原料合金化及烧结方式对NiTi合金性能的影响

镍钛形状记忆合金因具有优良的形状记忆效应、超弹性和良好的生物相容性而被广泛地运用于各个领域。本文研究原料粉末合金化及烧结方式对烧结体结构和性能的影响,分别以金属镍/钛混合粉及镍钛合金粉为原料,通过凝胶注模成形得到生坯,再以不同的烧结方式获得NiTi合金,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等设备,对原料粉末及烧结体的结构和性能进行分析。结果表明:相对于镍钛混合粉,以NiTi合金粉为原料制备出的NiTi合金组织中NiTi相含量更多;采用热等静压方法在1 050 ℃、9 MPa气压值的条件下,烧结4 h,制备出致密度达到91.5%、密度为5.9 g/cm3的合金,比真空烧结制备出的合金的密度值高出约0.5 g/cm3;同时热等静压烧结出合金的平均硬度值为226.2 HV,比真空烧结出合金硬度高出约33.6 HV。采热等静压的烧结方式能促进烧结过程中合金的致密化,大幅度提高凝胶注模成形制备NiTi合金的密度。     

W-Ni-Fe-Cu体系钨合金的液相烧结与低温致密化

采用三元烧结剂Ni-Fe-Cu在低温下（1 573 K）进行了钨合金的液相烧结研究。通过加入2wt%Cu,在1 573 K-30 MPa-90 min的热压条件下成功制备出几乎完全致密并具有较高抗弯强度的93W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe-2.0Cu合金,详细探讨了W-Ni-Fe-Cu体系钨合金的低温致密化机理。     

Microstructural evolution and mechanism of grain growth in magnesia ceramics prepared by high pressure and temperature with ultra-high heating rate

The fast densification method of combustion reaction plus quick pressing was adopted to prepare nanocrystalline ceramics.The densification process of magnesia compact with a particle size of 100 nm was investigated,under the applied pressure of up to 170 MPa,and the temperature range of 1740–2080 K with ultra-high heating rate(above 1700 K/min).High-purity magnesia ceramics with a relative density of 98.8%and an average grain size of 120 nm was obtained at 1740 K,and the grain growth during the densification process was effectively restrained.The characteristic morphology of evaporation-condensation was observed in the compact prepared at 2080 K,which revealed the actual process of mass transfer by gas diffusion.Moreover,the investigation on the microstructure evolution and mechanism of grain growth was carried out,on the basis of as-preserved nanocrystalline ceramics.The result indicated that the grain growth of the nanocrystalline MgO was controlled by the mechanism of evaporation-condensation rather than surface diffusion.Furthermore,the pressure had an influence of restraining the grain growth based on solid diffusion and strengthening the effect of gas diffusion with the increasing temperature.Under the particular conditions,there existed an appropriate temperature for the densification of nanocrystalline magnesia,while the excessive temperature would exaggerate grain growth and impede densification.     

Comparative study of β-Si3N4 powders prepared by SHS sintered by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing

β-Si3N4 powders prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with additions of Y2O3 and Al2O3 were sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics prepared using this method were compared with those obtained by hot pressing process. Well densified Si3N4 ceramics with finer and homogeneous microstructure and better mechanical properties were obtained in the case of the SPS technique at 200℃ lower than that of hot pressing. The microhardness is 15.72 GPa, the bending strength is 716.46 MPa, and the fracture toughness is 7.03 MPa.m1/2.     

基于箔带材Ni-Ti合金的真空热压工艺研究

利用Ti箔(厚0.04 mm)和Ni箔(厚0.02 mm)交替叠加，并采用真空热压法制备Ni-Ti合金. 结果表明：在温度700℃，压力12.5MPa，保温1h工艺条件下制备的Ni-Ti合金中存在明显的扩散层，界面处生成金属间化合物TiNi和Ti3Ni；当压力和保温时间不变，温度为850℃时，制备的合金中Ni，Ti之间充分扩散；在850℃时制备的试样在900℃进行2?h固溶处理后，硬度达到474HV，随后在低温500℃进行2h时效处理，硬度降低为418HV.     

Study on the isothermal oxidation behavior in air of Ti_3AlC_2 sintered by hot pressing

The isothermal oxidation behavior at 900―1300℃ for 20 h in air of bulk Ti3AlC2 with 2.8 wt% TiC sintered by means of hot pressing was investigated in the work. The isothermal oxidation behavior generally followed a parabolic rate law. The parabolic rate constants increased from 1.39×10-10 kg2·m-4·s-1 at 900℃ to 5.56×10-9 kg2·m-4·s-1 at 1300℃. The calculated activation energy was 136.45 kJ/mol. It was demonstrated that Ti3AlC2 had excellent oxidation resistance due to the continuous, dense and adhesive protect scales consisted of a mass of α-Al2O3 and a little of TiO2 and/or Al2TiO5. In principle, the oxide scale was grown by the inward diffusion of O2- and the outward diffusion of Ti4 and Al3 . The rapid outward diffusion of cations usually resulted in the formation of cracks, gaps, and holes.     

中温烧结0.6Mg_4Nb_2O_9-0.4SrTiO_3复相陶瓷

采用传统固态反应方法制备0.6Mg4Nb2O9-0.4SrTiO3复合陶瓷。研究LiF掺杂对其烧结特性、相结构和微观形貌的的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫面电镜(SEM)观察样品的相组成和显微结构。实验结果表明:1.5 wt%LiF添加,可将Mg4Nb2O9/SrTiO3陶瓷的致密化烧结温度从1300℃降至1100℃;XRD表明除主相Mg4Nb2O9、SrTiO3外,还有少量新相Sr(Ti1-xNbx)O3+δ生成。     

自蔓延高温合成法（SHS）制备致密的Al_2O_3－TiC陶瓷

采用电热爆－加压法（ＥＴＥ－Ｐ）和燃烧合成制粉＋加压法（ＳＨＳ＋ＨＰ）制备了致密的Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷．研究表明，ＳＨＳＡｌ２Ｏ３－ＴｉＣ陶瓷的力学性能和切削性能均优于采用传统热压方法所制备的Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＴｉＣ陶瓷刀具，并对ＳＨＳＡｌ２Ｏ３＋ＴｉＣ的的显微结构及致密化机制作了研究．     

热等静压处理对NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金显微组织和力学行为的影响

研究了热等静压处理对NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金显微组织和力学行为的影响。结果表明：铸态NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金由NiAl和Mo相组成共晶胞状组织,胞界处尺寸较大的白色相为含有Nb元素的富Mo相。热等静压处理后,胞状形貌变得不明显,Mo相变得细小、均匀,且Mo相发生了球化。热等静压处理明显提高了铸造合金的屈服强度,在低温及高应变速率时,强度提高80%左右;而在高温及低应变速率时,强度提高30%左右。     

Fabrication of FeAl／TiC composites through reactive hot pressing

FeAl/TiC composites were fabricated by reactive hot pressing blended elemental powders. The TiC content was varied from 50% to 80% (volume fraction) and the aluminum content in the binder phase was changed from 40% to 50%(mole fraction). The effects of these compositional changes on the densification process and mechanical properties were studied. The results show that with the increase of TiC content, densities of the composites decrease due to insufficient particle rearrangement aided by dissolution - reprecipitation reaction during hot pressing. Closely related with their porosities and defect amount, the hardness and bend strength of the composites show peak values,attaining the highest values with TiC content being 70% and 60%, respectively. Increasing the aluminum content is beneficial to the densification process. But the hardness and bend strength of the composites are reduced to some extent due to the formation of excessive oxides and thermal vacancies.     

Simulation of pressure effects on hot isostatic pressing of stainless steel powder

To investigate the effects of pressure on the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process of a stainless steel powder, density distribution and deformation of the powder at four different applied pressure levels were predicted and compared by using finite element method (FEM). Constitutive relations of porous compacts during HIP process were derived based on the yield criterion of porous metal materials. Thermo-mechanical coupling calculations were carried out by the MSC.Marc. Densification mechanisms were studied through evolutions of relative density, equivalent plastic strain and equivalent viscoplastic strain rate for compacts. The simulation results were also compared with experimental data. The results show that the densification rate and final density of compacts increase dramatically with the increase in the applied pressure level when it is below 100 MPa during HIP process, and the creep for compacts evolves into steady stage with the improvement of density.     

粉末冶金法制备Al—12％CuO系原位铝基复合材料的组织和性能

为了制备组织均匀、压缩性能良好的原位纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料,本文以微米级纯铝粉和氧化铜粉为原料,用改进的高能球磨＋粉末冶金技术制备了原位增强铝基复合材料,研究了所制备的铝基复合材料的显微组织和密度、压缩强度等性能与制备工艺的关系．研究发现：高能球磨480r／min,16h＋单向模压热压烧结620℃,100MPa,1h,获得纳米级CuAlO2原位增强的铝基复合材料,在铝基体中均匀分布大量尺寸约1μm的CuAl2相．热压工艺对所制备的铝基复合材料的压缩强度有显著影响,620℃,100MPa单向模压复合材料的压缩强度为843．6MPa,而双向加压材料的压缩强度提高到950MPa;当单向压力提高到150MPa时,原位铝基复合材料的压缩强度进一步提高到1090MPa．     

气氛条件下氧化铬材料的烧结性能研究

以Cr2O3微粉为原料、TiO2微粉为助烧结剂、聚乙烯醇为结合剂,通过制浆、喷雾造粒、机压和等静压二次成型制备试样,分别在埋炭和不同氧分压气氛条件下,经过1500℃保温3h烧成制得Cr2O3材料。分析了氧分压对Cr2O3材料烧结性能的影响。结果表明,在埋炭条件下,无论是否添加TiO2,均能使Cr2O3材料烧结致密。在控制气氛条件下,未添加TiO2的Cr2O3材料在不同氧分压下均未能实现致密化烧结;氧分压对添加TiO2的Cr2O3材料烧结性能影响显著,随着氧分压降低,试样的体积密度增大、显气孔率减小。在添加助烧结剂的条件下,通过调节氧分压,可以控制Cr2O3材料的烧结程度,形成晶粒发育较好、结合程度较高、气孔多呈圆形且孤立分布的致密结构。     

热等静压包套变形与粉末致密化的研究

根据粉末塑性变形理论,采用MSC.M arc软件完成了316不锈钢粉末热等净压成形过程的有限元模拟.重点分析了热等静压成形过程中致密包套沿径向和轴向的形变过程及其内部松装粉末的致密化规律.为了验证模拟结果,完成了测试样件的实物实验.为了更精确的结果比较,在样件的不同位置上选取了测试点.对比分析模拟和试验对应点的研究结果表明,径向位移的模拟结果偏小,相关点误差达到-5.33%、-13.64%;而轴向位移的模拟结果偏大,相关点的误差达到了7.43%、3.14%和4.57%;两者变形体积的相互抵消致使致密度模拟误差约为4.23%~6.45%。研究结果还表明,对于简单的柱状形包套采用有限元模拟的方法,可以形象、准确描述包套的形变以及粉末的致密化过程,此方法可以为复杂结构包套的研究提供参考,从而实现热等静压过程的精确控形.     

Die wall lubricated warm compaction behavior of non-lubricant admixed iron powders

The phenomena of die wall lubricated warm compaction of non-lubricant admixed iron powders were researched, and its mechanism of densification was discussed. Water atomized powder obtained from the Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation was used. With compacting and sintering, compared with cold compaction, the density of warm compacted samples increases by 0.07-0.22 g/cm 3 at the same pressed pressure. The maximum achievable green density of warm compacted samples is 7.12 g/cm 3 at 120 ℃, and the maximum sintered density is 7.18 g/cm 3 at 80 ℃. Compared with cold compaction, the ejection force of warm compaction is smaller; the maximum discrepancy is about 7 kN. The warm compacted mechanism of densification of iron powders can be obtained: heating the powder contributes to improving plastic deformation of powder particles, and accelerating the mutual filling and rearrangement of powder particles.     

NiAl金属间化合物的制备技术

综述了NiAl金属间化合物的制备技术，包括熔模铸造、单晶制备、定向凝固、热压和热等静压、热挤压、扩散结合、机械合金化和燃烧合成等，并分析了这些制备技术的研究现状、优缺点、存在的问题及可能的解决方法。     

反应烧结制备Ti_2AlN-TiN复合材料

采用2Ti/2Al/3TiN粉体为原料,通过反应热压烧结,以制备Ti2AlN-TiN复合材料。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）结合能谱仪（EDS）分析试样。研究结果表明,在1350℃保温2h,压力为30MPa,可烧结得到组织细小、致密的Ti2AlN-TiN复合材料。材料中层片状Ti2AlN晶粒长约5m,TiN晶粒大小为1~2m。复合材料具有良好的机械性能,其显微硬度与弯曲强度分别达8.57GPa和450MPa。     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF(Nb,Ti)C-Ni COMPOSITE

In this paper, (Nb,Ti)C-Ni composites are inves-tigated via two kincds of sintering methods: (a) sinlering in ar-gon and (b) pre-sintering in vacuum and hot isostatic pressingin argon. The results show that the later is better,and that mi-crostructure and mechanical properties of (Nb, Ti) C-Ni composites are much better than that of TiC_(0.78)-Nl cermets.Observa-tions of the fracture path indicate that the improved toughnessand strength are attibuted to crack deflction by (Nb,Ti)C par-ticles.     

Densification mechanism of warm compaction and powder mixture designing rules

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3%C-Cu机械球磨复合粉末的烧结

为了给后续的致密化工序（如热挤压）提供较高质量的烧结坯,用扫描电镜和光学显微镜分析了3%C-Cu机械球磨复合粉末所制备烧结坯的显微组织,并研究了工艺参数对其相对致密度的影响规律。结果表明,烧结温度对未机械球磨混合粉烧结行为的影响很大,而机械球磨复合粉对烧结温度不敏感。真空热压烧结可以明显地促进致密化过程。提高烧结温度、延长烧结保温时间或增加热压压强,均有助于提高烧结坯的相对致密度。在相同条件下,烧结坯的相对致密度随着复合粉末机械球磨时间的延长而降低。