生物质催化热解制油及油品改性提质研究进展

基于国家碳中和背景，生物质作为一种重要的可再生资源，其有效利用至关重要。生物质热解制油具有规模化潜力，成为目前生物质利用的主要方式。生物质热解技术按照液化方式不同分为直接液化和间接液化，但生物质直接液化所得生物油组分不稳定，间接液化所得生物油品质取决于反应器型式、反应温度及催化剂类型等，不同制备方法的生物油品质差别较大，生物油改性提质成为其实际应用的必要条件。归纳比较了生物质热解过程中提高生物油品质的催化剂类型，着重综述了原生物油分离为轻质组分和重质组分后分别改性提质的技术路线，可转化为燃气、燃油甚至化学品，实现生物油的高值化。针对轻质油组分的改性方法有水蒸气重整制氢、催化裂解、加氢脱氧、催化酯化等，催化剂类型以分子筛及贵金属为主；而重质油组分水含量低、黏性大，相关提质研究较少，目前报道以加氢、裂化、酯化、添加溶剂、气化为主。生物油提质改性方法中，催化剂、氢源、耗能是限制其规模化、工业化应用的主要原因，降低催化剂成本及提高催化剂寿命、减少氢源使用或利用低成本氢源、简化工艺及降低反应温度是生物油提质技术发展方向。     

木质纤维水热液化研究进展

水热液化是木质纤维生物质的热转化方法之一, 其因以水作为溶剂被认为是环境友好型技术。本文综述了木质纤维生物质水热液化的研究进展, 对木质纤维生物质的水热液化产物分析策略进行概述。分析了纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等木质纤维生物质组分的水热液化机理以及水热液化产物组成和分布。讨论了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂和助溶剂等对木质纤维水热液化的影响, 重点介绍了生物油、不凝性气体和固体残渣等液化产物的表征手段。最后对未来木质纤维水热液化发展方向提出了建议。     

木质纤维素生物质水热液化的研究进展

对木质纤维素生物质的模型化合物(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)的水热液化机理进行了剖析。纤维素和半纤维素降解路径主要是水解成单糖并进一步生成酸类、醛类、酮类等。木质素结构较复杂,液化产物中含有大量苯系化合物,具体木质纤维素生物质的水热液化反应更为复杂,不同的木质纤维素生物质原料水热液化产生的生物油含量不同;分析了原料种类、催化剂、反应温度、反应压力、对水热液化过程以及产品组成和收率的影响;对生物质水热液化制备生物油的研究进行了展望,认为发展木质纤维素生物质水热条件下降解的数学模型,开发新型反应器、研制催化剂,是今后生物质水热液化工程实验的发展方向。     

生物质制备液体燃料技术的研究

综述了近年来由生物质制备液体燃料(生物乙醇燃料、生物柴油、生物质航空燃料)相关的技术进展。重点介绍了乙醇燃料的生物质合成气发酵、生物质合成气催化和合成气间接合成技术;生物柴油的油脂酯交换和超临界法转化途径;航空燃料的生物质气化-费托合成加氢提质和生物油的转化路线;并对这些转化途径的的特点和未来的研究方向做了分析。     

生物质热解制生物油及其提质研究现状

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其综合高效利用在能源替代与补充、保护生态环境等方面具有重要的战略意义。生物油是生物质通过热裂解技术获得的液体产物,具有能量密度较高、环境友好、可再生及可直接输送等优点,可替代传统化石燃料推广使用,解决日益严重的能源紧缺与环境污染等问题。生物质热解制油技术的开发与利用,已成为新世纪可持续能源研究领域的重要课题之一。总结了近年来生物质热解制油技术的主要研究进展,重点关注热解反应器、催化热解技术与生物油的提质利用方面的研究,介绍了碱金属、氧化物和分子筛3种生物质热解催化剂,以及乳化、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化和重整制氢5种生物质提质方法,最后对生物质热解技术的现状及发展趋势进行了总结和概括。     

生物质热解利用中主要催化剂的研究进展

催化热解目前逐渐成为生物质转化利用技术的主要研究方向,相比常规热解,催化热解可以对生物油进行有效提质并且定向产生高值化产品。本文通过对近年来新兴的催化剂进行综述,包括分子筛类催化剂（ZSM-5、HZSM-5、USY等）、炭基催化剂、金属氧化物、白云石、整体式催化剂等,了解了目前生物质热解利用中催化剂领域内的最新研究进展。文中指出,良好的催化剂是保证反应顺利进行的关键,不同催化剂定向产生的高值化产品也有所不同,因此催化剂的正确选择对于生物油的提质起着重大作用。根据目前领域内所研究内容,本文还对各类催化剂的优缺点、产物特性进行了详细比较,并针对该技术现有问题提出了部分建议并进行展望,为以后生物质热解领域催化剂的研究提供了重要的理论依据。     

纤维素催化加氢制备生物基化合物的研究进展

纤维素是自然界中广泛存在的生物质资源,以纤维素为原料催化加氢制备生物基化合物是纤维素利用的重要方向。简述了纤维素的化学结构及其催化加氢反应机理;详述了纤维素的催化加氢及其所用固体金属催化剂的研究进展;纤维素催化加氢可制备C2~C6糖醇类化合物,主要采用金属催化剂,如贵金属、镍基及钨基催化剂,对比了催化剂活性组分负载于不同载体时对催化剂活性的影响;指出催化加氢将是纤维素应用研究的热点,开发高催化活性的双功能催化剂将是今后催化剂研究的重点方向。     

生物质制备生物油裂解反应器研究进展

生物质热裂解是生物质在隔绝空气的条件下,快速加热裂解,裂解蒸汽经快速冷却制得棕褐色液体产物。将生物质热解生成生物油,不仅便于运输和储存,而且还可以作为生产化工产品的原料。主要介绍了国内外生物质纤维素裂解制备生物油工艺、裂解反应器的特点等。就我国目前的技术,建议开发高效裂解工艺、新型高效反应器、研究反应机理以及开发高效催化剂等,从而降低生物质裂解油成本。     

生物油电催化加氢提质技术研究进展

生物油是一种可再生的碳中和有机资源,在液体燃料和高值化学品生产中显示出较大的潜力,对其大规模利用有助于实现碳中和目标。生物油因其固有的腐蚀性和化学不稳定性而需要提质以提高其应用价值。电催化加氢能够在常温常压下实现生物油加氢提质,该方法反应条件温和、操作简单、能源效率高,具有碳中和属性,为生物油提质提供了新的选择。综述了近年来生物油电催化加氢的研究进展,分析了不同生物油模型化合物在电催化加氢过程中的作用机理。讨论了真实生物油样品的电催化加氢实例,以证明电催化应用于生物油提质的可行性。最后,针对生物油电催化加氢提质技术面临的困难和挑战,提出了该领域未来的研究方向和重点,并展望了生物油电催化加氢提质工业化应用的前景。     

木质纤维素多元醇液化及液化产物提质的研究进展

生物质作为唯一的可再生含碳资源,通过热化学液化可以实现其高附加值转化为燃料和化学品。木质纤维素多元醇液化产物富含活性羟基,具有可调变的羟值和黏度,在聚氨酯材料的生产中得到了广泛的应用。由于液化过程中同时存在缩聚、重排等副反应的发生,导致液化产物中含有醛、酮、酸、酯等羰基化合物,使用合适的催化剂对液化产物进行加氢提质是提高下游聚氨酯泡沫品质的必需步骤。为此,对木质纤维素多元醇液化工艺、液化动力学和液化机理等方面进行了总结,对液化产物的提质方法及工艺技术的选取进行了阐述,提出了“液化耦合提质”的新工艺,并对未来的研究重点及发展趋势提出了可行的建议。     

水相生物油原位汽化-催化重整制氢工艺优化

为了“碳达峰,碳中和”的目标,开发以可再生能源为主体的绿色制氢技术势在必行。基于原位汽化策略,本文在自主研发的固定床/流化床催化重整一体式反应装置上开展水相生物油催化重整制氢对比实验。结果发现,在经原位汽化改进后的催化重整制氢工艺中,流化床内水相生物油转化效率（95%左右）明显高于固定床（80%左右）,两种反应体系中的H₂选择性均能100%保持较长时间稳定,但在反应进行到100min左右时,固定床反应体系中出现了明显的催化剂积炭失活现象,而流化床体系中催化剂始终保持较高活性,未发现积炭生成。从反应后液相产物分析可以发现,流化床反应体系中水相生物油各组分接近完全转化,而固定床反应体系中除有少量乙酸和苯酚残留外,还有少量酮类物质产生（丙酮等）。因此,原位汽化策略可以有效促进水相生物油催化重整制氢过程,结合流化床中催化剂的流化效果,将极大促进生物质-生物油-氢气的产业链推广进程。     

Upgrading of biofuel by the catalytic deoxygenation of biomass

Biomass can be used to produce biofuels, such as bio-oil and bio-diesel, by a range of methods. Biofuels, however, have a high oxygen content, which deteriorates the biofuel quality. Therefore, the upgrading of biofuels via catalytic deoxygenation is necessary. This paper reviews the recent advances of the catalytic deoxygenation of biomass. Catalytic cracking of bio-oil is a promising method to enhance the quality of bio-oil. Microporous zeolites, mesoporous zeolites and metal oxide catalysts have been investigated for the catalytic cracking of biomass. On the other hand, it is important to develop methods to reduce catalyst coking and enhance the lifetime of the catalyst. In addition, an examination of the effects of the process parameters is very important for optimizing the composition of the product. The catalytic upgrading of triglycerides to hydrocarbon-based fuels is carried out in two ways. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) was introduced to remove oxygen atoms from the triglycerides in the form of H₂O by hydrogenation. HDO produced hydrogenated biodiesel because the catalysts and process were based mainly on well-established technology, hydrodesulfurization. Many refineries and companies have attempted to develop and commercialize the HDO process. On the other hand, the consumption of huge amounts of hydrogen is a major problem hindering the wide-spread use of HDO process. To solve the hydrogen problem, deoxygenation with the minimum use of hydrogen was recently proposed. Precious metal-based catalysts showed reasonable activity for the deoxygenation of reagent-grade fatty acids with a batch-mode reaction. On the other hand, the continuous production of hydrocarbon in a fixed-bed showed that the initial catalytic activity decreases gradually due to coke deposition. The catalytic activity for deoxygenation needs to be maintained to achieve the widespread production of hydrocarbon-based fuels with a biological origin.     

生物油加氢脱氧研究进展

生物油是潜在的可再生能源,但由于含氧量高、低热值、化学性能不稳定和耐腐蚀性差等缺陷,影响其广泛应用,需进一步进行加氢脱氧处理。综述了近年来对生物油的模型化合物及实际油品的催化加氢脱氧的研究进展。     

Bio-oil production from Glycyrrhiza glabra through supercritical fluid extraction

Glycyrrhiza glabra was liquefied by ethanol and acetone in an autoclave under high pressure using potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate as the catalyst, as well as without catalyst at various temperatures (250, 270 and 290 °C) for producing bio-oil. The experimental results show that the yield of the main liquefaction product (bio-oil) was influenced significantly by liquefaction parameters such as solvent type, and catalyst type and temperature. The results showed that the maximum bio-oil yield was obtained in acetone (79%) at 290 °C without catalyst. The products of liquefaction (bio-oil) were analysed and characterized using various methods including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC–MS identified 131 and 147 different compounds in the bio-oils obtained at 270 and 290 °C, respectively.     

Efficient hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate to diesel-like hydrocarbons on carbon encapsulated Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds with methanol as hydrogen donor

Porous carbon-encapsulated Ni and Ni–Sn intermetallic compound catalysts were prepared by the one-pot extended Stöber method followed by carbonization and tested for in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor. During the catalyst preparation, Sn doping reduces the size of carbon spheres, and the formation of Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds restrain the graphitization, contributing to larger pore volume and pore diameter. Consequently, a more facile mass transfer occurs in carbon-encapsulated Ni–Sn intermetallic compound catalysts than in carbon-encapsulated Ni catalysts. During the in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation, the synergism between Ni and Sn favors palmitic acid hydrogenation to a highly reactive hexadecanal that easily either decarbonylate to n-pentadecane or is hydrogenated to hexadecanol. At high reaction temperature, hexadecanol undergoes dehydrogenation–decarbonylation, generating n-pentadecane. Also, the C–C bond hydrolysis and methanation are suppressed on Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds, favorable for increasing the carbon yield and reducing the H₂ consumption. The n-pentadecane and n-hexadecane yields reached 88.1% and 92.8% on carbon-encapsulated Ni₃Sn₂ intermetallic compound at 330 °C. After washing and H₂ reduction, the carbon-encapsulated Ni₃Sn₂ intermetallic compound remains stable during three recycling cycles. This is ascribed to the carbon confinement that effectively suppresses the sintering and loss of metal particles under harsh hydrothermal conditions.     

生物油储存稳定性的研究进展

保持良好的储存稳定性是生物油作为替代能源进入市场应用的关键之一。本文介绍了生物油的基本特性、储存稳定性的研究现状以及测量评价生物油储存稳定性的参数和方法,并重点介绍了目前提高生物油储存稳定性的方法,分析了不同方法的优缺点以及目前所面临的问题,并提出了深入生物质快速热解机理并制定关于生物油储存稳定性及应用的标准将有助于生物油的市场商业应用。     

Development of an in-situ H2 reduction and moderate oxidation method for 3,5-dimethylpyridine hydrogenation in trickle bed reactor

The Ru/C catalyst prepared by impregnation method was used for hydrogenation of 3,5-dimethylpyridine in a trickle bed reactor. Under the same reduction conditions (300 °C in H₂), the catalytic activity of the non-in-situ reduced Ru/C-n catalyst was higher than that of the in-situ reduced Ru/C-y catalyst. Therefore, an in-situ H₂ reduction and moderate oxidation method was developed to increase the catalyst activity. Moreover, the influence of oxidation temperature on the developed method was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction H₂-TPR, hydrogen temperature-programmed dispersion (H₂-TPD), X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, O₂ chemisorption and oxygen temperature-programmed dispersion (O₂-TPD) analyses. The results showed that there existed an optimal Ru/RuO_x ratio for the catalyst, and the highest 3,5-dimethylpyridine conversion was obtained for the Ru/C-i1 catalyst prepared by in-situ H₂ reduction and moderate oxidation (oxidized at 100 °C). Excessive oxidation (200 °C) resulted in a significant decrease in the Ru/RuO_x ratio of the in-situ H₂ reduction and moderate oxidized Ru/C-i2 catalyst, the interaction between RuO_x species and the support changed, and the hard-to-reduce RuO_x species was formed, leading to a significant decrease in catalyst activity. The developed in-situ H₂ reduction and moderate oxidation method eliminated the step of the non-in-situ reduction of catalyst outside the trickle bed reactor.     

PdxSy材料的制备及其在催化领域的研究进展

在催化领域,Pd_xS_y多年来一直被认为是金属钯中毒形成的不良产物而不受重视。但是近年来,Pd_xS_y材料被发现在催化加氢、催化氧化、电催化以及可见光催化制氢方面表现出独特的催化性能。本文比较了Pd_xS_y材料的传统制备方法和绿色创新合成技术,综述了Pd_xS_y材料作为催化剂在催化加氢、催化氧化、电催化以及可见光催化制氢方面的研究工作。比较发现,Pd_xS_y材料的传统制备方法存在毒害大、三废多、周期长等缺点,这些缺点在很大程度上限制了该材料的发展前景,需要在制备方法上进行更深入的创新研究。同时,Pd_xS_y材料在多个催化领域,尤其是在可见光催化制氢方面的优异性能,使其在催化材料领域备受关注。