基于信号可信度的压缩感知协作频谱检测算法

压缩感知为认知无线电的宽频谱感知提供了一种新的方法和思路。基于压缩感知的原理,提出了一种多认知用户协作场景下,基于信号可信度的协作频谱检测算法。该算法根据不同认知用户接收信号的优劣判定用户感知结果的可信度,并利用正交匹配协作追踪算法获得认知区域内的频谱占用情况。仿真结果表明,该算法在不同信噪比范围下其检测性能均优于传统算法,以较小的复杂度代价改善了检测性能。     

衰落信道下提高协作频谱感知能力的方法

由于协作频谱感知能够更准确地确定主用户的存在与否,因此,它被认为是认知无线电技术中的一个重要研究分支.在协作频谱感知中,各认知用户需要通过报告信道发送其本地判决结果(0或1)到融合中心(FC).然而,在实际中,报告信道通常受衰落的影响,这将降低频谱感知的检测性能.针对这个问题,首先,文中提出一种基于认知用户选择的协作频谱感知算法.该算法通过减小由衰落信道引入的误码概率来提高协作频谱感知的检测性能.其基本思想为:只有具有较好瞬时信道增益报告信道的认知用户才将其本地二进制判决结果发送到FC,否则,该认知用户不发送其本地检测结果到FC.其次,提出一种基于空时编码的协作频谱感知方法.通过在CR网络中,利用空间分集增益来降低由衰落型报告信道引入的误码概率,从而提高检测性能.最后,对提出的这两种协作频谱感知方法的检测性能进行理论分析研究,并对其进行数值仿真.仿真结果表明:相比于传统的协作频谱感知,本文提出的这两种协作频谱感知算法都能提高对主用户的检测性能.     

基于绝对值累积的主用户动态到达频谱感知算法

在认知无线电网络的主用户动态到达频谱感知场景中,针对拉普拉斯脉冲噪声干扰导致频谱检测性能下降的问题,提出基于绝对值累积(AVC)的频谱感知算法。假设接收到的主用户信号服从泊松分布,对接收信号进行AVC处理抑制脉冲噪声干扰,并将处理信号累积求和作为判决统计量,得到判决统计量的均值与方差,求出判决门限理论表达式以判断主用户是否动态到达,从而实现频谱感知。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该算法在不同虚警概率、信噪比及累积求和采样点数量下的检测概率均优于改进的能量检测算法。     

基于Agent的协作频谱感知算法

为了提高认知无线电频谱感知技术的性能, 提出一种新的基于Agent的协作频谱感知算法。该算法在本地检测中使用多门限能量检测,同时将认知节点估计的信噪比的值发送到Agent控制中心,在控制中心根据每一个认知节点发送的信噪比的值和该节点与发射机的距离进行权衡,选取可靠性和有效性较高的认知节点参与判决融合。仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地提高认知无线电网络的协作频谱感知能力,同时在一定程度上减少了原有协作感知算法中参与感知节点的数目。     

双阈值能量检测的无线电网络协作频谱感知

针对认知无线电网络中协作频谱感知使能耗增加而降低网络寿命的问题,提出了一种双阈值能量检测的协作频谱感知方案.利用基于双阈值的能量检测方法最大化网络吞吐量,使能耗低于一个阈值同时保护主用户不受次用户的干扰.利用凸优化分析来获得感知时间和检测阈值的最佳值.仿真结果表明,方法能有效权衡网络吞吐量与能量效率之间的关系,相比传统的频谱感知方法,具有明显的优越性.     

能量效率和碰撞概率联合优化的协作频谱感知算法

协作频谱感知能提高认知无线电网络的感知性能。随着认知网络频谱感知性能的提高,一方面感知网络将会消耗更多的能量;另一方面次用户拥有更多的机会接入授权频谱,次用户的吞吐量不断增加,同时在通信过程中主用户与次用户发生碰撞的概率也不断增大。本文提出了一种联合优化能量效率和碰撞概率的协作频谱感知算法,通过最优感知检测点判断节点所处信道状态,融合中心舍弃信道状态不好的节点使其不参与数据融合,既消除了信道状态不好的节点对全局判决的不良影响,又提高了能量利用率。仿真结果表明,该算法提高了网络的频谱检测性能,并延长了感知网络的生命周期。     

基于多融合准则的双门限协作频谱感知算法

认知无线网络中,现有协作频谱感知技术未考虑根据感知用户的可靠性程度,对其判决结果采用不同的融合策略。针对上述问题,提出了一种新的基于多融合准则的双门限协作频谱感知算法。该算法以双门限协作检测为基础,根据感知用户判决结果的可靠程度不同,采用AND准则和OR准则相结合的判决方法,对参与感知的用户判决结果进行分类融合。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法与协作频谱感知算法相比,能够显著改善认知无线网络的频谱感知性能。     

一种适用于主用户信号随机出现和离开的能量频谱感知方法

针对认知无线电系统中主用户信号随机出现与离开时的频谱感知问题,提出了一种新型的能量感知方法：该方法首先假设主用户信号的随机出现和离开服从泊松随机过程,当认知用户准备接入时,该方法先将从待测频段上接收到的样本能量按照泊松离开概率进行线性合并,然后计算相应的判决门限并判断待测频段是否有主用户信号,如果没有则接入并使用待测频段。当认知用户使用频段时,将接收到的样本能量按照泊松到达概率进行线性合并同时计算相应的门限,再判断主用户信号是否随机出现,如出现则退出当前使用频段。仿真结果表明,相比传统能量感知方法,所提新的能量感知方法能够在主用户信号随机出现与离开的情况下有效工作。     

认知无线电中基于差分能量的联合检测

在认知无线电系统中,认知用户需要实时准确地判断频谱的使用情况。但当认知用户处在严重的衰落和较强的外界干扰时,实时准确感知频谱的难度很大,联合检测是有效解决这一问题的方法之一。利用噪声不确定性的最大波动范围和主用户出现时的快速变化所产生的统计差值,对能量检测的判决结果进行修正,并利用循环平稳检测高准确度特点对否决区域进行二次判决,将两次判决的结果融合得到最终的判决结果。仿真结果表明,该检测方法的性能与循环平稳检测方法的相当,优于能量协作检测,并且所需计算量远远低于循环平稳检测,在噪声最大波动范围很大时,该方法能有效地提高认知用户对频谱实时准确的检测性能。     

瑞利信道下多门限频谱合作感知方法研究

随着通信方式由语音转向多媒体应用,人们对高速无线传送的需求与日俱增。然而由于有限的自然频谱,现行的静态频率分配机制不能满足快速激增的高速通信设备的要求。因此,需要能够提高频谱利用效率的创新技术,认知无线电的出现解决了这种频谱拥塞的问题,本文将研究在能量探测频谱感知过程中使用多门限判决方法,在认知无线电网络中,决策中心接收多个认知无线电的观测数值,做出决定判断是否存在主用户。研究表明在瑞利信道下进行能量探测的合作频谱感知,采用多门限的判决方法能使感知效果的到提升。     

非完美感知条件下认知网络的性能分析

通过对非理想频谱感知下的认知无线电网络(CognitiveRadioNetwork,CRN)建模,分析了认知网络的主要性能参数。由于漏检的存在,可能造成主次级用户业务之间的碰撞,从而引起用户业务的中断或阻塞;另一方面,由于虚警,认知用户将放弃接入可用的空闲频段,从而降低了频谱资源的利用率,无论哪种情形都将导致系统的QoS性能降低。通过将认知网络建模成一个二维马氏链,推导了系统的主要QoS参数。结果表明,尽管误检的存在,认知网络仍能显著提高频谱资源利用率;而主用户的QoS需求也可以通过控制认知业务的接入量来得到保证。     

Operating point selection for primary and secondary users in cognitive radio networks

This paper addresses the problem of opportunistic access of secondary users to licensed spectrum in cognitive radio networks. In order to avoid interference to the licensed primary users, efficient spectrum detection methods need to be developed. For this purpose, in recent years several sensing techniques have been proposed to monitor and regulate the spectrum access to the shared spectrum resources. However, spectrum sensing may be affected by errors in the form of missed-detections (i.e., an occupied spectrum is erroneously detected as free) or false-alarms (i.e., a free spectrum is erroneously detected as occupied). These two magnitudes pose a tradeoff on the design of the spectrum sensing mechanisms meaning that low missed-detection can only be achieved at the expense of high false-alarm and vice versa. Thus, the network designers should adaptively tune the sensing techniques such that the highest perceived Quality of Service (QoS) is achieved by both primary and secondary users. In this paper, a framework is introduced for determining the sensing operating points. Also the definition of Grade-of-Service (GoS) metrics is adopted to the case of primary/secondary users spectrum sharing. It is shown that the operating points of the sensing mechanisms can be easily adjusted according to the current traffic load of both primary and secondary users so that the perceived GoS is maximized. In addition, the Erlang Capacity of the spectrum sharing system for both primary and secondary users is also evaluated considering the effects of erroneous sensing.     

动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法

随着通信技术的提高和通信应用的增多,无线频谱资源越来越匮乏.许多分配到资源的主用户利用率很低,认知无线电技术希望没有分配到资源的次用户合理使用主用户频谱来提高频谱的利用率.频谱感知技术关系到认知无线电中次用户对空闲频谱的使用机会,是认知无线电的关键技术之一.就是在已有的感知技术的基础上,提出了新的感知手段.在认知无线电网络中,不同的次用户由于与主用户距离以及自身所处环境的噪声影响不同,它们的信噪比一般是不一样的.这里采用的动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法,是对传统双门限能量感知方法的改进,通过充分考虑次用户之间的差异性来提高感知的性能.首先,根据对检测和虚警概率的要求,过滤掉一部分检测能力不满足条件的次用户.同时,每个次用户的用于能量感知的双门限会根据它们各自信噪比的不同而动态变化.通过与单门限能量感知以及传统双门限能量感知方法进行比较,可以看出本文提出的感知方法一定程度上提高了系统整体感知的性能.     

CDCSS: cluster-based distributed cooperative spectrum sensing model against primary user emulation (PUE) cyber attacks

In cognitive radio network, the secondary users (SUs) use the spectrum of primary users for communication which arises the security issues. The status of SUs as legitimate users is compulsory for the stability of the system. This paper addresses the issue of delay caused by a band-selection decision process that directly affects the security and performance. The model cluster-based distributed cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed. In this model, cluster heads (CHs) exchange control information with other CHs and ordinary nodes. This model significantly reduced the delay, sensing, convergence, routing, in band-selection process. This also reduces the energy consumption while sensing the spectrum which seriously leads to performance upgradation. The simulated results show the improved performance of cognitive radio networks in terms of delay, packet loss ratio and bandwidth usage as compared to cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing model. The opportunity for primary user emulation attacker is minimized as the overall delay is reduced.     

Distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio refers to an intelligent radio with the capability of sensing the radio environment and dynamically reconfiguring the operating parameters. Recent research has focused on using cognitive radios in ad hoc environments. Spectrum sensing is the most important aspect of successful cognitive radio ad hoc network deployment to overcome spectrum scarcity. Multiple cognitive radio users can cooperate to sense the primary user and improve sensing performance. Cognitive radio ad hoc networks are dynamic in nature and have no central point for data fusion. In this paper, gradient-based fully distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is proposed for ad hoc networks. The licensed band used for TV transmission is considered the primary user. The gradient field changes with the energy sensed by cognitive radios, and the gradient is calculated based on the components, which include energy sensed by secondary users and received from neighbors. The proposed scheme was evaluated from the perspective of reliable sensing, convergence time, and energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Cognitive radio systems necessitate the incorporation of cooperative spectrum sensing among cognitive users to increase the reliability of detection. We have found that cooperative spectrum sensing is not only advantageous, but is also essential to avoid interference with any primary users. Interference by licensed users becomes a chief concern and issue, which affects primary as well as secondary users leading to restrictions in spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. When the number of cognitive users increases, the overheads of the systems, which are meant to report the sensing results to the common receiver, which becomes massive. When the spectrum, which is in use becomes unavailable or when the licensed user takes the allocated band, these networks have the capability of changing their operating frequencies. In addition, cognitive radio networks are seen to have the unique capability of sensing the spectrum range and detecting any spectrum, which has been left underutilized. Further this capability of recognizing the spectrum range based on the dimensions detected, allows for determination of the band, which may be utilized. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the cognitive radio’s spectrum sensing ability and evolving a self-configured system with dynamic intelligence networks without causing any interference to the primary user. The paper also brings focus to the quantitative analysis of the two spectrum sensing techniques namely; Energy Detection and Band Limited White Noise Detection. The estimation technique for detecting spectrum noise is based on the detection of probability and probability of false alarms at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels using Additive White Gaussian Noise signal (AWGN). The efficiency of the proposed Cooperative CUSUM spectrum sensing algorithm performs better than existing optimal rules based on a single observation spectrum sensing techniques under cooperative networks.     

基于频谱感知的认知Ad hoc网络分簇算法

为了提高认知Ad hoc网络频谱感知效率,解决认知Ad hoc网络分簇问题,本文提出一种基于频谱感知的认知Ad hoc网络分簇算法。通过引入检测因子,综合考虑多个主用户信号交叠与阴影衰落的情况,将认知Ad hoc网络中的次用户节点与需要检测的主用户信道建模为二部图模型,使得分簇问题简化为最大权边二部图（Constraint maximum-weight edge biclique, C-MWEB）分解问题,并设计一种贪婪算法对其求解。仿真结果表明,在多个主用户信号交叠与阴影衰落并存的情况下,相较于传统算法,本文算法分簇更为合理,具有更好的有效性与可靠性。     

Spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks with imperfect sensing: A discrete-time Markov model

An efficient and utmost utilization of currently scarce and underutilized radio spectrum resources has stimulated the introduction of what has been coined Cognitive Radio (CR) access methodologies and implementations. While the long-established approach has been based on licensed (or primary) spectrum access, this new communication paradigm enables an opportunistic secondary access to shared spectrum resources provided mutual interference is kept below acceptable levels. In this paper we address the problem of primary-secondary spectrum sharing in cognitive radio access networks using a framework based on a Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC) model. Its applicability and advantages with respect to other approaches is explained and further justified. Spectrum awareness of primary activity by the secondary users is based on spectrum sensing techniques, which are modeled in order to capture sensing errors in the form of false-alarm and missed-detection. Model validation is successfully achieved by means of a system-level simulator which is able to capture the system behavior with high degree of accuracy. Parameter dependencies and potential tradeoffs are identified enabling an enhanced operation for both primary and secondary users. The suitability of the specified model is justified while allowing a wide range of extended implementations and enhanced capabilities to be considered.     

System model and performance estimation of dynamic spectrum allocation strategy with multi-channel and imperfect sensing

The concept of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is a promising candidate for enhancing the utilization of existing radio spectrum. In CRNs, secondary users (SUs) are allowed to use the spectrum unused by primary users (PUs). In order to mathematically estimate the system performance of dynamic spectrum allocation strategy with multi-channel and imperfect sensing, we propose a novel preemptive priority queueing model. We establish a discrete-time Markov chain in line with the stochastic behaviour of SU and PU packets. Then, we derive some performance measures, such as the interference rate of PU packets, the normal throughput and the average delay of SU packets. Moreover, we provide theoretical and simulation experiments to investigate the system performance. Numerical experiments show that there is a tradeoff between different performance measures when imperfect sensing is considered. Finally, we present an optimal design for setting the number of the channels in a spectrum.     

混合模式下认知无线电网络的能效优化算法

认知无线电网络中,协作频谱感知利用多个节点同时感知可提高频谱感知检测性能。然而随着感知的次用户(SU)个数增加,导致能耗增高、能效(EE)降低。为解决这一问题,本文结合机会频谱接入和衬垫式频谱共享2种共享模式,构造基于混合频谱共享模式的能效模型,同时考虑3种不同的融合规则、主用户(PU)的再占据概率和报告信道误差,以最大化SU系统的EE为目标,使用拉格朗日乘子法与次梯度下降算法对感知时间、参与感知个数、次用户发射功率进行迭代优化求解。仿真结果表明,在最低服务质量要求(QoS)和发射功率的约束下,该能效优化算法能够实现更高的吞吐量和更高的能量效率。