环保和经济双重效益,应用前景广阔。本文简要综述了碳基活性材料常温催化氧化NO的研究进展,阐述了NO催化氧化机理,介绍了碳基活性材料的表面物化特性和反应条件（O₂浓度、NO浓度、GHSV、反应温度、水蒸气和催化剂粒径等）对催化氧化NO的影响,以及活性炭、活性炭纤维、碳纳米纤维、炭干凝胶、金属负载碳基活性材料、炭化污泥等不同碳基活性材料的催化特性,总结并展望了未来碳基活性材料低温催化氧化NO的发展方向。     

金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究进展

一氧化碳（CO）广泛存在于烧结/球团/焦化烟气或汽车尾气中,应用CO-选择性催化还原（SCR）技术同时脱除烟气中CO和NO是烟气治理的理想方案之一。目前,在NO-CO反应研究中较多的是贵金属催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵、高温失活、易中毒等问题难以在工业中实现应用。本文将近几年来金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究成果进行了系统的梳理与总结,重点介绍Fe基、Ce基、Co基、Cu基这4种金属氧化物催化剂的研究进展,分析催化剂的制备方法、掺杂助剂种类和比例、NO-CO反应条件等因素与催化活性之间的关系,总结催化剂抗水抗硫性能及可能的CO-SCR反应机理,并探讨O₂存在的条件下对催化剂活性的影响,为提高金属氧化物催化剂抗氧性研究提供理论参考。     

Research advance in mechanism of low-temperature SCR of NO on carbon materials

简述了不同反应物组合在碳材料表面的行为特征,单组分NO可以形成吸附态的NO₂、二聚体(NO)₂、—NO₂或吡啶类的化合物;O₂存在时NO被吸附态的氧氧化成NO₂;NO、O₂和NH₃同时存在时,反应发生在吸附态的NH₃和吸附态的NO₂之间。着重详述了活性碳纤维（activated carbon fibers,ACF）催化剂上的选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）NO的机理为：低温时以NH₃为还原剂的SCR（NH₃-SCR）遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,较高温度时NH₃-SCR 遵循Eley-Rideal机理;分析指出了催化剂孔结构特征和表面化学官能团是ACF能低温选择性催化还原NO的主要影响因素。     

O2浓度对污泥燃烧还原性气体产生及还原NO的双重影响

在模拟水泥预分解炉装置上研究污泥燃烧过程中还原性气体的产生及其对NO的还原，并系统研究了O₂浓度（体积分数为0～5%）对还原性气体产生及NO还原的双重影响。TG-FTIR特征分析表明，污泥燃烧产生的还原性气体主要为HCN、NH₃、CO和CH₄。进一步实验研究发现O₂浓度对HCN和NH₃的产生有明显影响，HCN和NH₃在O₂体积分数为3%时产生速率最大。同时，O₂浓度对污泥燃烧还原NO有较大影响。在污泥燃烧温度为900℃，烟气中CO₂体积分数为25%、NO浓度为600mg/m³、SO₂浓度为200mg/m³、O₂体积分数为3%时，NO还原率可达到最大（55.8%）。通过还原性物质（NH₃、CO、CH₄和污泥焦）对NO的还原实验研究进一步发现，NH₃和CO是污泥燃烧过程中NO还原的关键物质，且NH₃对NO的还原随着O₂浓度的增加而增加，而CO对NO的还原受O₂浓度的限制。综合分析表明，O₂浓度对污泥燃烧NO还原的影响主要是由NH₃的产生速率差异、NH₃和CO对NO的还原起主导作用且受O₂浓度影响较大等多种因素综合导致。采用污泥作为还原剂进行NO还原是一种高效的方法，在水泥生产中可通过控制O₂浓度获得较高的NO还原率。     

电催化还原二氧化碳制一氧化碳催化剂研究进展

电催化还原CO₂作为缓解能源危机和全球变暖的有效途径已成为催化领域的研究热点。然而,不同反应途径的氧化还原电位较为接近,使产物的选择性成为电催化还原CO₂所需解决的主要问题。迄今为止,在水性电解质中可实现CO₂选择性地转化为一氧化碳（CO）和甲酸（HCOOH）。本文简述了电催化还原CO₂制CO的机理,包括CO₂吸附过程、二电子转移过程和CO脱附过程。从贵金属的晶面设计、形貌调控和表面功能化对反应活性和产物选择性的影响,铁卟啉、钴酞菁和镍三嗪在还原CO₂为CO反应中的电子转移途径,非金属碳基材料中杂原子和碳基质间的耦合效应等方面,重点介绍了近年来贵金属催化剂、过渡金属络合物催化剂和非金属碳基材料催化剂的研究进展,总结了各类催化剂的优缺点。指出在三类电催化还原CO₂制CO的催化剂中,非金属碳材料具有较高的CO法拉第效率,尤其是非金属碳材料成本较低、制备简单、结构易调控,在电催化还原中具有潜在的应用优势,是有望实现商业化应用的新型催化剂的候选材料之一。     

锰基催化剂低温催化脱除NOx及CO研究进展

NO_x和CO作为需重点处理的污染物，随钢铁烧结等烟气排放标准进一步提高，传统的NH₃-SCR(NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x)脱硝技术存在明显不足，特别是烧结烟气排放温度低于钒基催化剂窗口温度，导致脱硝催化剂活性不足及生成的硫铵盐堵塞催化剂表面，对CO控制尚缺乏有效手段。因此开发低温催化剂成为脱除低温烟气中NO_x及CO的关键因素。对Mn基催化剂在脱除NO_x和CO方面进展进行论述，对比活性组分、制备方法、载体等方面对锰基低温催化剂催化活性的影响，详细介绍Cu、Ce等金属对于锰基催化剂改性的影响，分析了元素掺杂与催化性能的关系；在此基础上，对近年来CO还原NO技术的最新研究成果进行系统梳理和总结，着重探讨反应机理、O₂在反应中的作用机制，结果表明，Mn元素丰富的核外电子排布是其在脱除NO_x和CO中活性优异的根本原因，但目前研究成果多数仅处于实验室开发阶段，在实际烟气中缺乏大规模验证。最后，展望了Mn基催化剂未来的发展方向...     

富氢气氛中CO优先氧化CuO-CeO_2基催化剂的研究进展

CuO-CeO₂基催化剂对富氢气氛中CO优先氧化具有优良的活性和选择性,是替代贵金属最具潜力的催化体系之一。本文系统总结了CO优先氧化用CuO-CeO₂基催化剂的研究现状,着重阐述催化剂制备工艺、成分优化、助剂改性、载体调变等对催化性能的影响规律,介绍催化活性位与CO优先氧化的催化机理,探讨催化剂稳定性与失活机制等,同时指出该催化体系目前存在的主要问题,并展望了今后一段时期可能的发展趋势。     

铜系低温选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）技术已广泛应用在燃煤电站烟气脱硝技术中,开发低温高活性、高抗中毒性能的催化剂体系已经成为国内外学者的研究重点。Cu系催化剂由于具有良好的脱硝性能及水热稳定性,得到了广泛的研究和关注。本文综述了近年来活性组分Cu负载在TiO₂、Al₂O₃、碳基材料和分子筛等材料上的研究进展;重点分析了Cu系催化剂低温SCR反应机理,主要包括Eley-Rideal （E-R）机理和Langmuir-Hinshelwood （L-H）机理,同时分析了SCR反应的两个必然过程：吸附（NH₃吸附和NO_x吸附）和反应;简要地介绍了Cu系催化剂的抗水抗硫中毒性能研究现状以及反应机理,同时介绍了碱金属中毒、飞灰和催化剂烧结对催化剂失活的影响,结合生命周期分析SCR脱硝系统还原剂氨和尿素对NO排放的影响。在此基础上展望了未来铜系催化剂的研究方向：采用新型方式对催化剂进行改性、进一步采用表征和模拟技术研究催化体系的反应机理、优化锅炉和催化剂设计减轻催化剂失活以及研究适用于其他还原剂条件的高选择性催化剂。     

Unique properties of Ir/ZSM-5 catalyst for NO reduction with CO in the presence of excess oxygen

The reduction of NO with CO in the presence of excess oxygen was investigated over different noble metal catalysts for probing the relationship between catalytic properties and adsorption behaviors. Among the four precious metal catalysts investigated, Ir/ZSM-5 was found to be the only active one for NO reduction with CO under lean conditions. With the decreasing of the Ir content, higher NO conversion and CO selectivity was obtained. Temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) studies of NO/H₂/O₂ and NO/CO/O₂ showed that the Pt/ZSM-5 was active when H₂ was used as the reductant, whereas, the Ir/ZSM-5 was active when CO was the reducing agent. This difference is due to the different mechanisms of the two reactions. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NO, CO and O₂ showed that NO could dissociate more easily over the Ir/ZSM-5 than on the Pt/ZSM-5, while the oxidation of CO by O₂ proceeded more rapidly on the Pt/ZSM-5 than on the Ir/ZSM-5. The presence of excess O₂ inhibited drastically the dissociation of NO, which is considered as the key step for the NO–CO reaction. The high dissociation rate of NO over the Ir/ZSM-5 is visualized as the key factor for its superior high activity in NO reduction with CO under lean conditions.     

Detailed surface reaction mechanism for reduction of NO by CO

In order to meet the stringent regulatory norms of NO_x and CO emitted by automobiles, reduction of these pollutants has become an intense field of research. Various catalysts like Pt, Rh, Ir, Cu, and Fe have been found to possess high activity for the reduction of NO. However, the available detailed surface reaction mechanisms are not satisfactory in clarifying all the aspects of the simultaneous reduction of NO and oxidation of CO. Here we have developed a quantitative surface reaction mechanism based on elementary steps, in order to comprehend the phenomena of catalytic reduction of NO by CO. Eleven elementary steps are proposed for the NO–CO and NO–CO–O₂ systems on Pt group catalysts. The elementary reaction mechanism is coupled with the continuously stirred tank reactor/packed bed reactor models and the simulation results are validated against literature experiments for the NO–CO reaction on Pt, and the NO–CO–O₂ reaction on Ir catalyst. Despite the simplicity, the CSTR model is able to capture the observed phenomena well on Pt and Ir catalysts. The effect of O₂ on the activity of CO for NO reduction is also analysed in detail through the simulations.     

High thermal conductive β-SiC for selective oxidation of H2S: A new support for exothermal reactions

This study aims at synthesizing a new by substituting 1 atom% Pd²⁺ in ionic state in TiO₂ in the form of Ti_0.99Pd_0.01O_1.99 with oxide-ion vacancy. The catalyst was synthesized by solution combustion method and was characterized by XRD and XPS. The catalytic activity was investigated by performing CO oxidation, hydrocarbon oxidation and NO reduction. A reaction mechanism for CO oxidation by O₂ and NO reduction by CO was proposed. The model based on CO adsorption on Pd²⁺ and dissociative chemisorption of O₂ in the oxide-ion vacancy for CO oxidation reaction fitted the experimental for CO oxidation. For NO reduction in presence of CO, the model based on competitive adsorption of NO and CO on Pd²⁺, NO chemisorption and dissociation on oxide-ion vacancy fitted the experimental data. The rate parameters obtained from the model indicated that the reactions were much faster over this catalyst compared to other catalysts reported in the literature. The selectivity of N₂, defined as the ratio of the formation of N₂ and formation of N₂ and N₂O, was very high compared to other catalysts and 100% selectivity was reached at temperature of 350 °C and above. As the N₂O + CO reaction is an intermediate reaction for NO + CO reaction, it was also studied as an isolated reaction and the rate of the isolated reaction was less than that of intermediate reaction.     

Investigation of CO oxidation and NO reduction on three-way monolith catalysts with transient response techniques

The kinetics of CO oxidation and NO reduction reactions over alumina and alumina-ceria supported Pt, Rh and bimetallic Pt/Rh catalysts coated on metallic monoliths were investigated using the step response technique at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures 30–350°C. The feed step change experiments from an inert flow to a flow of a reagent (O₂, CO, NO and H₂) showed that the ceria promoted catalysts had higher adsorption capacities, higher reaction rates and promoting effects by preventing the inhibitory effects of reactants, than the alumina supported noble metal catalysts. The effect of ceria was explained with adsorbate spillover from the noble metal sites to ceria. The step change experiments CO/O₂ and O₂/CO also revealed the enhancing effect of ceria. The step change experiments NO/H₂ and H₂/NO gave nitrogen as a main reduction product and N₂O as a by-product. Preadsorption of NO on the catalyst surface decreased the catalyst activity in the reduction of NO with H₂. The CO oxidation transients were modeled with a mechanism which consistent of CO and O₂ adsorption and a surface reaction step. The NO reduction experiments with H₂ revealed the role of N₂O as a surface intermediate in the formation of N₂. The formation of NN bonding was assumed to take place prior to, partly prior to or totally following to the NO bond breakage. High NO coverage favors N₂O formation. Pt was shown to be more efficient than Rh for NO reduction by H₂.     

CH4-SCR of NO over Co and Pd ferrierite catalysts: Effect of preparation on catalytic performance

Selective catalytic reduction of NO with methane (CH₄-SCR) in the presence of oxygen excess and water vapour was studied over two bimetallic cobalt/palladium-based FER catalysts, which differ on the order of introduction of metal ions. H₂-TPR and UV–vis analysis showed that the simple change in the order of addition of metals to catalyst, gives rise to totally diverse species (Co²⁺ ions, Co oxides, Co-oxo cations and Pd species) both in type and quantity but also in location within zeolite framework. Experiments of TPD and TPSR of NO and NO₂ provided important information to establish a relation between the various active sites formed on both catalysts and their function in the reaction mechanism. The importance of NO₂ in the mechanism of NO reaction with CH₄ and O₂ was explored and the catalyst with a higher capacity to retain adsorbed NO₂ is the less active for deNO_x. The preparation of a bimetallic catalyst active for NO reduction must provide the proximity between Co and Pd species, and the presence of Co-oxo cations together with palladium species seem to be essential. Furthermore, a suitable amount of cobalt oxides must exist in order to originate NO₂ that is the main reaction intermediate. Nevertheless, an excessive amount of these Co species can lead to an increase of adsorbed NO₂, which reduces the rate of the reaction of some of the mechanism steps.     

Nitric oxide reduction by ethylene over Pt-ZSM-5 under lean conditions: steady-state activity

Steady-state activity of Pt-ZSM-5 catalysts has been investigated experimentally for the NO + C₂H₄ + O₂ reaction under highly oxidizing conditions, typical of lean-burn gasoline engine exhaust. Effects of temperature, space velocity, feed concentration, Pt loading and water vapor on the catalytic activity have been examined using a packed-bed laboratory reactor. The catalytic activity of Pt-ZSM-5 is discussed in comparison with that of Cu-ZSM-5 and Pt/Al₂O₃. Results show that Pt-ZSM-5 catalysts are much more active than Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for lean-NO_x reduction at low temperatures, while the kinetic behavior of Pt/Al₂O₃ is very similar to that of Pt-ZSM-5. Conversion of both NO and C₂H₄ during the NO + C₂H₄ + O₂ reaction over Pt-ZSM-5 around the reaction lightoff temperature is strongly inhibited by the presence of NO. The NO/C₂H₄ ratio in the feedstream is an important factor determining the NO reduction activity of the catalyst, and there exists an optimum value of this ratio for a maximum conversion of NO. Based on the steady-state NO conversion data, a correlation between the reactor performance and the feed concentration has been developed, and the feasibility of Pt-based catalysts for lean-NO_x reduction is discussed in terms of their activity, selectivity and durability.     

Comparison of catalytic activity and selectivity of Pd/(OSC + Al2O3) and (Pd + OSC)/Al2O3 catalysts

The effect of the Pd addition method into the fresh Pd/(OSC + Al₂O₃) and (Pd + OSC)/Al₂O₃ catalysts (OSC material = Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ mixed oxides) was investigated in this study. The CO + NO and CO + NO + O₂ model reactions were studied over fresh and aged catalysts. The differences in the fresh catalysts were insignificant compared to the aged catalysts. During the CO + NO reaction, only small differences were observed in the behaviour of the fresh catalysts. The light-off temperature of CO was about 20 °C lower for the fresh Pd/(OSC + Al₂O₃) catalyst than for the fresh (Pd + OSC)/Al₂O₃ catalyst during the CO + NO + O₂ reaction. For the aged catalysts lower NO reduction and CO oxidation activities were observed, as expected. Pd on OSC-containing alumina was more active than Pd on OSC material after the agings. The activity decline is due to a decrease in the number of active sites on the surface, which was observed as a larger Pd particle size for aged catalysts than for fresh catalysts. In addition, the oxygen storage capacity of the aged Pd/(OSC + Al₂O₃) catalyst was higher than that of the (Pd + OSC)/Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

Ir基催化剂用于CO选择性催化还原NO的研究进展

针对具有烟温低、氧含量高和CO浓度大等特征的固定源烟气（钢铁烧结/球团烟气和焦化烟气等）脱硝领域,CO选择性催化还原NO _x （CO-SCR）技术具有良好的发展前景。Ir基贵金属催化剂因其在CO-SCR反应体系中表现出了良好的抗氧能力和较高的催化活性成为催化脱硝领域研究的热点之一。本文重点总结了单一载体、复合载体与复合活性组分三类Ir基催化剂在CO-SCR脱除NO _x 中的催化性能,同时从制备条件和反应条件两大方面归纳了其对Ir基催化剂的CO-SCR脱硝性能的影响,简要阐述了Ir基催化剂表面反应机理,并对未来研究工作进行了展望,指出采用多种手段对催化剂进行改性,并通过降低Ir负载量、反应温度窗口以及提升其催化活性等方式来降低成本,为实现Ir基催化剂CO-SCR工业化应用提供借鉴。     

Role and importance of oxidized nitrogen oxide adspecies on the mechanism and dynamics of reaction over copper-based catalysts

The formation of nitrate and NO₂ adspecies over Cu/MFI and copper-on-alumina catalysts and their role in the mechanism of reaction is discussed on the basis of FT-IR results and catalytic tests in unsteady-state conditions. Three specific cases are discussed: (i) reduction of NO by propane/O₂ over Cu/MFI, (ii) conversion of NO by NH₃/O₂ over copper-on-alumina catalysts and (iii) oxygen-promoted reduction of NO in the absence of reductants over Cu/MFI. The formation of nitrate species leads to self-deactivation, but Cu²⁺-NO₂ like adspecies are suggested to be a key intermediate in the reduction of NO to N₂ in all three cases examined.