动态调节圆半径曲面重建算法的改进

为实现对散乱数据点划分三角形网格的曲面重建,克服实体表面存在阶跃边缘而难以确定圆半径的问题,改进用动态调节圆半径产生三角形网格并实现曲面重建的算法,将散乱数据点转化为二维图像数据,并进行三角形网格划分.实验结果表明,虽然改进算法效率有所下降,但对表面存在阶跃边缘的实体有较好的重建效果.     

一种基于投影的散乱数据表面增量重建算法

针对3维散乱数据场提出了一种表面重建算法.根据空间曲面的局平特性和平面三角化的基本原则,在参考点的切平面上对邻域点按角度排序,应用可见性准则删除不可见点后,相邻邻域点和参考点形成三角网格.将平面上的网格关系对应到空间,以增量方式重建反映散乱数据场拓扑关系的空间曲面.设定角度阈值优化网格,判断空间曲面的边界和孔洞.对多个数据场进行重建并对结果进行分析.对多个数据场进行重建并对结果进行分析表明,算法具有原理简单,重建速度快,重建效果好的特点.     

散乱点云的快速增量网格重建算法

散乱数据的网格重建是数字几何处理的基础性技术之一.本文提出一种快速增量式散乱点云网格重建算法,运用波前( Wave Front)方法渐进地由点云数据生成物体表面的网格模型.该算法以一个”种子”三角形初始化搜索队列,以逐渐生成的新边为搜索元素,借助Kd-树空间划分技术和搜索约束条件,快速完成优化点的评估及三角面片重建,可在保证网格质量的同时,过滤部分对重建效果意义不大的点.实验表明,该算法能够高效、可靠地生成具有不同几何复杂度的原始曲面二维流形三角网格逼近,适用于海量数据点的网格重建.     

激光三维扫描数据的表面重建

对激光三维扫描系统获得的没有任何附加信息的轮廓线点云数据进行处理，首先采用求最大连通域的方法删除噪声点，利用设定相邻点连线夹角正切阈值的方法精简数据，然后采用基于局部切平面簇的方法对数据点云进行切平面的估算、法向量的调整和计算距离函数，用改进的MC方法输出三维网格，并且应用基于顶点的网格删除算法对三维网格进行简化，在估算切平面的时候采用新的估算原则，提高了重建速度，改善了重建效果，所表述的重建流程，成功地解决了激光扫描系统所得轮廓数据点的表面重建问题。     

复杂表面物体3D模型的获取方法

提出了一种从真实物体中获得其3D模型的方法.该方法通过TOF- Camera获得原始的点云数据,在对点云数据进行三角化、分割、滤波去噪等处理后得到部分物体模型,然后再应用ICP(迭代最近点)算法对其进行配准.配准过程中为了节省内存,删掉重叠的冗余数据.最后对生成的数据进行网格重建,得到完整的网格模型.实验表明该方法能较为快速地获取真实物体的3D模型,显著提高TOF相机获取数据的质量.     

海量点云曲面增量拓扑重建EI北大核心CSCD

针对现有的曲面重建算法难以兼顾大规模采样数据的重建效率与重建曲面拓扑正确性的问题,提出一种基于局部Delaunay网格剖分的曲面增量重建算法.该算法采用波前扩展的策略,通过波前环的扩张、分裂、重叠面片的消除等步骤,将局部重建过程传播至每个样点的邻近区域,获得插值于采样点集的二维定向流形网格曲面,实现整个采样点集的增量拓扑重建;在曲面局部重建过程中,分别基于局部区域的Cocone算法与二维投影点集的Delaunay网格剖分方法重建曲面的尖锐区域与平坦区域,其中局部区域重建曲面网格的边界的正确性由区域之外的少量辅助样点保护.实验结果表明,文中算法具有较高的重建效率,适用于封闭和非封闭海量点云数据的重建;且在采样密度符合要求的情况下,重建的网格曲面与原表面拓扑同构.     

高精度自适应的四边形网格重建

提出了海量数据点集的四边形网格重建算法。首先根据精度要求简化数据 点,按一定规则连接相邻的简化数据点生成多边形网格,对网格中高斯曲率较大的顶点进行 局部细分提高其精度,然后对多边形网格进行整体细分使其全部转化为四边形网格,最后分 裂度较大的顶点对其进行优化。实验结果表明,算法对拓扑结构较为复杂的海量数据点集的 四边形网格重建是行之有效的。     

海量点云曲面增量拓扑重建

针对现有的曲面重建算法难以兼顾大规模采样数据的重建效率与重建曲面拓扑正确性的问题,提出一种基于局部Delaunay网格剖分的曲面增量重建算法.该算法采用波前扩展的策略,通过波前环的扩张、分裂、重叠面片的消除等步骤,将局部重建过程传播至每个样点的邻近区域,获得插值于采样点集的二维定向流形网格曲面,实现整个采样点集的增量拓扑重建;在曲面局部重建过程中,分别基于局部区域的Cocone算法与二维投影点集的Delaunay网格剖分方法重建曲面的尖锐区域与平坦区域,其中局部区域重建曲面网格的边界的正确性由区域之外的少量辅助样点保护.实验结果表明,文中算法具有较高的重建效率,适用于封闭和非封闭海量点云数据的重建;且在采样密度符合要求的情况下,重建的网格曲面与原表面拓扑同构.     

残缺网格模型的快速B样条曲面重建

针对残缺的三角网格模型,提出一种将网格模型的散乱数据点转化为有序阵列点再进行B样条曲面快速重建的算法.首先确定最小二乘平面上的一个矩形参数域,再构造出一个平面阵列点列,并部分映射到三维网格上;然后利用空间阵列点的邻域信息估计4个角点的空间坐标,并构造径向基函数曲面,用于补充空间阵列点列中残缺的数据;最后利用有序点列拟合的高效性构造B样条曲面.实验结果表明:该算法速度快、拟合精度高、鲁棒性强,重建的曲面具有良好的光顺性和可延伸性,适用于逆向工程中对经过数据分割后的网格模型的自由曲面重建.     

直接精简密集点云的三角网格重建

为解决快速传输需求,从稠密点云直接生成精简的三角网格模型,提出一种自适应立体栅格划分方法,并给出以立体栅格为基本单元的三角网格重建过程。首先以各点无差异的宏观估测方法获得立体栅格的边长,将点云数据分割为栅格单元。然后选取基本单元中数据点为种子点,设定三角形边长以近似正6邻域为约束,构建初始三角网格,再逐层外扩完成三角网格重建。该方法的优点在于可将简化和重建过程融为一体。实验结果表明所提方法速度较快,鲁棒性较好。     

基于Kinect的旋转刚体三维重建方法

针对在非匀速非定轴旋转条件下利用Kinect进行刚体三维重建问题,提出一种改进的基于Kinect传感器的旋转刚体三维重建方法。首先利用Kinect采集深度图像,然后用改进的加权ICP(Iterative Closest Point)算法在非匀速非定轴旋转条件下进行配准,再将各点云变换到同一坐标系下,最后根据所得点云生成三维模型表面,通过GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)编程技术来提高计算速度以满足实际需求。实验结果表明:该方法具有重建效果良好的特点。     

一种基于双线激光的三维测量方法

三维扫描系统在扫描过程中经常会遇到被测物体遮挡了CCD的可视区域导致扫描数据的丢失问题,从而使重构模型产生缺陷。针对该问题,本文提出一种改进措施通过在以CCD为中心的对称位置增加一路激光器,使得系统可以获取两幅不同角度的点云图,然后将这两幅点云图进行拼接互补了单幅点云图的缺陷。最后,分别对被测物体的上、中、下3个部位的距离及其对应的三维模型的距离进行多组数据的测量,并计算出其均方误差为0.22～0.403mm。     

A review of 3D reconstruction techniques in civil engineering and their applications

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques have been used to obtain the 3D representations of objects in civil engineering in the form of point cloud models, mesh models and geometric models more often than ever, among which, point cloud models are the basis. In order to clarify the status quo of the research and application of the techniques in civil engineering, literature retrieval is implemented by using major literature databases in the world and the result is summarized by analyzing the abstracts or the full papers when required. First, the research methodology is introduced, and the framework of 3D reconstruction techniques is established. Second, 3D reconstruction techniques for generating point clouds and processing point clouds along with the corresponding algorithms and methods are reviewed respectively. Third, their applications in reconstructing and managing construction sites and reconstructing pipelines of Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) systems, are presented as typical examples, and the achievements are highlighted. Finally, the challenges are discussed and the key research directions to be addressed in the future are proposed. This paper contributes to the knowledge body of 3D reconstruction in two aspects, i.e. summarizing systematically the up-to-date achievements and challenges for the applications of 3D reconstruction techniques in civil engineering, and proposing key future research directions to be addressed in the field.     

3D Surface Reconstruction of Noisy Point Clouds Using Growing Neural Gas: 3D Object/Scene Reconstruction

With the advent of low-cost 3D sensors and 3D printers, scene and object 3D surface reconstruction has become an important research topic in the last years. In this work, we propose an automatic (unsupervised) method for 3D surface reconstruction from raw unorganized point clouds acquired using low-cost 3D sensors. We have modified the growing neural gas network, which is a suitable model because of its flexibility, rapid adaptation and excellent quality of representation, to perform 3D surface reconstruction of different real-world objects and scenes. Some improvements have been made on the original algorithm considering colour and surface normal information of input data during the learning stage and creating complete triangular meshes instead of basic wire-frame representations. The proposed method is able to successfully create 3D faces online, whereas existing 3D reconstruction methods based on self-organizing maps required post-processing steps to close gaps and holes produced during the 3D reconstruction process. A set of quantitative and qualitative experiments were carried out to validate the proposed method. The method has been implemented and tested on real data, and has been found to be effective at reconstructing noisy point clouds obtained using low-cost 3D sensors.     

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of structures and landscapes: A new point-and-line fusion method

The technique of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is widely used to develop infrastructure and landscape models to manage cities and assets better. Accurately reconstructing 3D structures (e.g., planes or lines) is a core step in rebuilding a model, especially within a built environment, where piece-wise planar/linear structures predominately prevail. As high-resolution images of large areas have become increasingly accessible, this paper develops an improved 3D reconstruction pipeline using the combination of point and line features. By introducing a dense reconstruction algorithm, which is an improved patch based stereo matching algorithm, this paper presents a robust approach that can be used to overcome the inaccuracies, integrity and reconstruction inefficiencies associated with point clouds. A 3D line extraction method is added to reconstruct accurate edges of buildings. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method visually improves the reconstruction effect of a 3D structure and a model's visualization.     

心内膜表面几何模型三维重建算法研究

心内膜三维表面重建是心内膜三维标测系统中的关键问题。为了满足实际应用需求, 根据采集到的散乱点云数据的特点, 提出了一种改进的泊松表面重建算法。在估计表面点云法向量的基础上, 对表面点云法向量进行法向量一致化处理, 有效地控制时间复杂度, 快速重建出平滑的心脏模型。针对泊松表面重建算法中构建MC曲面出现的二义性问题, 提出一种消除二义性的简化改进方法, 可以更加精确地获取模型逼真表面, 提高重建的速度和精度。同时, 可以根据医生的要求, 对重建出的模型实时修正, 满足临床应用。最后, 通过实验验证了算法的有效性和可行性。     

多尺度图割曲面重建算法

针对图割曲面重建算法计算量过大的难题, 根据代数多栅理论对图割计算过程进行多尺度分解, 仅对最后一级进行最大流计算, 其他级的标记值通过插值得到。首先, 根据点云法向和重建曲面法向的一致性构建能量函数; 其次, 将能量函数映射到三维权重图的顶点和边上; 然后, 定义顶点间的一致性并由此构造抽取矩阵, 以决定哪些图的顶点参与图割运算; 之后, 构造插值矩阵, 将最后一级图割计算结果逐级插值到第一级; 最后, 利用步进立方体算法得到重建曲面的三角网格表示。实验结果表明, 与窄带图割算法相比, 本方法计算速度更快, 当图的顶点数越多时速度提高得越多; 对于不均匀采样的点云数据, 重建效果更好; 其他情况下两者效果相当。     

Robust normal estimation and region growing segmentation of infrastructure 3D point cloud models

Modern remote sensing technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) laser scanners and image-based 3D scene reconstruction are in increasing demand for applications in civil infrastructure design, maintenance, operation, and as-built construction verification. The complex nature of the 3D point clouds these technologies generate, as well as the often massive scale of the 3D data, make it inefficient and time consuming to manually analyze and manipulate point clouds, and highlights the need for automated analysis techniques. This paper presents one such technique, a new region growing algorithm for the automated segmentation of both planar and non-planar surfaces in point clouds. A core component of the algorithm is a new point normal estimation method, an essential task for many point cloud processing algorithms. The newly developed estimation method utilizes robust multivariate statistical outlier analysis for reliable normal estimation in complex 3D models, considering that these models often contain regions of varying surface roughness, a mixture of high curvature and low curvature regions, and sharp features. An adaptation of Mahalanobis distance, in which the mean vector and covariance matrix are derived from a high-breakdown multivariate location and scale estimator called Deterministic MM-estimator (DetMM) is used to find and discard outlier points prior to estimating the best local tangent plane around any point in a cloud. This approach is capable of more accurately estimating point normals located in highly curved regions or near sharp features. Thereafter, the estimated point normals serve a region growing segmentation algorithm that only requires a single input parameter, an improvement over existing methods which typically require two control parameters. The reliability and robustness of the normal estimation subroutine was compared against well-known normal estimation methods including the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid (MVE) and Minimum Covariance Determinant (MCD) estimators, along with Maximum Likelihood Sample Consensus (MLESAC). The overall region growing segmentation algorithm was then experimentally validated on several challenging 3D point clouds of real-world infrastructure systems. The results indicate that the developed approach performs more accurately and robustly in comparison with conventional region growing methods, particularly in the presence of sharp features, outliers and noise.     

基于ToF相机的三维重建技术

针对利用ToF相机实现物体的重建提出一种新的三维重建算法,通过分析物体重建过程的特点,对KinectFusion的重建算法进行改进。点云匹配过程包括粗匹配和精匹配两个过程,最后进行全局优化,提高相机位姿估计的精度,从而得到更精确的三维重建结果。利用泊松重建算法重建物体表面,相比于TSDF算法,能够实现完整表面的重建。提出结合强度图对深度图进行多边滤波的算法以及一种新的补空洞法则,增强深度图像。多边滤波算法在PSNR和SSIM的评估中都优于双边滤波结果,提出的三维重建算法与KinectFusion三维重建结果对比,表面更完整,重建结果更优。     

大规模孔洞点云的快速重建算法研究 *

针对实际中经常存在的含有孔洞的点云数据 ,在原多层重建算法的基础上提出了一种可以进行点云补洞的快速曲面重建算法。首先对散乱点云数据进行空间自适应八叉剖分 ,然后对点云数据进行由粗到精的多层插值 ,建立隐式曲面方程 ,最后提出了两种加快重建的方法。加速算法可以减少重建时间 ,非常有利于处理大规模点云。实验结果证明 ,本算法对点云孔洞修补效果良好 ,重建速度快 ,效率高。