Optimal power flow using differential evolution algorithm

This paper presents an evolutionary-based approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The proposed approach employs differential evolution (DE) algorithm for optimal settings of OPF control variables. The proposed approach is examined and tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system with different objective functions that reflect fuel cost minimization, voltage profile improvement, and voltage stability enhancement. In addition, non-smooth piecewise quadratic cost function has been considered. The simulation results of the proposed approach are compared to those reported in the literature. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach and show its effectiveness and robustness to solve the OPF problem for the systems considered.     

Artificial bee colony algorithm for solving multi-objective optimal power flow problem

This paper presents a new and efficient method for solving optimal power flow (OPF) problem in electric power systems. In the proposed approach, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is employed as the main optimizer for optimal adjustments of the power system control variables of the OPF problem. The control variables involve both continuous and discrete variables. Different objective functions such as convex and non-convex fuel costs, total active power loss, voltage profile improvement, voltage stability enhancement and total emission cost are chosen for this highly constrained nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method is tested with the IEEE 9-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system, and the test results are compared with the results found by other heuristic methods reported in the literature recently. The simulation results obtained show that the proposed ABC algorithm provides accurate solutions for any type of the objective functions.     

Optimal power flow for a deregulated power system using adaptive real coded biogeography-based optimization

The optimization is an important role in the wide geographical distribution of electrical power market, finding the optimum solution for the operation and design of power systems has become a necessity with the increasing cost of raw materials, depleting energy resources and the ever growing demand for electrical energy. Using adaptive real coded biogeography-based optimization (ARCBBO), we present the optimization of various objective functions of an optimal power flow (OPF) problem in a power system. We aimed to determine the optimal settings of control variables for an OPF problem. The proposed approach was tested on a standard IEEE 30-bus system and an IEEE 57-bus system with different objective functions. Simulation results reveal that the proposed ARCBBO approach is effective, robust and more accurate than current methods of power flow optimization in literature.     

Determination of load shedding to provide voltage stability

A computationally simple algorithm is developed for studying the load shedding problem in emergencies where an ac power flow solution cannot be found for the stressed system. The proposed algorithm is divided into two sub-problems: restoring solvability sub-problem and improving voltage stability margin (VSM) sub-problem. Linear optimization (LP)-based optimal power flow (OPF) is applied to solve each sub-problem. In restoring solvability sub-problem, rather than taking restoring power flow solvability as direct objective function, the objective function of maximization of voltage magnitudes of weak buses is employed. In VSM sub-problem, the traditional load shedding objective is extended to incorporate both technical and economic effects of load shedding and the linearized VSM constraint was added into the LP-based OPF. Case studies with a real 682 bus system are presented. The simulation results show that the proposed load shedding algorithm is effective, fast in finding the load shedding scheme to solve the problem of restoring solvability and improving VSM.     

Multi-objective harmony search algorithm for optimal power flow problem

This paper proposes a multi-objective harmony search (MOHS) algorithm for optimal power flow (OPF) problem. OPF problem is formulated as a non-linear constrained multi-objective optimization problem where different objectives and various constraints have been considered into the formulation. Fast elitist non-dominated sorting and crowding distance have been used to find and manage the Pareto optimal front. Finally, a fuzzy based mechanism has been used to select a compromise solution from the Pareto set. The proposed MOHS algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system with different objectives. Simulation results are also compared with fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) method. It is clear from the comparison that the proposed method is able to generate true and well distributed Pareto optimal solutions for OPF problem.     

一种确定电力系统最优安全运行点的新方法

针对当前电力系统运行点趋于稳定边缘的现象,提出了一种确定电力系统最优安全运行点的新方法.文中考虑电压安全裕度的改进的多目标最优潮流模型在确保系统运行于理想负荷裕度的同时优化系统的综合运行成本.该方法采用连续潮流法与传统最优潮流模型确定多目标最优潮流模型的初始权重系数,然后用预测-校正原对偶内点法求解改进模型.仿真结果表明,文中提出的改进模型与基于目标规划的多目标最优潮流模型相比,不仅能有效确定系统的最优安全运行点,而且在系统运行偏离理想负荷裕度时具有二次惩罚策略,其优化目标将最终迫使系统运行点向理想负荷点靠近.     

Numerical experiments with an optimal power flow algorithm based onparametric techniques

This paper presents the results of numerical experiments with a new optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm based on a parametric technique. The approach consists of relaxing the original OPF problem by incorporating parametric terms to the objective function, the equality and inequality constraints. Such relaxation assures that any arbitrary initial solution, feasible or unfeasible, be the optimal solution of the OPF problem. As the scalar parameter changes, a family of OPF problems is created, whose necessary conditions are solved by Newton's method. An efficient strategy is proposed for updating the parameter and the optimal set of active inequality constraints of each intermediate problem. Two applications of the methodology are reported: the economic dispatch problem and the minimum transmission loss problem. These problems were solved for an 810-bus and a 2256-bus equivalent network of the South/Southeast interconnected Brazilian power system. The results show that the parametric approach is robust and efficient when applied to large-scale OPF problems     

Optimal power flow for distribution networks using gravitational search algorithm

This paper presents a gravitational search algorithm (GSA)-based approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in a distribution network with distributed generation (DG) units. The OPF problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints, where optimal control settings in case of fuel cost minimization of DG units, power loss minimization in the distribution network, and finally simultaneous minimization of the fuel cost and power loss are obtained. The proposed approach is tested on an 11-node test system and on a modified IEEE 34-node test system. Simulation results obtained from the proposed GSA approach are compared with that obtained using a genetic algorithm approach. The results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed GSA approach.     

基于粒子群优化算法和动态调整罚函数的最优潮流计算

在电力市场环境下,诸多问题(例如实时电价,网络阻塞等)都需要最优潮流作为理想的工具.本文应用了一种简单有效、且收敛性很好的演化计算算法--粒子群优化算法(PSO)进行最优潮流问题的求解.在求解过程中,根据约束条件的越界量大小,动态的调节其罚函数,避免其收敛到局部最小点.应用此算法对IEEE 30 节点系统进行最优潮流计算,并且与线性规划和遗传算法进行了比较,结果表明该算法能够更好的获得全局最优解,具有实用意义.     

基于树木生长算法的含UPFC的最优潮流计算

最优潮流(OPF)计算是一个非凸优化问题,统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的引入增加了OPF问题的非凸程度,使得基于内点法的传统优化算法难以获取全局最优解。文中提出基于树木生长算法(TGA)的计及UPFC的最优潮流计算方法,将发电成本与有功网损、电压偏移加权作为目标函数,并考虑网络与UPFC设备的安全运行约束,优化了OPF模型。最后基于IEEE 30节点系统以及南京西环网116节点实际系统进行算例测试,对比TGA、粒子群与内点法的结果,并使用蒙特卡洛方法对不同的启发式算法分别进行50次计算,验证了TGA具有更好的求解精度与鲁棒性。     

应用粒子群优化算法求解可用输电能力

在电力市场环境下,诸多问题(例如实时电价、网络阻塞等)都需要最优潮流作为理想的工具.本文以最优潮流为基础,应用一种简单有效、且收敛性很好的演化计算算法--粒子群优化算法(PSO)进行可用输电能力(ATC)问题的求解.根据约束条件的越限量大小,动态地调整罚函数,在保证全局搜索能力的基础上改进了收敛速度.应用此算法对IEEE-30节点系统进行了可用输电能力计算,并与传统的最优潮流算法进行了比较,结果表明该算法的有效性,具有实用意义.     

Complementarity model for load tap changing transformers in stability based OPF problem

The paper presents a stability optimal power flow (OPF) based problem that incorporates complementarity models for load tap changing transformers (LTCs). The complementarity formulation models the change of behavior of LTC controlled buses when the tap becomes blocked at one of its limits and the voltage level can no longer be regulated. The incorporation of proposed model in stability OPF based problem leads to a more accurate estimation of the maximum or critical loading level.     

A Robust Approach to Optimal Power Flow With Discrete Variables

Optimal power flow (OPF) belongs to the nonlinear optimization problem with discrete variables. The interior point cutting plane method (IPCPM), which possesses the advantages of both the interior point method and the cutting plane method, becomes a very promising approach to the large-scale OPF. It employs a successive linearization process and iteratively solves the mixed integer linear programming problem. However, case studies have shown that: if the problem has multiple solutions, the optimal solutions will converge to the interior of the optimal face, and the cutting planes cannot be generated due to the failure to identify the optimal base. This paper presents a new general optimal base identification method for solving the problem. The new approach significantly improves the robustness and efficiency of IPCPM. Simulation results on IEEE test systems indicate that the algorithm proposed can not only properly deal with various types of optimal solutions but also greatly enlarge the application area of IPCPM.      

Impact of Optimal Unified Power Flow Controller in Electrical Transmission Systems in Reducing Transmission Cost

This paper presents an approach to optimal placement of optimal unified power flow controller (OUPFC) in electrical transmission systems utilizing genetic algorithm (GA), while reducing transmission systems cost using MATLAB and MATPOWER. The proposed approach is based on optimal power flow (OPF) considering optimization of power systems operation conditions. In order to determine the appropriate place for installation of OUPFC, while considering power injection model of this controller, OPF is utilized to obtain multi-objective function of the optimization problem. In this regard, the objective function comprises generation cost, transmission cost, and OUPFC installation cost. The proposed approach is applied to IEEE 30-bus test system, where the obtained results demonstrate remarkable reduction in overall cost of power system.     

Security constrained optimal power flow considering detailed generator model by a new robust differential evolution algorithm

This paper presents a new multiobjective model, including two objective functions of generation cost and voltage stability margin, for optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Moreover, the proposed OPF formulation contains a detailed generator model including active/reactive power generation limits, valve loading effects, multiple fuel options and prohibited operating zones of units. Furthermore, security constraints, including bus voltage limits and branch flow limits in both steady state and post-contingency state of credible contingencies, are also taken into account in the proposed formulation. To solve this OPF problem a novel robust differential evolution algorithm (RDEA) owning a new recombination operator is presented. The proposed RDEA has a minimum number of adjustable parameters. Besides, a new constraint handling method is also presented, which enhances the efficiency of the RDEA to search the solution space. To show the efficiency and advantages of the proposed solution method, it is applied to several test systems having complex solution spaces and compared with several of the most recently published approaches.     

基于简化预测—校正内点法的拟直流最优潮流

在大规模电力系统最优潮流的在线计算应用中,传统直流最优潮流算法虽然有着很高的计算效率,但是由于其完全忽略了电压和无功功率的影响,计算结果精度偏低。文中通过引入无功功率来修正有功功率平衡方程,提出了基于拟直流模型的最优潮流算法。为进一步提高计算效率,提出了一种简化预测—校正内点算法,该算法通过对最优潮流模型中不等式约束进行简化处理,形成只含上限约束的广义不等式约束,大大简化了程序的编写。通过对IEEE 30,118,300节点系统以及Polish 2 736,3 120节点系统的仿真测试,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

A new Optimal reactive power planning based on Differential Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a new multi-level methodology based on the optimal reactive power planning. The developed methodology is designed to solve the problem of the non-feasibility solution of the fuel cost minimization problem (for a given operating point) where the classical method such as interior point method (IPM) is applied. The proposed solution to solve this problem is based on the application of the optimal reactive power planning problem considering voltage stability as the initial solution of the fuel cost minimization problem. To improve the latter the load voltage deviation problem is applied to improve the system voltage profile. For à good result improvement, the reactive power planning problem and the load voltage deviation minimization problems are solved using a new optimization method namely the Differential Search Algorithm (DSA). Moreover, the fuel cost minimization problem is solved using IPM. To identify the candidate placements of compensation devices for the optimal reactive power planning problem, a new voltage stability index namely: The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is used. The methodology has been tested with the equivalent Algerian power system network, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to improve the reactive power planning problem and to minimize the system voltage deviation.     

基于安全域的电力系统有功及无功优化

提出了一种同时计及电力系统有功及无功的新型优化潮流模型与算法。在构建优化潮流(OPF)的数学模型时借助了3种电力系统安全域的概念与方法,它们分别是:满足系统潮流约束(母线电压约束、支路热稳定极限以及发电机出力限制)的“静态安全域”、“静态电压稳定域”以及针对既定的网络结构和既定的网络结构变化过程的保证系统暂态稳定性的“动态安全域”。在此基础上,利用电力系统的有功功率与支路角之间、无功功率与节点电压幅值之间的仿射关系,建立了通过二次规划来求解优化潮流(OPF)的算法。文中最后在新英格兰10机39节点系统中演示了所提出算法的有效性。     

Voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing considering reactive market power

Reactive power support and voltage stability are considered to be very essential for preserving system security. This paper proposes a new market-based approach for voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing. The problem is modeled as a multi-objective OPF in which the social welfare and the distance to voltage collapse point are maximized at same time. An important feature of the proposed approach is using the reactive market power index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), to assign optimal weighting factors of the multi-objective function. In addition, in this method not only the reactive power is considered but typical price is also provided based on real costs. The results show that the proposed method allows market operators and participants to preserve the level of security and social welfare within acceptable range by controlling the weighting factors and monitoring the HHI with regard to reactive market power. Using the proposed method and considering reactive power market, a suitable range of weighting factor can be determined ensuring the optimal bidding as well as satisfying the voltage security of the system.     

Optimal power flow solution of two-terminal HVDC systems using genetic algorithm

The usage extensively of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission links in recent years makes it necessary further work in this area. Therefore, two-terminal HVDC transmission link is one of most important elements in electrical power systems. HVDC link representation is mostly ignored and simplified for optimal power flow (OPF) studies in power systems. OPF problem of purely alternating current (AC) power systems is defined as minimization of the fuel cost to subjected equality and inequality constraints. Hence, OPF software of purely AC power systems is extended by taking into consideration power transfer control characteristics of HVDC links. In this paper, OPF problem of integrated AC–DC power systems is first solved by genetic algorithm that is a heuristic algorithm based on evolutionary. The proposed method is tested on two test systems which are the modified 5-node test system and the modified WSCC 9-bus test system. In order to show effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, the obtained results are compared to that reported in the literature.