新型履带式全方位移动平台运动分析

为了改善轮式全方位移动平台路面适应性、载重等方面的不足,基于全方位履带结构,采用与传统履带车辆类似的对称布局形式,设计新型的履带式全方位移动平台.根据平台布局特点,确定最优布局形式,建立运动学和动力学模型,分析平台运动的各向相异性.以中心转向运动为例进行对比分析可知,全方位平台转向滑动摩擦力矩和驱动力矩均减小.为了确保全方位平台具备和传统履带平台相同的转向能力,确定平台设计应满足的几何条件.根据设计原则,利用ADAMS软件建立平台虚拟样机,对平台纵向直行、横向直行、45°斜行、中心转向运动、E级不平路面和爬越楼梯进行仿真.仿真结果表明,该平台具备全方位移动性能和较好的路面适应性.     

基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制能量管理

以并联式混合动力车辆为研究对象,基于驾驶员需求转矩预测,采用线性时变模型预测控制算法对对象车辆进行能量管理控制. 根据驾驶员前一段时间内的需求转矩,可以预测下一时段内驾驶员的需求转矩. 与指数函数预测方法相比,自回归模型在预测步长200步之内的预测准确度比指数函数高. 根据纵向动力学公式,可以由预测获得的需求转矩序列计算获得预测的车速序列;采用线性化处理的方法,将具有非线性特性的车辆模型转化成线性时变模型,采用线性时变模型预测控制算法进行求解;将基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制算法和基于规则的控制算法、工况已知的模型预测控制算法进行对比. 对比结果表明：基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制算法与基于规则的控制算法相比,在NEDC、UDDS和WLTC这3个标准工况下的燃油经济性均有所提高,但是与工况已知时的计算结果相比有提升的空间.     

衰减转向盘冲击力矩的电动助力转向控制

针对汽车经过凸块或不平路面时导致转向盘上产生过大冲击力矩给驾驶员带来不适感的问题,通过建立电动助力转向动力学模型估计折算到转向小齿轮上的路面冲击力矩,最终确定出路面冲击补偿电流,用以衰减由路面冲击而产生的转向盘冲击力矩。实车试验结果表明,本文方法能够在不增加电动助力转向系统元件的基础上,有效衰减转向盘冲击力矩,有较好的实际应用价值。     

基于转矩的车辆负载识别方法

通过分析汽车行驶方程式中驱动力和外界阻力之间的相互关系,对传统车辆负载的概念进行了扩展,提出了一种能够综合反映自动变速车辆行驶过程中坡道、载荷、空气和滚动阻力等信息,基于转矩的广义负载识别方法。此方法基于车辆常用传感器,通过实时计算当前变速箱输出轴转矩和零负载工况下阻力转矩和之间的差值来识别广义负载。详细阐述了负载识别方法的基本原理,分析了外界工况和识别结果之间的相互关系,并给出了具体的负载识别实现步骤。整车实验结果表明,此方法方便可行,准确可靠,能够有效识别自动变速车辆行驶过程中的负载信息。     

电动轮驱动汽车的最佳车轮滑移率实时识别

根据汽车轮胎与路面的附着特性及电动轮驱动系统的特点,提出了电动轮汽车驱动轮对应最大附着系数的滑移率实时识别方法。该方法利用包括车轮驱动转矩和转速在内的车轮动力学参数表达轮胎与路面之间的附着特性。通过计算其导数变化来检测车轮滑转状态,从而获得最大附着系数所对应的滑移率。通过仿真及实车试验对本文方法进行了验证,结果表明其可实时准确地判断车轮是否打滑,并输出最佳滑移率及最大附着系数。     

汽车驾驶行为试验系统信息采集模块设计与实现

利用实际车辆开展道路试验是获取驾驶行为数据的有效手段之一。从需求层面对汽车驾驶行为试验系统信息类型进行分析,在此基础上设计试验系统信息采集模块结构。结合开发实例阐述了信息采集模块硬件、数据传输协议、试验数据管理软件的设计方法及其关键技术。最后根据系统试运行采集的数据及其特征,探讨离合器踏板踩踏、油门踏板踩踏、车辆速度3类实车驾驶行为信息标定法则。该系统模块可用于驾驶行为实车试验实施及其数据分析。     

Rollover prevention control for a four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle on an uneven road

When a four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle with a specific wheels mass is running on an uneven road and transient steering occurs in the meantime, the joint action of the large unsprung dynamic load and the centrifugal force may cause the vehicle to rollover. To avoid the above accident, a rollover prevention control method based on active distribution of the in-wheel motors driving torques is investigated. First, the rollover evolution process of the four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle under the described operating condition is analyzed. Next, a multiple degrees of freedom vehicle dynamics model including an uneven road tyre model is established, and the rollover warning threshold is determined according to the load transfer ratio. Then, the hypothesis of the effects of unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road and on an uneven road is verified respectively. Finally, a rollover prevention controller is designed based on the distribution of the four wheels driving torques with sliding mode control, and the control effect is verified by simulations. The conclusion shows that, once the wheels mass does not match road conditions, the large unsprung mass may play a detrimental role on the vehicle roll stability on an uneven road, which is different from the beneficial role of large unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road. With the aforementioned rollover prevention controller, the vehicle rollover, which is caused by the coupling effect between large unsprung dynamic load and suspension potential energy on an uneven road, can be avoided effectively.     

Application of Machine Vision to Vehicle Automatic Collision Warning Algorithm

Using the new technologies such as information technology,communication technology and electronic control technology,vehicle collision warning system(CWS) can acquire road condition,adjacent vehicle march condition as well as its dynamics performance continuously,then it can forecast the oncoming potential collision and give a warning.Based on the analysis of driver's driving behavior,algorithm's warning norms are determined.Based on warning norms adopting machine vision method,the cooperation collision warning algorithm(CWA) model with multi-input and multi-output is established which is used in supporting vehicle CWS.The CWA is tested using the actual data and the result shows that this algorithm can identify and carry out warning for vehicle collision efficiently,which has important meaning for improving the vehicle travel safety.     

Application of Machine Vision to Vehicle Automatic Collision Warning Algorithm

Using the new technologies such as information technology, communication technology and electronic control technology, vehicle collision warning system(CWS) can acquire road condition, adjacent vehicle march condition as well as its dynamics performance continuously, then it can forecast the oncoming potential collision and give a warning. Based on the analysis of driver's driving behavior, algorithm's warning norms are determined. Based on warning norms adopting machine vision method, the cooperation collision warning algorithm(CWA) model with multi-input and multi-output is established which is used in supporting vehicle CWS. The CWA is tested using the actual data and the result shows that this algorithm can identify and carry out warning for vehicle collision efficiently, which has important meaning for improving the vehicle travel safety.     

摆动车身车辆越障过程模型及所需最小驱动力矩

为了研究具有摆动式车身车辆的越障性能,根据其结构特点建立了单侧车轮越障和两前轮同时越障过程的普遍动力学模型,通过简化给出了2DOF铰接车在越障极限位置时的动力学模型。根据该模型能够计算出满足附着条件下各个驱动车轮的可行输出转矩。经进一步分析求出了越障所需的最小驱动力矩。并利用ADAMS对2DOF铰接车越障过程进行仿真,证明了所提方法的可靠性。     

面向道路网的浮动车最小覆盖率模型

在总结分析现有GPS浮动车的最小覆盖率成果的基础上,引入浮动车出现率和停驶率,并考虑了数据有效率、数据精度、采样时间间隔、浮动车运行速度等因素,对各类型道路的样本需求量进行数据融合,建立了面向道路网的浮动车最小覆盖率计算模型,并进行实验分析.实验结果验证了模型的合理性.     

混合动力电动汽车的建模与仿真研究

为预测和分析混合动力电动汽车的性能,在系统仿真软件Matlab环境中建立了某混合动力电动汽车的仿真模型以及相应的控制器模型,并对模型进行了纯电动和混合动力行驶工况下仿真分析.结果表明,实际的仿真车速、扭矩与驱动循环规定车速、扭矩相一致,因此所开发的仿真模型能够跟踪循环工况,从而验证了仿真模型的正确性,也为混合动力电动汽车的开发奠定了基础.     

Characteristics Extraction of Vehicle State Information Based on Entropy Calculation

A method of extracting and detecting vehicle stability state characteristics based on entropy is proposed. The vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral dynamics models are established for complex driving and maneuver conditions. The corresponding state observer is designed by adopting the moving horizon estimation algorithm, which realizes the observation of the vehicle stability state considering the global state information. Meanwhile, the Shannon entropy is modified to approximate entropy, and the approximate entropy value of the observed vehicle state is calculated. Furthermore, the optimal controller is designed to further validate the reliability of the entropy value as the reference of control system. Simulation results demonstrate that this method can quickly detect the instability state of the system during the process of vehicle driving, which provides a reference for risk prediction and active control.     

汽车电动助力转向系统转向盘转矩直接控制策略

为改善汽车转向轻便性和路感的问题,设计了以转向盘转矩为控制目标的电动助力转向系统。在分析电动助力转向系统数学模型的基础上,建立了基于Simulink的电动助力转向系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明,所设计的电动助力转向系统,在改善转向轻便性和路感问题的同时,控制性能不受系统参数变化的影响,具有稳定的转向盘转矩特性。     

Investigation on hierarchical control for driving stability and safety of intelligent HEV during car-following and lane-change process

The longitudinal and lateral coordinated control for autonomous vehicles is fundamental to achieve safe and comfortable driving performance. Aiming at this for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) during the car-following (CF) and lane-change (LC) process while accelerating, a hierarchical control strategy for vehicle stability control is proposed. This new approach is different from the conventional hierarchical control. On the basis of model predictive control (MPC) theory, a two-layer MPC controller is designed at the top level of the control structure. The upper layer is a linear time-varying MPC (LTV-MPC), while the lower layer is a hybrid MPC (HMPC). For the LTV-MPC controller, a control-oriented linear discrete model for HEV is established, which integrates the dynamic model with three degrees of freedom (DOF) and the car-following model. The lower-layer HMPC controller is designed on the basis of the analysis for HEV hybrid characteristics and the modelling for the mixed logic dynamic (MLD) model of the HEV powertrain. As for the bottom level, a control plant including the HEV powertrain model and the 7 DOF nonlinear dynamics of the vehicle body is established. In addition, the system stability is proven. A deep fusion of vehicle dynamics control and energy management is achieved. Compared with LC-ACC control and conventional ACC control, the simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test results under different driving scenarios show that the proposed hierarchical control strategy can effectively maintain lateral stability and safety under severe driving conditions. Additionally, the HEV powertrain output torque and the gear-shift point are coordinated and controlled by the HMPC controller.

     

Investigation and Simulation of CNG Bus Emissions Based on Real-World Emission Measurement

The regulated gaseous emissions from 2 China-V compressed natural gas (CNG) buses and 2 China-V diesel buses were investigated using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) under real road driving conditions. Compared to diesel buses, CNG buses emit less NOx pollutants, but more HC and CO pollutants based on the test results obtained in this paper. In order to evaluate the pollutant emission status of CNG buses in Beijing, an instantaneous emission model as a function of vehicle speed and vehicle specific power (VSP) was developed and validated based on emission data taken from one CNG bus. The input of the instantaneous emission model consists of driving cycle, vehicle parameters, road conditions, ambient conditions and accessory use, all of which were used to calculate the instantaneous vehicle specific power (VSP). For the core model, a group of pollutant emission maps represented as functions of vehicle speed and VSP were used to calculate the second by second emission rates. Finally, the instantaneous emission rates, emission factors and fuel consumption over the selected driving cycle could be obtained as the model outputs. The predicted results for the emissions and fuel consumption of the CNG bus were very close to the tested emission data. The prediction errors for emission factors and fuel consumption varied in the range of -1.62% to -5.8%.     

电动轮自卸车的行驶平顺性研究

本文以某型号电动轮自卸车为研究对象,应用多体动力学仿真软件SIMPACK建立整车虚拟样机模型,并采用谐波叠加法原理构建C级路面,建立了整车动力学行驶的仿真平台。为验证仿真模型的正确性,在神华集团（新疆）准东露天煤矿利用DH5902数据采集分析系统对自卸车进行行驶性能试验,测量了驾驶员座椅处的振动加速度。结果表明：试验结果与仿真计算结果比较接近,该型号电动轮自卸车平顺性研究中所采用的数学模型较为准确,且精度较高。     

汽车高速紧急避障路径跟踪与主动防侧翻控制

为提高匹配机械弹性车轮汽车在高速紧急避障时的效率与安全性,在Simulink中建立了整车非线性八自由度模型,并基于车轮样机台架试验数据,利用Matlab遗传算法工具箱对机械弹性车轮模型参数进行分级辨识.综合考虑行驶车速、轨迹跟踪误差、方向盘转角以及侧翻评价指标,建立了八自由度驾驶员—汽车预瞄跟随闭环系统模型.分析了汽车在不同行驶车速时所需的方向盘角输入信息与侧翻状态响应,总结出汽车高速转向时的侧翻动态特性.为高速安全通过规划的避障路径,在转向控制驾驶员模型基础上建立了速度控制驾驶员模型,当侧翻评价指标超过安全阈值时利用制动踏板降低车速,当纵向车速小于期望安全车速时利用加速踏板提高车速.仿真分析表明建立的高速避障路径跟踪与控制策略能高效完成避障路径跟踪,同时能有效降低紧急避障时的侧翻风险.     

轻型客车制动过程仿真

在理论分析和试验的基础上,根据整车模型、制动器模型、轮胎模型等一系列数学力学模型,利用MATLAB／SIMULINK仿直软件进行制动过程的动力学仿真,计算出车速、轮速、制动力矩等参数随时间变化的关系。将道路试验结果与动力学仿真计算结果进行了比较,验证了仿真模型及仿真方法的正确性。     

电动助力转向系统转矩控制策略

对电动助力转向控制系统的综合控制策略进行了理论分析,依据控制时机选择控制模式来确定目标转矩,从而实现转向控制.为改善汽车转向轻便性和路感,设计了在无角度传感器的情况下以转向盘转矩为控制目标的电动助力转向系统.在分析电动助力转向系统数学模型的基础上,建立了基于Simulink的电动助力转向系统仿真模型,进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明:所设计的电动助力转向系统,在改善转向轻便性和路感的同时,控制性能不受系统参数变化的影响,具有稳定的转向盘转矩特性;目标转矩的控制采用PID调节器,应用力矩传感器检测转矩和电机作用转矩来估算转向盘角度,不同的转向盘角度采用不同的助力比,更符合驾驶员的驾驶习惯,使转矩调节更平稳.