Effect of the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the phase diagram of its ternary blends

Previously, isotactic and atactic poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMAs) were found to be miscible with poly(vinyl phenol) (PVPh) and poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol‐A) (phenoxy) because all the prepared films were transparent and showed composition‐dependent glass transition temperatures (T_g's). However, syndiotactic PMMA was immiscible with PVPh because most of the cast films had two T_g's. On the contrary, syndiotactic PMMA was still miscible with phenoxy. According to our preliminary results, PVPh and phenoxy are not miscible. Also to our knowledge, nobody has reported any results concerning the effect of the tacticity of PMMA on its ternary blend containing PVPh and phenoxy. The miscibility of a ternary blend consisting of PVPh, phenoxy, and tactic PMMA was thus investigated and reported in this article. Calorimetry was used as the principal tool to study miscibility. An approximate phase diagram of the ternary blends containing different tactic PMMA was established, probably for the first time, based on differential scanning calorimetry data. Immiscibility was found in most of the studied ternaries but a slight difference due to the effect of tacticity of PMMA was definitely observed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2720–2726, 2002     

Nanoporous poly(methyl methacrylate)-quantum dots nanocomposite fibers toward biomedical applications

In this work, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) nanocomposite fibers were fabricated via a simple electrospinning method. The parameters including concentration of PMMA, feed rate, applied voltage and working distance between the needle tip and the fiber collecting electrode were investigated and optimized to acquire large quantity, uniform and defect-free PMMA and its QD nanocomposite fibers. The surface morphology of the fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the fluorescence emission characteristics of the polymer nanocomposite (PNC) fibers were analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. The thermal properties of the PMMA-QDs PNC fibers were explored by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In comparison to the pristine PMMA fibers, the PNC fibers with only 0.1 wt% QD loading showed an improved thermal stability by 15 °C for the midpoint and onset degradation temperature. Surface chemical structure and functionalities were probed by a combination of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). New vibration bands were observed in the PNC fibers in the ATR-FTIR spectra, while the binding energy for both high resolution C 1s and O 1s spectra in the PNC fibers showed an apparent shift toward lower field. Rheological studies revealed a pseudoplastic behavior of both pristine PMMA and PMMA-QDs solutions. Moreover, the formed nanoporous PMMA-QDs fiber media exhibited an excellent biocompatibility as evidenced by the model Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culturing test. The CHO cells demonstrated good adhesion, growth and viability in the reported testing.     

Configurational effects on the crystalline morphology and amorphous phase behavior in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends with tactic poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) blends with two tactic poly(methyl methacrylate)s [PMMAs; isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (iPMMA) and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPMMA)], being chiral/tactic polymer pairs, were investigated with regard to their crystalline spherulite patterns, optical birefringence, and amorphous phase behavior with polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The PHB/sPMMA and PHB/iPMMA blends exhibited upper critical solution temperatures of about 225 and 240°C, respectively, on the basis of the results of thermal analysis and phase morphology. The interactions of two constituents in the blends (PHB/iPMMA or PHB/sPMMA) were measured to be insignificantly different for the PHB/sPMMA and PHB/iPMMA blends. However, syndiotacticity in PMMA exerted a prominent effect on the alteration of the PHB spherulite morphology, whereas, by contrast, isotacticity in PMMA had almost no effect at all. At high sPMMA contents (e.g., 30 wt %) in the PHB/sPMMA blend, the spherulites were all negatively birefringent and ringless when they were crystallized at any crystallization temperature between 50 and 90°C. That is, not only was the original ring‐banded pattern in the neat PHB spherulites completely disrupted, but the optical sign was also reverted completely from positively to negatively birefringent in the sPMMA/PHB blend; this was not observed in the iPMMA/PHB one. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Synthesis and properties of polycarbonate‐poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers by polycondensation of macromonomers

Polycarbonates (PCs) having poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) as graft chains were prepared by the polycondensation of PC oligomers bearing chloroformate groups as the end groups with dicarboxyl‐terminated PMMA macromonomers, which were prepared by the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of thiomalic acid as a chain transfer. The resulting PC‐PMMA graft copolymers were transparent in comparison with PC/PMMA blend polymers, and had higher Vickers hardness than blend polymers when both of them had the same PMMA content. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, the improvement of Vickers hardness was conducive to length (46%) and number (37%) of PMMA branches. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2670–2675, 2001     

Effect of tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the miscibility with poly(vinyl acetate)

The results of the miscibility between the chemically similar polymers poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) published so far show inconsistent statements concerning miscibility. The problems may be due to differences in molecular weights, tacticity, and preparation methods of the polymers. This investigation was carried out by using either chloroform or tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent to prepare the blends, because to our knowledge, nobody has reported any tacticity effect of PMMA on the miscibility with PVAc. Therefore, in this article, different tactic PMMAs were used to mix with PVAc and their miscibility was studied calorimetrically. The results showed little effect of solvent and tacticity. PMMA and PVAc were determined to be almost completely immiscible because of the observation of two T_g's. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 35–39, 2004     

Rheological properties of UHMWPE/HDPE blend gels and morphology and mechanical properties of gel-spun fibers

To produce polyethylene (PE) fibers with relatively high tensile strength but low cost, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (UH) blend gels were prepared from paraffin oil and further fabricated into UH blend fibers by gel spinning. This research focused on the rheological properties of UH blend gels with high solid contents (SCs) ranging from 25 to 100 g/L, as well as morphology and mechanical properties of resultant gel-spun UH blend fibers. The rheological measurements indicated that the apparent viscosity, shear storage, and loss moduli of the UH blend gels were not markedly increased compared with those of the UHMWPE gel with much less SC. No obvious solid–liquid phase separation occurred in UH blend gels at a temperature above the sol–gel transition temperature. UH blend fibers were prepared by drawing as-spun fibers (draw ratio [λ] = 3) at 110°C to λ = 15, 45, 60, and 80, respectively. The orientation degree of fibril structure in UH blend fibers increased with increasing λ but the length of fibrils (L_fibril) showed a complex change. The L_fibril of UH blend fibers became larger due to chain arrangement in company with the transformation of the kebab structure to the extended shish structure when the λ was less than 45 but decreased during further elongation (λ = 60 and 80) because of fibril breakage and recrystallization. The change in morphological behavior led to the corresponding change in mechanical properties of resultant gel-spun UH blend fibers. The tensile strength of gel-spun UH55-45 blend fiber (UHMWPE/HDPE = 5/5 and λ = 45) reached 15.6 cN/dtex, which could fulfill the requirement of mechanical properties in common application.     

Solution blending of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Blends were made of a low molecular weight PS with three PMMAs having number-average molecular weights of (1) 18,300, (2) 37,000, and (3) 211,000, The blend was found to be partially miscible. The composition-dependent values of the polymer-polymer interaction parameter (g₁₂) were determined and found to be from 0.015 to 0.029 for solution casting at 25°C. The interaction parameter (g₁₂) increases with increasing PMMA molecular weights in the PMMA/PS blend systems. This result is consistent with the behavior of the glass transition temperatures and with the microscopy study which indicate that compatibility is greater in the PMMA-1/PS blends having the low molecular weight of PMMA than in the PMMA-3/PS blends having the higher molecular weights of PMMA.     

Porous and self-strengthened poly(ε-caprolactone)/calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite fibers for bone regeneration

Porous polycaprolactone (PCL)/calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) composite fibers with different compositions were fabricated via electrospinning by using chloroform/dimethyl sulfoxide (volume ratio = 8:2) as the co-solvent. It was found that the incorporation of fine CSH powders greatly improved the morphology of the PCL fibers and generated continuous, bead-free PCL/CSH composite fibers with the pore diameter varying from 0.2 to 1.1 μm when 20% CSH was added. As compared with the PCL fibers, the PCL/CSH composite fibers also exhibited enhanced thermal stability and hydrophilicity. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the PCL/CSH fibrous membranes first increased and then decreased with the increase of the CSH content, while their ductility exhibited a sustained decrease. Moreover, after immersion in water, the PCL-20%CSH composite fibers presented a much higher tensile strength than the pristine ones probably due to the self-setting of the CSH powders through the porous structure. In addition, the PCL-20%CSH composite fibers displayed a strong ability to form bone-like apatite after immersion in simulated body fluid for 3 days, which suggests their potential applications in bone tissue regeneration as a novel type of substitute.     

Hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate)s prepared by miniemulsion polymerization and their (non)-Newtonian flow behaviors

Miniemulsion polymerization is most suitable for the targeted synthesis of vinyl copolymers than the conventional emulsion polymerization, because in miniemulsion polymerization each monomer nanodroplet is a nanoreactor, and the monomers in each droplet are in situ converted to the corresponding polymers. Soluble and hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA) were prepared with quantitative monomer conversion and without gelation by the miniemulsion copolymerization with di- and tri-acrylate and mediated with 1-dodecyl thiol (DDT). DDT acted both as a gelation prohibitor and as a reactive cosurfactant. The PMMAs with varied “X” or “Ж” shaped branches, depending on the di- and tri-functional acrylate used as the branching agent, are characterized and interpreted in terms of the repeating units per part, parts and branches per macromolecule, average molecular weight, latex particle size and size distribution. Effects of topology changes of the branched PMMAs on the rheological behaviors are observed for the first time: from Newtonian flow for the densely branched PMMAs to the non-Newtonian flow with pronounced shear thickening for the PMMA samples with high-molecular-weight and longer parts.     

Synthesis of well‐defined amphiphilic block copolymers via AGET ATRP used for hydrophilic modification of PVDF membrane

A well‐defined amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of a hydrophobic block poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a hydrophilic block poly[N,N–2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) was synthesized by activator generated by the electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization method (AGET ATRP). Kinetics study revealed a linear increase in the graph concentration of PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA with the reaction time, indicating that the polymer chain growth was consistent with a controlled process. The gel permeation chromatography results indicated that the block copolymer had a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.42) under the optimal reaction conditions. Then, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA blend membranes were prepared via the standard immersion precipitation phase inversion process, using the block copolymer as additive to improve the hydrophilicity of the PVDF membrane. The presence and dispersion of PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA clearly affected the morphology and improved the hydrophilicity of the as‐synthesized blend membranes as compared to the pristine PVDF membranes. By incorporating 15 wt % of the block copolymer, the water contact angle of the resulting blend membranes decreased from pure PVDF membrane 98° to 76°. The blend membranes showed good stability in the 20 d pure‐water experiment. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) absorption experiment revealed a substantial antifouling property of the blend membranes in comparison with the pristine PVDF membrane. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42080.     

Biocompatibility and microscopic evaluation of polyurethane–poly(methyl methacrylate)–titnanium dioxide based composites for dental applications

We prepared and then blended polyurethanes (PUs) with poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) and TiO₂ by varying the percentage compositions to form pellets. The chemistry of all of the blended samples was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of TiO₂ into the PU–PMMA matrix was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis and compression testing was performed, and the results are discussed. The cytotoxicity level of the prepared blends displayed dependence on the composition ratio of the PU–PMMA blends. The results reveal that the optimum PU contents in the PU–PMMA–TiO₂ blend were responsible for its better biocompatibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39806.     

Adsorption of vitamin B12 on ordered mesoporous carbons coated with PMMA

Ordered mesoporous carbons CMK-3 and CMK-1 were prepared from SBA-15 and MCM-48 materials with pore diameters 3.9 nm and 2.7 nm, respectively. When both mesoporous carbons were coated with about 10 wt.% poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the pore diameters decreased from 3.9 nm to 3.4 nm for CMK-3 and from 2.7 nm to 2.5 nm for CMK-1. These mesoporous carbons containing about 10 wt.% PMMA were studied as adsorbents of Vitamin B 12 (VB12) from water solutions, and their performances were compared with that of pristine CMK-3, CMK-1. Compared with CMK-1, CMK-3 showed higher vitamin B12 adsorption due to a larger mesopore volume, a higher BET surface and a larger pore diameter. After coated with PMMA, both mesoporous carbons showed higher adsorption capacity than pristine materials. The adsorption properties were influenced by the pore structure and surface properties of mesoporous carbons.     

Evolution of the electrical resistivity at rest and during oscillatory shearing of co-continuous morphology (PP/PMMA)/MWCNT systems

In this work, a modified parallel-disks configuration on a strain-controlled ARES rheometer (TA Instrument) was used to study the evolution of the electrical resistivity at rest and during oscillatory shearing of a co-continuous immiscible polymer blend morphology based on polypropylene and /polymethyl(methacrylate) (PP/PMMA) in which various amounts (0–3 wt%) of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added. The co-continuity of both PP and PMMA phases allowed the buildup of a conductive network due to the preferential localization of the conductive MWCNT at the interface between PP and PMMA. Under a stepwise increase of the oscillatory strain amplitude below a critical value (γ_c = 6.3%), a significant decrease in the electrical resistivity was observed for MWCNT concentrations above the percolation threshold (0.3 wt%) due to the conductive paths induced by both thermal (Brownian) motion and oscillatory shearing. However, for deformation amplitudes higher than γ_c, the resistivity increased due to the destruction of the MWCNT paths induced by the large deformation imposed on the PP/PMMA interface. These observations were also confirmed by the evolution of the storage modulus (G′) which remained constant for γ_c < 6.3% (linear viscoelastic regime), while the values decreased above γ_c due to the destruction of the system's morphology.     

High-pressure solution blending of poly(?-caprolactone) with poly(methyl methacrylate) in acetone + carbon dioxide

The miscibility of blends of poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL, M_w = 14,300) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, M_w = 15K or 540K) in acetone + CO₂ mixed solvent has been explored. The liquid-liquid phase boundaries at different temperatures have been determined for mixtures containing 10 wt% total polymer blend, 50 wt% acetone and 40 wt% CO₂. The PCL and PMMA contents of the blends were varied while holding the total polymer concentration at 10 wt%. The polymer blend solutions all displayed LCST-type behavior and required higher pressures than individual polymer components for complete miscibility. Complete miscibilities were achieved at pressures within 40 MPa. The DSC scans show that the blends are microphase-separated. The blends display the melting transition of PCL and the glass transition temperature of the PMMA phases. The presence of PMMA is found to influence the crystallization and melting behavior of PCL in the blends. The DSC results on heat of melting and the FTIR spectra, specifically the changes at 1295 cm⁻¹ band show the changes (decrease) in overall crystallinity of the blend upon addition of PMMA.     

Stereospecifity in radical polymerization of methyl α-(chloromethyl)acrylate

Poly(methyl α-(chloromethyl)acrylate)s (PMCMAs) obtained by homopolymerizations of methyl α-(chloromethyl)acrylate (MCMA) in benzene at different temperatures were converted to poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) by reduction with tributyltin hydride. The reduction proceeded smoothly to yield PMMA exhibiting no ¹H NMR resonance due to the CH₂Cl group. The tacticity of the PMCMA obtained at 40 °C was determined using the ¹H NMR resonances of the α-methyl group of PMMA derived: mm/mr/rr=8/56/36. Apparently, the propagation of MCMA preferred r addition to a lower extent in comparison with that of MMA. The more polar and the bulkier α-substituent ClCH₂ (relative to CH₃) would diminish the effect of the carbomethoxy group, thus resulting in a lower level of synditacticity than in MMA polymerization. The tacticity of MMA-MCMA copolymers estimated after conversion to PMMA varied from that of PMMA to that of PMCMA; an increase in MCMA content in the feed resulted in a decrease in rr content. Coisotactic parameters for copolymerization of MCMA with MMA-d₈ were determined according to Hatada's procedure for determination of these parameters [Polym J 19 (1987) 1105].     

Miscibility and viscoelastic properties of acrylic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) blends

We investigate the miscibility of acrylic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) [characteristic size d≈2 nm] and poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) in order to determine the effect of well-dispersed POSS nanoparticles on the thermomechanical properties of PMMA. Two different acrylic POSS species (unmodified and hydrogenated) were blended separately with PMMA at volume fractions up to ?=0.30. Both POSS species have a plasticizing effect on PMMA by lowering the glass transition temperature T_g and decreasing the melt-state linear viscoelastic moduli measured in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow. The unmodified acrylic-POSS has better miscibility with PMMA than the hydrogenated form, approaching complete miscibility for loadings ?<0.10. At a loading ?=0.05, the unmodified acrylic POSS induces a 4.9 °C decrease in the T_g of PMMA, far less than the 17.4 °C decrease in the glass transition temperature observed in a blend of 5 vol% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in PMMA; however, the decrease in the glass transition temperature per added plasticizer molecule is nearly the same in the unmodified acrylic-POSS-PMMA blend compared with the DOP-PMMA blend. Time-temperature superposition (TTS) was applied successfully to the storage and loss moduli data and the resulting shift factors were correlated with a significant increase in free volume of the blends. The fractional free volume f₀=0.046 for PMMA at T₀=170 °C while for a blend of 5 vol% unmodified acrylic-POSS in PMMA f₀=0.057, which corresponds to an addition of 0.47 nm³ per added POSS molecule at ?=0.05. The degree of dispersion was characterized using both wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Diffraction patterns for both blend systems show clear evidence of phase separation at ?=0.20 and higher, but no significant phase separation is evident at ?=0.10 and lower. The storage modulus measured in DMA indicates appreciable phase separation for unmodified acrylic POSS loadings ?≥0.10, while no evidence of phase separation is present in the ?=0.05 blend in DMA.     

Amino functionalization and characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite

To enhance adsorption of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) main chains, amino-functional modification was applied to the MWNT via chemical modification using thionyl chloride and hexamethylene diamine. Experimental results indicate that the amino-functionalized MWNT was covalently bonded to the PMMA. An uneven layer of the PMMA film was present on the MWNT surface, compared with smooth surface of pristine MWNT. Strong absorbance at 1570 cm^? 1 from FT-IR spectra for both MWNT-NH₂ and PMMA-g-MWNT was observed due to amino group, confirming further PMMA grafting onto the MWNT. Rheological characteristics of the MWNT/PMMA nanocomposite were also examined.     

Scaffolds based on hydroxypropyl starch: Processing,morphology, characterization,and biological behavior

In this study, a novel electrospun hybrid scaffold was developed, which consists of a blend of a modified natural substance, hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) with a synthetic one, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Nanofibers with varying polysaccharide contents were fabricated using water as solvent and the electrospinning process conditions investigated as a function of the weight ratio of the blend. The fibers were characterized through mean diameter and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs clearly showed the effect of HPS/PEO weight ratio of the blend on the nanofibers formation. Stability of the fibers was enhanced by coating with hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). In vitro degradation analysis of the coated mats after 1 month of immersion showed porous formation, whereas the fibrous structure was retained. The biological response of the mats against human fibroblasts proved that cells were able to adhere to and proliferate on the fibrous materials. Thus, the feasibility of producing nanofibers of HPS/PEO blends with high proportion of starch and their biocompatibility after coating with PMMA was demonstrated, indicating that these materials have potential to be used as scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci., 2013     

Influence of the viscosity ratio in PC/SAN blends filled with MWCNTs on the morphological,electrical, and melt rheological properties

Co-continuous polycarbonate (PC)/poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) (SAN) = 60/40 wt.% blends were filled with 1 wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which selectively localized within the PC component. To study the influence of the viscosity ratio, PCs with different viscosities were selected resulting in PC/SAN viscosity ratios (at 100 rad/s) between 1.2 and 4.5. With increasing viscosity ratio, smaller blend structures were observed. Furthermore, optical microscopy revealed that the filler dispersion was improved with decreasing PC viscosity. The highest electrical conductivity was achieved for the blend composite with the coarsest morphology, containing the low viscosity PC and having the lowest PC/SAN viscosity ratio. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that for the composite prepared with high viscosity PC, not all of the incorporated MWCNTs were able to localize completely into the PC component. Instead, some MWCNTs were found to be stacked at the interface of the two polymers, indicating that the high PC melt viscosity had a restricting effect on the movement of the MWCNTs. Moreover, with electrical conductive atomic force microscopy, it was proven that small, spherical PC particles, even if filled with CNTs, do not take part in the conductive network of the blend composites. Rheological analyses showed a correlation with the morphological analysis and the electrical conductive behavior of the blend composites. In summary, a lower viscosity ratio between the blend components, in which upon addition due to thermodynamic reasons the CNTs localize (here PC), and the other component (here SAN) is favorable for high electrical conductivity values.     

Low-surface-free-energy polybenzoxazine/polyacrylonitrile fibers for biononfouling membrane

We blended poly(3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) (PBA) into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to generate low-surface-free-energy fibers without fluorine and silicon elements for electrospinning. Liquid-state BA at room temperature can be solidified in electrospinning process using PAN as a medium through their miscible behavior. Results indicate that the mixing below 50 wt% BA into PAN matrix for electrospinning has no significant dropping beads, indicated a miscible PAN/BA system. Above 70 wt% BA in PAN solution could not be solidified completely after electrospinning, revealed apparent beaded fibers. The PAN/PBA blend fibers, obtained after curing at 300 °C, generated a superhydrophobicity because of the low-surface-free-energy PBA. In addition, laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) measurements were included to determine the relative amount of antibody that adsorbed to these PAN/PBA fibers to examine the biofouling-resistant property. The results showed an obviously decreased protein adsorption with increasing PBA fraction. The correlations between PAN and PBA would provide insight into the designing and developing of low-surface-free-energy fibers without fluorine and silicon elements to improve biofouling-resistant property.