无电解电容和电感PMSM驱动系统控制研究

无电解电容和电感的永磁同步电机驱动系统中,电机侧的谐波会影响到前端输入侧。为了解决这个问题,提出了一种新型功率因数校正方法,以改善输入基频电流响应并减少输入电流谐波。电机转矩控制基于输入功率和电机转矩之间的关系设计,其可实现系统高功率因数运行。快速电压前馈控制改善了逆变器的输出功率响应,其基于直流链路平均电流控制逆变器输出功率,进而降低了输入电流谐波。最后通过试验验证了新型控制方案的有效性。     

改进加权平均电流反馈的LCL型逆变器控制方法

为解决加权平均电流反馈(weighted average current feedback,WACC)控制下,并网电流存在谐振且开环增益中存在反谐振现象的问题,提出了一种改进的WACC方法。首先,引入电容电流反馈控制,以提升并网电流质量;然后,通过引入补偿环节,保证控制系统的降阶特性,从而有效抑制计及数字控制延时情况下控制系统中出现的反谐振和并网电流谐振。研究结果表明,所提方法可有效地将控制系统的幅值裕度从2.2 d B提升至8 d B,增强了系统鲁棒性,将并网电流谐波畸变率从5.46%降低到0.71%,改善了并网电流质量。所提方法可为实际工程中的并网逆变器控制提供参考。     

基于谐振调节器的永磁同步电机电流谐波抑制方法EI北大核心CSCD

当永磁同步电机在转子磁场定向控制方法下运行时,由于电机齿槽以及逆变器死区效应等非理想因素的影响,d、q轴电流中会包含谐波。为了抑制电流谐波,该文采用在电流控制环上并联谐振调节器的方法对特定的谐波进行抑制。谐振调节器在给定的谐振频率下有无穷大的增益,因此可以对该频率的谐波进行完全抑制,但是当输入为阶跃信号时,电流响应会出现超调。为了消除超调,同时提高电流的动态响应速度,采用一种前馈控制方法,同时考虑数字控制延时的影响,达到了电流响应没有超调,快速跟踪的效果。为验证该文提出的方法,进行了仿真分析,并在1.25 kW永磁同步电机实验平台进行了实验,验证了该文方法对电流谐波抑制及动态响应速度的提升作用。     

基于谐振调节器的永磁同步电机电流谐波抑制方法

当永磁同步电机在转子磁场定向控制方法下运行时,由于电机齿槽以及逆变器死区效应等非理想因素的影响,d、q轴电流中会包含谐波。为了抑制电流谐波,该文采用在电流控制环上并联谐振调节器的方法对特定的谐波进行抑制。谐振调节器在给定的谐振频率下有无穷大的增益,因此可以对该频率的谐波进行完全抑制,但是当输入为阶跃信号时,电流响应会出现超调。为了消除超调,同时提高电流的动态响应速度,采用一种前馈控制方法,同时考虑数字控制延时的影响,达到了电流响应没有超调,快速跟踪的效果。为验证该文提出的方法,进行了仿真分析,并在1.25 kW永磁同步电机实验平台进行了实验,验证了该文方法对电流谐波抑制及动态响应速度的提升作用。     

用于快速反射镜的压电陶瓷驱动系统设计

设计了一种用于快速反射镜的压电陶瓷驱动系统,并进行了检测。首先分析了快速反射镜的驱动原理,并确定系统的主要设计指标;然后以PA92为驱动核心,分别进行输入级电路、滤波电路和高压放大计电路的设计,该系统具有3路驱动通道：一路固定100 V输出;两路0~100 V可变输出,可实现快速反射镜的推拉驱动。实际测试结果表明：该系统输出电压的非线性度为0.075%,最大纹波电压峰峰值为8.2 mV,驱动10μF的等效负载时,100 V大信号阶跃响应上升时间和下降时间约为290μs,实际驱动 S340型快速反射镜时,系统的-3 dB带宽达到326 Hz,提高了快速反射镜的频率响应范围。     

基于频率跟踪的超声驱动电源研制

针对压电换能器谐振频率漂移的问题,基于双路电流反馈与二分法扫频研制了一款基于频率跟踪的超声驱动电源。根据压电换能器的电路模型,分析了双路电流有效值及其相位差与超声驱动电源串联谐振频率间的关系;利用双路电流信号进行频率反馈控制,在匹配失调、负载变化的情况下仍可精确跟踪换能器的串联谐振频率;利用微处理器实时控制开关电容滤波器的中心频率,实现恒带宽的跟踪滤波器;利用二分法扫频完成对压电换能器串联谐振频率的快速跟踪,完成了原理样机的研制,并进行了相应实验。实验结果表明,所设计的超声驱动电源适应能力强、频率跟踪精度高、跟踪速度快,可在100 ms内完成频率的跟踪和锁定,频率跟踪精度可达20 Hz。     

高速磁悬浮电机电磁轴承变偏置电流控制

针对高速磁悬浮电机电磁轴承采用固定偏置电流导致功耗较大问题,在控制电流采用PID控制基础上,介绍了一种变偏置电流减小电磁轴承功耗的控制方法。推导出电磁轴承功耗与偏置电流关系,结合约束条件,得到最低功耗时偏置电流关于转子位移偏差的函数表达式。为了提高系统快速响应能力,在实际应用中对偏置电流函数表达式进行近似线性化处理。仿真和实验结果表明:该方法既能保证磁悬浮轴承系统稳定起浮,同时静态悬浮和降速过程中降低轴承线圈铜耗达94%,电机转频达700 Hz时降低轴承铁耗约为74%,降低功耗效果明显。     

永磁电机无电解电容驱动系统网侧电流谐波抑制策略

无电解电容驱动方式可以延长永磁电机系统运行寿命、降低系统体积。为了提升无电解电容电机驱动系统网侧电能质量,提出一种阻抗重塑的网侧电流谐波抑制方法。通过对无电解电容驱动系统频域特性建模分析,阐明网侧LC谐振对驱动系统导纳的影响,揭示网侧电流谐波畸变与母线电感电流的内在关系。在此基础上,提出一种驱动系统有源阻尼控制方法,通过提取母线电压谐波特征信号,构建反馈控制回路,重塑驱动系统等效阻抗。研究控制方法的优化实现方式,获取有源阻尼电压信号,从而抑制特定频率网侧电流谐波。在5.5kW无电解电容永磁电机驱动平台上验证了所提出控制方法的有效性。     

基于改进型加权电流控制的LCL型并网逆变器控制策略

针对传统加权平均电流(weighted average current, WAC)控制策略未考虑数字控制延时使系统出现相位滞后而导致系统带宽减小、鲁棒性差的问题，提出了基于准比例谐振控制和超前补偿器结合的WAC控制策略。首先，引入电容电流反馈，抑制反向谐振峰；其次，在逆变桥传递函数处串联超前补偿器，提高系统的相位裕度；最后，应用准比例谐振控制器作为电流调节器，提高基频增益、降低系统的静态误差。经仿真验证，所提控制策略对弱电网具有良好的适应能力，并网电流谐波畸变率从1.84%降低到0.26%,增强了系统的鲁棒性、改善了并网电流的质量。     

降低直流电容容值的PMSM驱动控制策略

为了降低电网电流谐波,前端带整流电路的永磁同步电机(PMSM)驱动系统通常使用无源滤波器,故在减小直流电容时需考虑LC谐振和负输入阻抗的问题.对此,提出了一种主动阻尼控制方案,其通过阻尼电流控制来抑制LC谐振,并可设置PMSM驱动系统的极点分布.主动阻尼控制方案通过电压指令实现,可以克服电流控制器的有限带宽限制.较之传统虚拟阻抗方法,主动阻尼控制方案可通过伯德图精确地优化参数.最后,通过实验验证了主动阻尼控制方案的效果.     

Power‐efficient analog design based on the class AB super source follower

A class AB version of the conventional super source follower (SSF) is described. The circuit greatly increases slew rate (SR) and current efficiency, maintaining the low distortion and low output resistance of the SSF. Class AB operation is achieved without extra power dissipation or supply requirements, and without bandwidth or noise degradation. The circuit can advantageously replace the SSF in a wide variety of analog systems, opening a new research line in analog design. To illustrate the widespread application of this cell, a class AB differential unity‐gain buffer, a class AB differential current mirror and two class AB differential transconductors are designed, fabricated in a 0.5µm CMOS technology and tested. Measurement results using a dual supply of ±1.65V show that the proposed class AB version of the SSF improves SR by a factor 21.5 and increases bandwidth by 10%, keeping noise level, input range, power consumption, and supply requirements unaltered. The fabricated class AB current mirror features a THD at 100 kHz of ? 62dB for signal currents 20 times larger than the bias current. The fabricated transconductors feature an IM3 at 1 MHz of ? 56.6dB for output currents more than 13 times larger than the bias currents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-yield external optical feedback resistant partially corrugatedwaveguide laser diodes

This paper clarifies high yield external optical feedback resistant characteristics in partially corrugated waveguide laser diodes (PC-LD's), compared to conventional distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB-LD's). Based on a novel large single dynamic analysis by combining the transient mirror loss (total net threshold gain) fluctuation with the van der Pol equations in single-mode LD's, the feedback effect of mirror loss on the external optical feedback resistance in single-mode LD's was found for the first time. Theoretical analysis predicted that in the PC-LD's, relatively stable transient mirror loss suppresses the positive feedback effect of mirror loss, as well as the optical output fluctuations under the external optical feedback. Experimental results show that the increase of the relative intensity noise in 70% PC-LD's could be suppressed to lower than -120 dB/Hz and the minimum RIN was as low as -126 dB/Hz with the external optical feedback of -20 dB     

A 5-V operated MEMS variable optical attenuator by SOI bulk micromachining

We report the design, fabrication, and successful demonstration of microelectromechanical variable optical attenuator (VOA) using an electrostatic microtorsion mirror (0.6 mm in diameter) combined with a fiber-optic collimator. The VOA operates at low voltages (dc 5 V or less) for large optical attenuation (40 dB, corresponding to mirror angle of 0.3/spl deg/) and a fast response time (5 ms or faster). The mirror made of a bulk-micromachined silicon-on-insulator wafer has been designed to be shock resistant up to 500 G without any mechanical failure. We also have suppressed temperature dependence of optical performance to be less than /spl plusmn/0.5 dB at 10-dB attenuation in the range of -5/spl deg/C-70/spl deg/C by mechanically decoupling the parasitic bimorph effect from the electrostatic operation.     

频谱分析仪全数字中频设计研究与实现

介绍了频谱分析仪的全数字中频的设计方案和工作原理,重点讨论了数据抽取造成的频谱扩散在设计中的考虑、CIC滤波器的截短误差与传递、数字滤波器的响应时延与扫描Bucket的修正等设计技术,这对实现接收机全数字中频设计具有重要意义。给出了数字中频设计的细节和实现方法,采用所述技术方案和设计方法,实现了1Hz～3MHz分辨率带宽（RBW）;带宽准确度±2％;RBW转换误差0．05dB;矩形系数优于1／4;全跨度扫频时间为50ms等性能指标。并且,还节省了FPGA资源、提高了扫频精度,设计结果满足高性能频谱分析仪的设计需求。     

The effect of random modulation of functional electrical stimulation parameters on muscle fatigue.

Muscle contractions induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) tend to result in rapid muscle fatigue, which greatly limits activities such as FES-assisted standing and walking. It was hypothesized that muscle fatigue caused by FES could be reduced by randomly modulating parameters of the electrical stimulus. Seven paraplegic subjects participated in this study. While subjects were seated, FES was applied to quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles bilaterally using surface electrodes. The isometric force was measured, and the time for the force to drop by 3 dB (fatigue time) and the normalized force-time integral (FTI) were determined. Four different modes of FES were applied in random order: constant stimulation, randomized frequency (mean 40 Hz), randomized current amplitude, and randomized pulsewidth (mean 250 micros). In randomized trials, stimulation parameters were stochastically modulated every 100 ms in a range of +/-15% using a uniform probability distribution. There was no significant difference between the fatigue time measurements for the four modes of stimulation. There was also no significant difference in the FTI measurements. Therefore, our particular method of stochastic modulation of the stimulation parameters, which involved moderate (15%) variations updated every 100 ms and centered around 40 Hz, appeared to have no effect on muscle fatigue. There was a strong correlation between maximum force measurements and stimulation order, which was not apparent in the fatigue time or FTI measurements. It was concluded that a 10-min rest period between stimulation trials was insufficient to allow full recovery of muscle strength.     

Adaptive frequency compensation for maximum and constant bandwidth feedback amplifiers

We present an adaptive frequency compensation technique providing maximum bandwidth closed‐loop amplifiers. The approach exploits an auxiliary variable gain amplifier to implement an electrically tunable compensation capacitor proportional to the feedback factor. In this manner, the closed‐loop bandwidth is kept ideally constant irrespective of the closed‐loop gain. The proposed method can be applied to any amplifier adopting dominant‐pole compensation. As an example, we designed a CMOS amplifier providing 66‐dB direct current gain and 310‐MHz gain‐bandwidth product. For closed‐loop gains ranging from 1 to 10, the closed‐loop bandwidth was found never lower than 401 MHz (noinverting configuration) and 229 MHz (inverting configuration). A similar amplifier with equal gain‐bandwidth product, but adopting the traditional fixed compensation approach, would exhibit a closed‐loop bandwidth reduced to 33 MHz (noninverting) and 30 MHz (inverting) when the gain magnitude is set to 10. The enhanced frequency performance is obtained with a 48% increase in current consumption, whereas the other main operational amplifier performance parameters remain almost unchanged compared with the standard solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electromagnetic torsion mirrors for self-aligned fiber-opticcrossconnectors by silicon micromachining

We report a micromechanical fiber-optic switch (1 cm×1 cm×1 mm) based on an electromagnetically operated torsion mirror which is suitable for self-latching operation. The switch is fabricated by silicon micromachining technology, and self-alignment technique is employed to align optical fibers to the mirror. A small mirror of gold finished FeNiCo/polysilicon (150 μm×500 μm) is supported by two beams, and rotated around the axis in the magnetic field induced by an electromagnet. An incident light is redirected by the mirror in a free-space smaller than 1 mm³. Multimode fibers are used for optical coupling of small loss (-2.5 dB for reflection and -0.83 dB for transmission) at a wavelength 1.55 μm. Typical switching time is 10-25 ms, and switching contrast is larger than 45 dB. Magnetic torque and optical coupling are theoretically investigated     

短路电流实时计算的递推最小二乘校正算法

为了缩短实时、准确获取短路电流参数所需要的时间,提出了递推最小二乘校正新算法。该算法利用三个不同的采样起点通过校正的方法来消除衰减分量对计算结果的影响,同时利用递推原理减少计算量,从而实现对短路电流的实时计算。通过仿真校验表明,对于50Hz的电网,当每周波采样64次,信噪比为30dB时,递推最小二乘校正算法最长能够在短路发生后8ms实时、快速、准确地计算出短路电流的基波参数。     

Noise performance of a preamplifier for high-speed optical receiver front-ends

This paper reports on an optical receiver employing a p-i-n diode and a GaAs HBT monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) distributed preamplifier combination. The design is the first to have a photodiode mounted directly on the MMIC chip. The p-i-n preamplifier displays a measured average equivalent input noise current density of 24 pA/Hz. Good agreement is obtained between the predicted and measured noise performance. The monolithic eight-stage distributed amplifier is implemented using Nortels GaAs HBT (fT = 70 GHz) process, and makes use of a coplanar waveguide regime having a large input impedance optimized for noise performance and bandwidth. The p-i-n photodiode employed is an InGaAs vertically illuminated structure, also from Nortel. While the voltage gain of the amplifier displays a 3 dB bandwidth extending to nearly 40 GHz, the bandwidth of the complete optical receiver is found to be only 22 GHz. Packaging effects are believed to be responsible for this shrinkage.     

Micropower CMOS Integrated Low-Noise Amplification, Filtering, and Digitization of Multimodal Neuropotentials

Electrical activity in the brain spans a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, requiring simultaneous recording of multiple modalities of neurophysiological signals in order to capture various aspects of brain state dynamics. Here, we present a 16-channel neural interface integrated circuit fabricated in a 0.5 mum 3M2P CMOS process for selective digital acquisition of biopotentials across the spectrum of neural signal modalities in the brain, ranging from single spike action potentials to local field potentials (LFP), electrocorticograms (ECoG), and electroencephalograms (EEG). Each channel is composed of a tunable bandwidth, fixed gain front-end amplifier and a programmable gain/resolution continuous-time incremental DeltaSigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A two-stage topology for the front-end voltage amplifier with capacitive feedback offers independent tuning of the amplifier bandpass frequency corners, and attains a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 2.9 at 8.2 kHz bandwidth for spike recording, and a NEF of 3.2 at 140 Hz bandwidth for EEG recording. The amplifier has a measured midband gain of 39.6 dB, frequency response from 0.2 Hz to 8.2 kHz, and an input-referred noise of 1.94 muV _rms while drawing 12.2 muA of current from a 3.3 V supply. The lower and higher cutoff frequencies of the bandpass filter are adjustable from 0.2 to 94 Hz and 140 Hz to 8.2 kHz, respectively. At 10-bit resolution, the ADC has an SNDR of 56 dB while consuming 76 muW power. Time-modulation feedback in the ADC offers programmable digital gain (1-4096) for auto-ranging, further improving the dynamic range and linearity of the ADC. Experimental recordings with the system show spike signals in rat somatosensory cortex as well as alpha EEG activity in a human subject.