Research progress in ionic liquids catalyzed isobutane/butene alkylation

The complicated reaction mechanism and the character of competitive reactions lead to a stringent requirement for the catalyst of C4 alkylation process. Due to their unique properties, ionic liquids (ILs) are thought to be new potential acid catalysts for C4 alkylation. An analysis of the regular and modified chloroaluminate ILs, novel Br?nsted ILs and composite ILs used in isobutane/butene alkylation shows that the use of either ILs or ILs coupled with mineral acid as homogeneous catalysts can help to greatly adjust the acid strength. By modifying the struc-tural parameters of the cations and anions of the ILs, the solubility of the reactants could also be adjusted, which in turn displays a positive effect on improving the activity of ILs. Immobilization of ILs is an effective way to mod-ulate the surface adsorption/desorption properties and acid strength distribution of the solid acid catalysts. Such a process has a tremendous potential to reduce the deactivation of catalyst and enhance the activity of the solid acid catalyst. The development of novel acid catalysts for C4 alkylation is a comprehensive consideration of acid strength and its distribution, interfacial properties and transport characteristics.     

Performance of potassium 12-tungstophosphoric salts as catalysts for isobutane/butene alkylation in subcritical and supercritical phases

Potassium salts of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ heteropolyacid have been synthesised with different K contents and studied for their acid and catalytic properties in liquid phase isobutane alkylation by but-2-ene or but-1-ene. Subcritical and supercritical conditions have been chosen for comparison in a batch reactor.

The influence of the protonic site density has been studied. High acid density was observed to be detrimental for akylation reaction which was explained by increased olefin dimerisation, the main side reaction responsible of catalyst poisoning. A K_2.6H_0.4P sample was tested in a batch reactor in liquid subcritical, near supercritical and in low and high density supercritical isobutane/butene mixture (418 K, P=4–9 MPa). An increase in the quality of the alkylate with the density of the supercritical phase was observed which almost counterbalanced the negative effect of the high temperature necessary to reach supercritical isobutane conditions.

In the presence of porous alkaline salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid, alkylation to oligomerisation ratio is significantly improved over solids with a low density of strong Brønsted sites and by the use of high density supercritical isobutane conditions, the latter preserving hydride transfer and trimethyl pentane (TMP) formation.     

双模板剂法SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其MTO催化性能调变

以四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）和二乙铵（DEA）为混合模板剂，在低投料硅铝比[n (SiO₂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=0.2]及低模板剂用量[n (模板剂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=1.9]下，考察了两种模板剂比例的调变对合成的SAPO-34分子筛物化性能及其催化甲醇制烯烃反应（MTO）催化性能的影响。研究发现，通过改变两种模板剂比例，可以明显调变SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺寸、硅分布（晶粒表面和体相的硅分布）、硅原子的配位环境，从而影响其MTO催化反应的效果。在低模板剂用量制备的SAPO-34产品中，晶粒尺寸是影响其催化寿命的最主要因素，小晶粒分子筛因其扩散路径短有利于延长催化寿命。此外，硅分布也是影响催化寿命的因素之一，表面富硅的分子筛导致外表面积炭程度大于晶内积炭，积炭趋势由外向内发展，加速分子筛“假性”失活。硅分布还影响MTO反应产物分布，表面富硅分子筛外表面更易发生非择形催化，显著提高C₄～C₆等产物的选择性，不利于目标产物双烯（乙烯+丙烯）选择性的提高。     

碳四烃转化与利用技术研究进展及发展前景

我国来自炼油厂和石化装置的碳四(C₄)烃资源非常丰富,与此同时,C₄烃用作传统液化石油气燃气的需求量正逐渐减少,C₄烃资源综合利用成为企业的关注热点。本文介绍了国内外C₄烃转化与利用技术的开发进展及工业应用情况,包括丁烯异构化、丁烯歧化、C₄烯烃催化裂解、异丁烷脱氢、异丁烯制甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、C₄烃芳构化与烷基化等。认为对炼化一体化企业而言,将炼油厂C₄和裂解C₄整合在一起,应用增产低碳烯烃、醚后C₄生产高辛烷值汽油组分、C₄组分相互转化以及向下游高附加值产品延伸等技术,未来将具有较好的发展前景,不仅可为市场提供所需的燃料与化学品,而且有利于提升企业经济效益。     

离子液体/硫酸催化C4烷基化反应过程强化——表界面特性研究

利用分子动力学（MD）模拟研究了不同支链长度以及官能团的Brønsted酸性离子液体（BILs）对H₂SO₄/C₄烷烯界面特性的调控。结果表明,BILs的加入可以明显增强C₄烷烯在两相界面处的溶解和扩散,有利于烷基化油品的提升。烷基链较长的阳离子表现出较强的界面密度富集现象,并且其支链倾向于伸入C₄烷烯相,有利于界面性质的增强。阳离子支链的增长能够促进C₄烷烯的溶解,同时增大了C₄烷烯的界面存留率,不利于其界面扩散。另外,相比于非磺酸功能化离子液体（non-SFILs）,磺酸功能化离子液体（SFILs）促进了C₄烷烯的溶解,但抑制了C₄烷烯的扩散。本文在C₄烷基化界面性质方面的研究有利于深入理解C₄烷基化过程,相关结果有望为烷基化过程强化和新型催化剂的优化和设计提供帮助。     

全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂研究及工业应用

制备了全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附-脱附及NH3-TPD等对催化剂进行表征,并考察其用于碳四烯烃催化裂解制丙烯(OCC)反应的催化性能。结果表明,制备的全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂比常规成型的催化剂具有更高的结晶度、更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔结构以及更多的活性中心。高空速有利于反应的进行,提高压力对反应不利,升高温度有利于提高产物丙烯收率。在实验室研究的基础上,将全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于OCC工业装置,取得良好的应用效果。     

醚基功能化离子液体合成及催化烷基化反应

合成了一系列酸性的醚基功能化离子液体,对其进行了表征和测定。通过乙腈探针红外光谱法确定了最强酸性的催化剂,并将其用于催化异丁烷与2-丁烯的烷基化反应。结果表明:1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴氯铝酸离子液体([MOEMIM]Br/AlCl₃)在AlCl₃摩尔比为0.75时酸性最强,催化烷基化反应效果最佳;在反应温度35℃,异丁烷与2-丁烯体积比10:1的反应条件下催化烷基化反应,可得到C₈选择性66.6%的烷基化油;其催化效果远优于非醚基功能化氯铝酸离子液体的催化效果;该催化剂可循环利用。     

液体酸耦合体系催化C4烷基化研究进展

综述了近十年来液体酸耦合体系催化C₄烃烷基化反应的最新进展,包括液体超强酸、有机酸-杂多酸、离子液体-酸耦合体系,对比了不同催化体系催化C₄烃烷基化反应过程中的烯烃转化率、三甲基戊烷的选择性和烷基化汽油的研究法辛烷值,总结了不同催化体系的优缺点。重点论述了离子液体-酸耦合体系催化剂中组成离子液体的阴阳离子以及耦合酸类型对C₄烃烷基化反应的影响：有机胺类离子液体较咪唑类有着更为优异的烷基化效果,阴离子和改性离子液体通过形成特定的结构来维持反应体系的酸强度、减少副反应,从而延长催化剂的使用寿命,耦合酸为反应提供酸性位点并与离子液体协同催化。离子液体-酸耦合催化体系具有酸耗低、稳定性好、不易失活且可循环使用等优点,是C₄烷基化催化剂未来的发展方向之一。     

MCM-36 zeolites tailored with acidic ionic liquid to regulate adsorption properties of isobutane and 1-butene☆

Adsorption properties of an adsorbent or a catalyst towards adsorbates are crucial in the process of adsorption separation or catalytic reaction. Surface morphology and structure of adsorbents have a significant impact on the adsorption properties. In this study, a novel acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate(i.e., [BTPIm][HSO_4]), was synthesized and subsequently grafted onto the MCM-36 zeolite for the regulation of its adsorption properties towards isobutane and 1-butene. The resultant [BTPIm][HSO_4]-immobilized MCM-36(i.e., MCM-36-IL) was characterized by FT-IR, XPS, XRD, SEM, TG/DTG and N_2 adsorption–desorption measurement. It was found that the specific surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the MCM-36 support underwent a reduction upon the immobilization of ionic liquid,while the surface density of acid increased from 0.0014 to 0.0035 mmol·m~(-2). The adsorption capacity of isobutane and 1-butene on the MCM-36-IL was determined by a static volumetric method. Results demonstrated that the interaction between isobutane and MCM-36-IL was enhanced and the interaction between 1-butene and MCM-36-IL was reduced. As a result, a tunable adsorption ratio of isobutane/1-butene on MCM-36 was achieved.With the increase in surface density of acid and the tunable adsorption ratio of isobutane and 1-butene on the functionalized MCM-36, the acidic ionic liquid-immobilized zeolites are beneficial to obtain an improved reaction yield and a prolonged catalyst life in the reactions catalyzed by solid acid.     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by hydrocarbons over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts

The reduction of NO by hydrocarbons such as C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, and C₃H₈ has been investigated over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts including HM, CuHM, NZA (natural zeolite), and CuNZA prepared by an ion-exchange method in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. NO conversion over CuNZA catalyst reaches about 94% with 2000 ppm of C₃H₆ at 500°C. As reductants, alkenes seem to exhibit a higher performance for NO conversion than alkanes regardless of the catalysts. No deterioration of the catalytic activity due to carbonaceous deposits for CuNZA was observed above 400°C even after 30 h of on-stream time, but SO₂ in the feed gas stream causes a severe poisoning of the CuNZA catalyst. The effect of H₂O on NO conversion was significant regardless of the catalysts and the reductants employed in this study. However, CuNZA catalyst shows a unique water tolerance with C₃H₆. The reaction path of NO to N₂ is the most important factor for high performance of this catalytic system. NO is directly reduced by a reaction intermediate, C_n′H_m′(O) formed from hydrocarbon and O₂, N₂O is another reaction intermediate which can be easily removed by C_n′H_m′(O).     

Direct synthesis of middle iso-paraffins from synthesis gas on hybrid catalysts

This paper focuses on the synthesis of iso-paraffin-rich hydrocarbons by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over silica gel supported Co catalyst (Co/SiO₂). The basic concept is to isomerize and/or hydrocrack the primary FTS hydrocarbon products. A physical mixture consisting of a small amount of zeolite or Pd/zeolite mixed with Co/SiO₂ enhanced the formation of C₄–C₁₀ iso-paraffins while suppressing the formation of higher molecular hydrocarbons, probably because of the selective cracking of these hydrocarbons on them. In separate experiments, a two-reactor system was used. The first reactor contained a physical mixture of Co/SiO₂ and zeolite, and the second reactor contained zeolites or Pd-supported zeolites. The two-reactor system gave sharp C-number distribution within C₃–C₆ and iso-paraffins-rich products. The hydrocracking of n-octane and n-decane (model compound simulating products of the FTS reaction) over mixed catalysts composed of various compositions of Pd/SiO₂ and ZSM-5 in the presence of gaseous hydrogen showed high and stable activity, and produced primarily iso-paraffin-rich hydrocarbons. The isomerization was favored for mixtures rich in Pd/SiO₂. The role of Pd was thought to be the inlet of hydrogen spillover to the zeolite surface.     

Conversion of naphthenes to a high value steamcracker feedstock using H-ZSM-5 based catalysts in the second step of the ARINO-process

Future regulations for the limitation of sulfur and aromatics in fuels driven by the European Auto Oil Program (AOP II) stimulate the need for an alternative utilization of the resulting surplus of pyrolysis gasoline (pygas). The conversion of heavy pyrolysis gasoline into valuable steam cracker feedstock with a maximum yield of C₂–C₄ n-alkanes is achieved via the ARINO^® two-step process, jointly developed by Linde, VEBA Oil and Süd-Chemie. The first step involves a hydrogenation of aromatics to naphthenes followed by the subsequent ring opening and cracking in the second step.

Süd-Chemie developed a new commercial cracking catalyst for the second step of the ARINO^® process with the aim to maximize the yield of C₂–C₄ n-alkanes at low formation of methane and aromatics. The ring opening and cracking reaction of naphthenes was studied in a bench scale tubular reactor over extruded H-ZSM-5 based zeolite catalysts.

In a series of screening tests using a commercial, hydrogenated and desulphurized heavy pyrolysis gasoline, the influence of the preparation parameters such as zeolite acidity, palladium content as well as the type of binder were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of the process conditions space velocity and temperature was studied.

High yields of C₂–C₄ n-alkanes at low formation of undesired methane and aromatics were achieved over an alumina bound zeolite with medium Brønsted acidity loaded with palladium.

The reduction of the space velocity resulted in an increase in the C₂–C₄ n-alkane yield and lower formation of aromatics, but a simultaneous increase in the methane make. Raising the temperature from 280 to 370 °C significantly increased the catalyst activity.     

FCC汽油降烯烃工艺及催化剂研究进展

针对国VI汽油标准大幅度降烯烃的需要及乙醇汽油对有机含氧化合物含量的严格要求,从分子炼油角度出发,按照烯烃碳数C_4、C_5～C_6、C_5～C_8的顺序分别介绍并分析催化裂化(FCC)汽油降烯烃后处理技术,包括MTBE生产、烷基化、醚化、异构化/芳构化工艺发展状况、优缺点与应用局限。由于乙醇汽油的推广,MTBE生产技术与轻汽油醚化技术将面临停产的困境与改造的挑战,而烷基化、异构化/芳构化等生产高辛烷值汽油组分的技术是更具潜力的FCC汽油降烯烃技术,将得到大力发展。此外,总结常用工业催化剂及其改性研究,并简述存在问题与发展方向,提出汽油组分比例优化、MTBE装置改造等建议与展望,为FCC汽油降烯烃工艺技术路线选择提供借鉴。     

Single-event microkinetics for coke formation during the catalytic cracking of (cyclo)alkane/1-octene mixtures

A single-event microkinetic model (SEMK) is applied to model initial coking rates during the catalytic cracking of (cyclo)alkane/1-octene mixtures at 693–753 K and (cyclo)alkane and 1-octene inlet partial pressures of 26.6 and 4.8 kPa on a REUSY equilibrium catalyst. Three types of irreversible alkylations involving both gas phase and surface coke precursors, viz., alkylation of phenyl substituted carbenium ions with C₃–C₅ alkenes, alkylation of the nucleus of monoaromatics with C₃–C₅ alkylcarbenium ions, and alkylation of C₈–C₁₀ alkylcarbenium ions with C₃–C₅ alkenes, have been considered as rate-determining steps in coke formation. The bulky alkylated species formed out of these alkylations are considered as coke. The activation energies for these alkylations obtained via non-isothermal regression are independent of the feedstock within the parameters confidence limits reflecting the fundamental character of the SEMK. The negative effect of temperature on the experimentally observed coking rates is qualitatively described and is explained in terms of an overcompensation of the increase of the rate coefficient by a lower surface coke precursor concentration.     

离子液体催化烷基化体系在微反应器内的流动和反应基础研究

离子液体催化剂可以显著提高烷基化反应速率,开发适用于该工艺的高效反应器具有重要意义。基于微反应器在过程强化方面的优势,设计了适用于烷基化反应的微反应器,考察了烷基化模拟体系的流动规律,在较大操作范围内实现了催化剂与产物的连续分相。以上述研究为基础,实现了C₄烷基化反应的微型化,分别考察了停留时间、反应温度、分散尺寸对反应性能的影响。研究结果表明,微反应器内的烷基化反应在2 s内完成。C₈选择性和TMPs（三甲基戊烷）/DMHs（二甲基己烷）分别最高可达70.90%与13.4,均高于相同反应条件下搅拌釜反应器内的反应结果,证明微反应器在优化烷基化反应性能方面拥有巨大潜力。     

液化气C4组分异构化研究及应用

在实际生产过程中,MTBE装置加工后的剩余C₄中含有大量非活性C₄烯烃,该部分烯烃随着液化气作为产品进行销售,对于液化气中的C₄造成浪费。提出将MTBE装置剩余C₄引入汽油加氢醚化装置异构化反应器进行异构化反应,将剩余C₄中的非活性烯烃转化为活性烯烃,再将异构化产物送至MTBE装置原料缓冲罐中作为MTBE装置原料进行反应。通过调研后得出,异构化反应器催化剂对剩余C₄中的非活性烯烃转化率可达30%,异构化反应产物与进料对比,异丁烯含量上升约3%,可有效提高MTBE装置产品产量。     

Non-oxidative reaction of CBrF3 with methane over NiZSM-5 and HZSM-5

Catalytic hydrodehalogenation of CBrF₃ with methane was studied over NiZSM-5 and HZSM-5 in tubular reactor between 573 and 873 K and at ambient pressure. It was found that the incorporation of nickel into HZSM-5 significantly enhanced the activity of the zeolite. A variety of products were formed during reaction, including CH₃Br, CHF₃, CH₂Br₂, C₂F₆, C₂H₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₂F₂, CHBrF₂, CH₂BrF, and C₂H₃Br. XRD analysis showed that these two zeolite catalysts did not suffer any loss in their crystallinity during use. Deactivation of both NiZSM-5 and HZSM-5 may, in part, be due to poisoning of the zeolite by halogens. Coking is another cause of the deactivation of HZSM-5, but appears to play a minor role in NiZSM-5 deactivation. A series of methylated silicone oils was detected during reaction over NiZSM-5.     

甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃改性ZSM-5催化剂在流化床中的反应性能

在流化床反应器中，对Zn、Si和P改性的ZSM-5催化剂的甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃的反应性能进行了研究。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、BET比表面积、扫描电镜（SEM）、NH₃-程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段进行表征分析。结果表明，Zn改性使得催化剂酸强度降低，中强酸酸量增加，对二甲苯和低碳烯烃选择性都随之提高；一定量的硅沉积改性在降低催化剂外表面酸量的同时缩小孔口，浸渍适量P能够调变分子筛的酸中心强度和酸量，这都能够提高对二甲苯选择性。在流化床反应器中甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃反应结果表明，3Zn-3Si-3P/ZSM-5催化剂在温度425℃、常压、反应时间40min、空速1h^-1的条件下，对二甲苯在二甲苯中的选择性为76.0%，C₂~C₄低碳烯烃选择性为24.4%，特别是芳烃和C₂~C₄低碳烯烃的总选择性高达92.2%。     

Simultaneous hydrogenation and hydroacylation of vinyl groups in polybutadiene by use of a rhodium catalyst

Vinyl groups in phenyl-terminated polybutadiene (1a) containing 99% unsaturation (27% vinyl group, 73% internal olefin), and for which the average M_n is 3400, were simultaneously hydrogenated and hydroacylated with various aromatic or heteroaromatic primary alcohols in the presence of the catalytic system RhCl₃.H₂O, PPh₃ and 2-amino-4-picoline. Sterically less hindered alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol, showed greater reactivity than sterically more hindered alcohols, such as 2-naphthylmethanol and heteroaromatic primary alcohols. Vinyl groups in phenyl-terminated polybutadiene (1b) containing 99% unsaturation (45% vinyl group, 55% internal olefin) and for which the average M_n is 1300 also showed similar reactivity toward various primary alcohols under identical reaction conditions.     

Zeolite synthesis in the presence of flexible diquaternary alkylammonium ions (C2H5)3N(CH2)nN(C2H5)3 with n=3–10 as structure-directing agents

The use of flexible diquaternary alkylammonium ions (C₂H₅)₃N⁺(CH₂)_nN⁺(C₂H₅)₃ (Et₆-diquat-n with n=3–10) as structure-directing agents for zeolite synthesis in the presence of alkali metal cation is described. Among the organic structure-directing agents studied here, a considerable diversity in the phase selectivity was observed only for the Et₆-diquat-5 ion: this cation can produce five different zeolite structures (i.e., P1, SSZ-16, SUZ-4, ZSM-57, and mordenite), depending on the oxide composition of synthesis mixtures. Analysis of the variable-temperature ¹H CRAMPS NMR spectra obtained from the Et₆-diquat-5 molecules in these five zeolites reveals that the host–guest interactions occurring within the respective materials maintain in a manner different from one another even at 160 °C at which the zeolite hosts crystallize.