氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(Ⅻ)——含氟灭火剂

介绍了氟表面活性剂在水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF)、氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂(FP)、成膜氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂(FFFP)、抗复燃超细干粉灭火剂以及Halon灭火剂替代物中的应用。分析了国内研究生产现状,对含氟灭火剂的发展趋势和前景进行了展望。     

氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂在扑救油罐火灾中的应用

讲述氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂在扑救油罐火灾时,其在液下喷射和液面喷射中的应用。     

浅析油罐火灾扑救及氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂在扑救油罐火灾中的应用

本文主要从油罐火灾的特点、扑救措施以及如何应用氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂扑救油罐火灾等方面，做了详细的论述，从而保障油罐火灾扑教工作的顺利进行。     

氟碳表面活性剂在消防领域中的应用

分析了氟碳表面活性剂的结构和性能特点;讲解了氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂、轻水泡沫灭火剂和凝胶型抗溶剂泡沫灭火剂的基本组成、性能特点和在消防领域中的应用场合等;最后指出在研发过程中科学工作者必须考虑氟碳表面活性剂对人类身体和环境可能产生的危害.     

AFFF1高浓度低冻点耐海水型水成膜泡沫灭火剂的研究

水成膜泡沫灭火剂是目前世界公认性能最佳的油类环保型灭火剂。针对目前该类产品大多为淡水型,存在耐寒、耐盐性较差的特点,文章详细阐述了可弥补这些不足的高浓度低冻点耐海水型水成膜泡沫灭火剂的技术原理,研究方法,应用优势,并对研究成果在技术、经济、社会效益方面进行了系统的分析,从而得出研究成果的使用价值比其他类型的水成膜泡沫灭火剂具有更高的综合竞争力与良好的应用前景。     

水成膜泡沫灭火剂的发展与应用

本文简要回顾了水成膜泡沫灭火剂的发展历史,对水成膜泡沫的铺展以及灭火机理进行了阐述。介绍了水成膜泡沫的应用与研究现状,并讨论了水成膜泡沫在国内未来的发展趋势。     

蛋白泡沫灭火剂的污染与治理对策

蛋白泡沫灭火剂是生产和应用最多的灭火剂之一,其对环境的污染也是十分严重的。本文就蛋白泡沫灭火剂的污染和治理进行了探讨,着重讨论了减小蛋白泡沫灭火剂对环境污染的对策。     

肼类推进剂猝灭剂猝灭效果研究

通过采用六氟异丙醇等材料合成出对甲苯磺酸六氟异丙酯,研制了肼类推进剂猝灭剂。对比结果表明,自制的肼类推进剂猝灭剂对偏二甲肼的猝灭效果优于氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂,预装了肼类推进剂猝灭剂的猝灭器产生的压缩空气泡沫对偏二甲肼的猝灭效果更好,自制猝灭剂的猝灭效果相当于国外的同类泡沫灭火剂。     

氟树脂乳液最低成膜温度控制方法的研究

对以三氟氯乙烯为主要含氟单体的氟树脂乳液最低成膜温度的控制方法进行了研究。结果表明通过调节软硬单体的比例可以较好地控制氟树脂乳液的最低成膜温度,随着软单体比例的增加,乳液的最低成膜温度降低;通过成膜助剂调节氟树脂乳液的最低成膜温度较为简单有效,在TEXANOL、PPH、EB三种成膜助剂中,TEXANOL的效果最佳。乳液共混是调控最低成膜温度的另一重要手段,通过控制共混乳液的比例可以得到一系列不同最低成膜温度的乳液。     

高海拔地区泡沫灭火剂应用影响因素分析

随着我国经济发展及西部大开发战略的不断推进，高原地区的资源必将越来越受到重视，有关高原地区石化及化工仓储企业的安全及事故后救援方面的研究必将成为高原地区发展的重要保障，泡沫灭火剂作为处置石化火灾中被广泛使用的灭火剂，在石化火灾灭火救援中必不可少，研究水成膜泡沫灭火剂在高原低气压环境下性能改变情况，对扑救高原石化火灾、保障人民生命财产安全具有重要意义。文章基于多个高原水成膜灭火剂性能变化试验，对水成膜泡沫灭火剂在高原环境下性能改变做了总结，并给出应对建议，以期为消防队伍在高原环境正确使用泡沫灭火剂，发挥其应有效能提供帮助。     

Study on aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent based on fluorocarbon cationic–hydrocarbon anionic surfactants mixture system

Fluorocarbon surfactants were the main components of aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents (AFFF). Unfortunately, the widely used fluorocarbon surfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was limited due to its toxicity, bioaccumulation and biodegradability. In this paper, an environmentally friendly quaternary ammonium cationic fluorocarbon surfactant with high surface activity and simple synthesis route was reported. The surface performance and aggregation behavior of the mixed solution of this fluorocarbon surfactant and sodium n-octyl sulfate were studied by means of surface tension meter and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the synergistic effect of sodium n-octyl sulfate and this fluorocarbon surfactant was significant, and many vesicles could be observed in the mixed solution with the concentration of 0.1 mol/L under TEM. Subsequently, three environmental friendly AFFF formulations (F-1, F-2, F-3) were designed with the mixture of the fluorocarbon surfactant, sodium n-octyl sulfate and lauryl betaine BS-12 as foaming agent. Through its foam performance test, it could be seen that F-3 showed relatively excellent foam performance. The initial foam height h₀ was 70 mm, the 25% drainage time was 315 s, the extinguishing time was 28 s, and the burn-back time was 720 s. This kind of fire extinguishing agent had the potential of fire protection application.     

泡沫灭火剂中全氟辛烷磺酸类物质的管控行为及替代物研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS）使水成膜泡沫灭火剂（aqueous film forming foam,AFFF）具有较好的耐高温和抗烧能力,但由于PFOS的难降解性、生物富集性及毒性,国内外相继对PFOS类物质进行了管控。本文简述和分析了泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的管控行为及替代物研究,分析表明管控行动逐步从限制走向淘汰,研究泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的替代物极为迫切;替代物的研究方向主要有两个,一个是泡沫灭火剂中短氟碳链类表面活性剂研究及短氟碳链泡沫灭火剂的灭火效果验证,但短氟碳链类表面活性剂可能存在长期环境持久性的问题;另一个是泡沫灭火剂中无氟类表面活性剂的研究,如有机硅表面活性剂、甜菜碱型表面活性剂、纯化皂苷表面活性剂,但无氟类表面活性剂可能会影响无氟泡沫灭火剂的表面活性、灭火能力、灭火效果等。泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的替代物研发尚任重而道远。     

The physicochemical and fire extinguishing performance of aqueous film-forming foams based on a class of short-chain fluorinated surfactants

Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are an important for fire extinguishing, and their key ingredient is fluorinated surfactant. In recent years, traditional long-chain fluorinated surfactants have been banned by most countries because of their persistence, bio-accumulation and toxicity. Therefore, increased attention has been paid to the research and development of short-chain fluorinated surfactants. As is well known, the introduction of hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups in a surfactant affects its surface activity, and therefore, the fire extinguishing performance of AFFFs. In this work, a series of short-chain fluorosurfactant-based AFFFs with different hydrophobic chain lengths were prepared. The physicochemical performance of mixed systems (fluorinated surfactant plus sodium hexanesulfonate), including surface activity, spreading ability, foam expansion, drainage time, and the fire extinguishing and burn-back performance of AFFFs were studied. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension (γ_CMC) at the CMC of mixed systems at 25°C are lower than 7.68 mmol/L and 16.51 mN/m, respectively. For mixed systems, the average spreading rate is more than 1.09 cm/s, the foam expansion is over 7.1, and the drainage time is greater than 3.28 min. The fire extinguishing time of AFFFs on fuels is less than 51 s while the burn-back time is more than 15.18 min. The results imply a potential application prospect of the short-chain fluorinated surfactants in AFFFs.     

Research on the influence of wollastonite fibers on the stability of foam extinguishment agent and its effect on the extinguishing efficiency of pool fire

Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) is a frequently used foam extinguishment agent for oil fires, but the foam stability of AFFF is not perfect, which results in poor fire extinguishing performance. In order to improve the foam stability of AFFF, wollastonite fibers were explored to increase the performance of foam extinguishment agent. The influences of wollastonite fibers' concentration on foam extinguishment agent's stability are studied. When the concentration of wollastonite fibers is 30.00 g/100 mL, the drainage time is prolonged, which is the best among all the formulas. Moreover, the fire resistance and fire-fighting performances are increased significantly due to the incorporation of wollastonite fibers. In order to reveal the effect of wollastonite fibers on the stability of foam extinguishment agent, the structure of the foam and the diameter of the bubbles are investigated. The results show that the complexity and compactness of foam layer's structure are very important for foam stability, and the fire-extinguishing performance is improved due to the introduction of wollastonite fibers.     

Improving the performance of fluoroprotein foam in extinguishing gasoline pool fires with addition of bromofluoropropene

The fluoroprotein foam is one of the most widely used fire suppressants for its low cost, low toxicity and biodegradability. However, its fire extinguishing performance is limited. In this article, fluoroprotein foam was combined with a clean and degradable fire suppressant of 2‐bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (BTP) to improve its fire extinguishing efficiency. Laboratory scale suppression experiments on gasoline pool fires were conducted in a 27 m³ confined space. An optimized volume flow ratio of air to foam solution was found out first to acquire fluoroprotein foam with best fire extinguishing efficiency; then varied amounts of BTP were added to the foam at the optimal flow ratio for performance examination. Results demonstrated: at the optimized volume flow ratio of air to foam solution of 9 and the volume flow ratio of BTP to foam solution of 3.75%, a superior fire extinguishing performance was achieved with the fire extinguishing time reduced by 43% in comparison to that without any BTP added. The fire suppression mechanism of the foam with BTP additive was discussed based on established fire suppression theories and experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低碳醇改性无氟泡沫的性能分析与扑灭油池火的实验研究

针对现有氟碳类泡沫灭火剂关键组分PFOS因国际环境公约出于环保和健康而限用,以及现有泡沫灭火剂还存在析液速度快而影响灭火能效等问题,在前人及团队探究无氟泡沫复配方案基础上,基于火灾化学理论与表面活性剂技术,遴选碳氢/有机硅表面活性剂(LS-99/SDS)为基剂,通过引入可改善气泡聚并的低碳醇(乙醇、正丙醇和异丁醇)调控泡沫的发泡倍数和25%析液时间等性能,开展含醇泡沫和无醇泡沫的灭火对比实验,考察低碳醇引入后的泡沫灭火能效。结果表明,引入适量浓度低碳醇可显著影响LS-99/SDS复配体系的发泡倍数和25%析液时间。相比乙醇和正丙醇,当异丁醇质量分数为0.1%时,可有效延缓含醇泡沫的析液进程和降低析液速率。通过灭火过程的火焰温度测定,发现含醇泡沫作用下10 cm和20 cm高度处的火焰最大降温速率为20.1℃·s^-1和11.2℃·s^-1,相较于无醇泡沫体系降温效果显著,降温增幅分别为39.58%和14.29%。含醇泡沫灭火剂相对于无醇泡沫灭火时间缩短了3.6 s,缩短幅度为37.5%。适量浓度的异丁醇引入到无氟泡沫体系中,可有效延缓泡沫析液进程,提高泡沫体系的发泡倍数及稳泡性能,为无氟泡沫的优化设计提供了一条新路径。建立了基于25%析液时间、平均析液速度、最大降温速率和灭火时间等综合指标的灭火效果考察方法,为泡沫灭火效能的实验室评价提供了参考依据。     

低碳醇改性无氟泡沫的性能分析与扑灭油池火的实验研究

针对现有氟碳类泡沫灭火剂关键组分PFOS因国际环境公约出于环保和健康而限用,以及现有泡沫灭火剂还存在析液速度快而影响灭火能效等问题,在前人及团队探究无氟泡沫复配方案基础上,基于火灾化学理论与表面活性剂技术,遴选碳氢/有机硅表面活性剂(LS-99/SDS)为基剂,通过引入可改善气泡聚并的低碳醇(乙醇、正丙醇和异丁醇)调控泡沫的发泡倍数和25%析液时间等性能,开展含醇泡沫和无醇泡沫的灭火对比实验,考察低碳醇引入后的泡沫灭火能效。结果表明,引入适量浓度低碳醇可显著影响LS-99/SDS复配体系的发泡倍数和25%析液时间。相比乙醇和正丙醇,当异丁醇质量分数为0.1%时,可有效延缓含醇泡沫的析液进程和降低析液速率。通过灭火过程的火焰温度测定,发现含醇泡沫作用下10 cm和20 cm高度处的火焰最大降温速率为20.1℃·s^-1和11.2℃·s^-1,相较于无醇泡沫体系降温效果显著,降温增幅分别为39.58%和14.29%。含醇泡沫灭火剂相对于无醇泡沫灭火时间缩短了3.6 s,缩短幅度为37.5%。适量浓度的异丁醇引入到无氟泡沫体系中,可有效延缓泡沫析液进程,提高泡沫体系的发泡倍数及稳泡性能,为无氟泡沫的优化设计提供了一条新路径。建立了基于25%析液时间、平均析液速度、最大降温速率和灭火时间等综合指标的灭火效果考察方法,为泡沫灭火效能的实验室评价提供了参考依据。     

空气泡沫灭火剂与石油化工火灾扑救

近年来频发的石油化工火灾为人们敲响了安全警钟,再一次引起人们对石油化工火灾问题的高度关注。文章介绍了在石油化工火灾中常用空气泡沫灭火剂的种类、灭火机理、适用范围、优点及不足,指出了空气泡沫灭火剂使用时的注意事项,并展望了其在石油化工火灾中的应用前景。     

Transformation of Chlorofluorocarbons Through Catalytic Hydrodehalogenation

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were discovered as early as in 1930 by Thomas Midgley, find a variety of industrial applications. They have four basic uses: (i) Refrigerants, (ii) Foam blowing agents, (iii) Cleaning agents and (iv) Propellants. As refrigerants, CFCs are used in freezers, refrigerators and in air conditioning units in automobiles and buildings. As blowing agents CFCs are used in making both rigid foam which appears in items such as foam ice chests and fast-food hamburger boxes, and flexible foam used in furniture cushions and foam pillows. As cleaning agents they wash hundreds of products in electronic and other industries ranging from computer chips to artificial hip joints. In addition to their application as propellants, these are also used in aerosol sprays. CFCs are also used in fire extinguishing units and urethane shoe soles.