基于非线性干扰观测器的下肢外骨骼上楼梯滑模控制

针对下肢外骨骼在轨迹跟踪时对内部参数扰动和外界干扰较为敏感的特性,设计一种基于非线性干扰观测器的下肢外骨骼机器人滑模控制策略。首先建立下肢外骨骼上楼梯的动力学模型,分析其动力学特性;其次设计非线性干扰观测器,对下肢系统的不确定性和外部干扰进行观测;在此基础上,为保证系统轨迹跟踪误差的收敛性和减弱抖振,设计了低通滤波的滑模控制器,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了下肢系统的稳定性;最后通过仿真与实验验证,该控制策略能够有效克服多种因素引起的干扰,改善系统的控制性能,提高系统的稳定性。     

基于扰动观测器补偿的机械臂非奇异快速终端滑模控制

针对机械臂系统在实际应用中存在的建模误差及未知扰动问题, 设计了一种基于扰动观测器的改进型非 奇异快速终端滑模控制策略. 通过扰动观测器准确估计系统存在的总扰动, 并设计恰当的非线性增益函数使扰动观 测误差指数收敛, 实现了对控制器的前馈补偿. 考虑到终端滑模存在的奇异性问题, 结合扰动观测器设计了非奇异 快速终端滑模控制器, 在保证跟踪误差有限时间收敛的同时抑制了滑模控制固有的抖振现象. 同时在控制器设计过 程中, 用fal函数代替sig函数有利于削弱滑模控制抖振, 提高系统稳定性及跟踪精度. 最后, 利用MATLAB软件进行 实验仿真, 验证了所设计控制器的有效性.     

基于滑模控制的卫星姿态控制算法研究

针对卫星姿态控制系统存在外部扰动和执行器故障的情况下,提出一种基于非线性观测器技术和滑模控制理论的容错控制器设计方案。首先,建立含有外部扰动和执行器故障的刚体卫星姿态控制系统运动学方程和动力学方程。然后,通过非线性干扰观测器估计系统中的未知故障,进而利用故障信息基于滑模控制策略设计容错控制器。通过Lyapunov函数证明闭环姿态控制系统的稳定性。最后通过数值仿真验证该容错控制方案的鲁棒性和可行性。     

无人驾驶飞行器姿态的非线性扰动抑制控制

本文研究了无人驾驶飞行器(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)的姿态跟踪控制问题.针对在飞行器姿态跟踪时存在的系统模型不确定性和外界扰动,提出了一种基于四元数的姿态跟踪控制方法,基于UAV的姿态误差模型分别设计系统的观测器和控制器.首先,以四元数为姿态参数建立系统的非线性误差模型;在此基础之上,设计一种非线性干扰观测器(nonlinear disturbance observer,NDOB)用以在线估计误差模型中的复合扰动,并在控制输入端进行相应的补偿.然后通过设计非线性广义预测控制律设镇定误差系统,实现姿态跟踪.最后基于频域理论分析了非线性干扰观测器的扰动抑制性能.仿真与实验结果表明本文提出的方法在系统存在复合扰动的情况下能使系统姿态有效的跟踪期望值.     

具有输入饱和的近空间飞行器鲁棒控制

针对近空间飞行器这一类存在外部扰动,输入饱和和参数不确定的多输入多输出线性系统,提出了一种基于干扰观测器的抗饱和鲁棒控制方案.将干扰观测器与抗饱和控制技术相结合,从而消除系统存在的未知外部扰动、输入饱和和不确定性对系统控制的影响.首先,设计干扰观测器对线性外部系统产生的未知扰动进行估计.然后根据干扰观测器输出,通过超前抗饱和方法设计抗饱和补偿器,并将其加入到鲁棒控制器的设计中,保证闭环系统存在输入饱和、未知外部扰动和参数不确定情况下的稳定性.为便于设计,干扰观测器、抗饱和补偿器和控制器设计矩阵均通过求解线性矩阵不等式得到.最后,将提出的鲁棒抗饱和控制方法应用于近空间飞行器,仿真结果验证了该控制方案的有效性.     

外部扰动下空间机器人基于扰动观测器的鲁棒控制

针对参数不确定及存在外部扰动的情况下,载体位置不控、姿态受控的漂浮基空间机器人末端抓手轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于扰动观测器的鲁棒控制方法.结合动量守恒定律,采用拉格朗日第二类方程建立了系统动力学方程.假设外部扰动是随时间变化的未知量,设计了扰动观测器估计由外部干扰和参数不确定构成的总扰动,并基于估计的总扰动引入扰动补偿项,保证了系统的控制性能.根据Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了文中所提出控制律的稳定性.该控制律能补偿由于参数不确定和外部扰动引起的总扰动,从而提高了系统的轨迹跟踪性能.所提出的控制方案与传统鲁棒控制方案相比,具有控制器结构简单,不需要测量机械臂角加速度及基座的位置、移动速度、移动加速度,系统所需的传感器数量少等优点.最后通过数值仿真模拟,验证了上述控制方案的有效性.     

光伏阵列清洁机器人路径跟踪改进型自抗扰控制

针对光伏阵列清洁机器人清洁作业过程中存在路径跟踪精度低与外界不确定干扰等问题,提出了一种改进型自抗扰控制策略来控制驱动单元模型,实现驱动单元角速度（力矩）的高鲁棒性控制,从而提高了机器人的路径跟踪精度.通过分析机器人的运动状态,得到清洁机器人实际运动位姿与期望运动位姿之间的误差.由于外界环境以及其他不确定因素的干扰,通过建立清洁机器人移动底盘带不确定干扰因素的动力学控制模型,在传统自抗扰控制器的基础上通过改进fal函数,提出了一种运动学与动力学内外嵌套的改进型自抗扰策略.改进型扩张状态观测器来实时观测并补偿不确定干扰因素,从而实现清洁机器人高精度跟踪作业目标路径.通过多种目标路径的跟踪仿真实验,最终都表现出了较好的跟踪结果.证明了本文所设计的基于改进型自抗扰控制的光伏阵列清洁机器人路径跟踪控制算法的优越性与有效性,提高了光伏阵列清洁机器人的清洁作业路径跟踪精度.     

比例阀控电液系统抗扰换向滞后补偿反步控制

针对比例阀存在换向滞后,电液系统受到的外部干扰,液压油弹性模量随渗入的空气变化、未建模动态,这些因素增加了设计电液位置控制器的难度,本文使用线性扩张状态观测器(LESO)对比例阀控电液系统的内部扰动、外部扰动、未建模动态进行估计,将虚拟控制量的非线性函数纳入抗扰反步控制器设计,实现比例阀控电液系统换向滞后补偿.分析了闭环系统的稳定性,证明当扰动导数有界时,观测误差和跟踪误差都有界,调整控制器增益与非线性项参数可使跟踪误差收敛到原点附近,仿真和实验表明,本文设计的控制器能显著缩短比例阀换向滞后、提高电液位置控制系统的跟踪速度、精度与抗扰能力.     

不确定遥操作系统带干扰观测器的自适应控制

遥操作系统受到不同类型的不确定性因素影响, 这些不确定性会降低系统的透明性, 甚至会使得系统不稳定. 本文提出了一种带干扰观测器的自适应控制器(adaptive controller with disturbance observer, ACWDO) 用来处理遥操作系统中同时受到的外部干扰和内部动力学参数不确定性. 首先建立了受外部干扰的遥操作系统的非线性动力学模型; 然后分别对主机器人和从机器人设计非线性干扰观测器用来对外部干扰进行估计和补偿; 之后在干扰观测器基础之上分别对主机器人和从机器人设计自适应控制器用来处理内部不确定的动力学参数; 最后再将所设计的ACWDO融入到四通道遥操作系统结构中. 理论分析和仿真结果表明, 所设计的控制器可以取得良好的位置跟踪和力跟踪效果, 确保了遥操作系统的透明性.     

一类严格反馈系统变比例增益精确微分补偿控制

针对包含不确定函数和未知外部扰动的一类严格反馈型非线性系统,提出基于精确扰动观测器的变比例增益自适应模糊控制器.系统中的未知不确定函数由模糊逻辑系统在线逼近,同时将模糊逻辑系统的逼近误差和未知外部扰动定义为总扰动,利用精确扰动观测器进行精确微分补偿控制. 将非线性函数应用于设计可调节的输出反馈增益,有效消除系统的稳态误差,使得系统跟踪误差可以控制在零的任意小邻域内.最后,通过Lyapunov定理证明闭环系统中所有信号均是有界的.数值仿真表明了所提出方案的有效性.     

基于扩张状态观测器的UCAV自适应滑模控制

针对固定翼UCAV（Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle）系统中存在的不确定性和外部扰动，设计了一种基于扩张状态观测器的自适应超扭曲滑模控制器用来抑制系统扰动，从而提高对于UCAV的控制性能。建立固定翼UCAV的六自由度非线性模型，针对姿态控制和速度控制分别设计扩张状态观测器对模型中难以精确测量的状态量和外部扰动进行估计，依据奇异摄动原理分别对姿态和速度设计自适应超扭曲滑模控制器，实现对UCAV的姿态和速度的跟踪控制。采用某型固定翼UCAV非线性模型对所设计的控制器进行仿真验证，并且与传统的自抗扰滑模控制方法进行了对比，仿真结果表明，基于扩张状态观测器的自适应超扭曲滑模控制器具有更小的超调量和稳态误差。     

Robust Tracking Control for Self-balancing Mobile Robots Using Disturbance Observer

In this paper, a robust tracking control scheme based on nonlinear disturbance observer is developed for the self-balancing mobile robot with external unknown disturbances. A desired velocity control law is firstly designed using the Lyapunov analysis method and the arctan function. To improve the tracking control performance, a nonlinear disturbance observer is developed to estimate the unknown disturbance of the self-balancing mobile robot. Using the output of the designed disturbance observer, the robust tracking control scheme is presented employing the sliding mode method for the selfbalancing mobile robot. Numerical simulation results further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed robust tracking control scheme for the self-balancing mobile robot subject to external unknown disturbances.      

基于线性自抗扰的开关磁阻电机调速控制研究

开关磁阻电机调速系统是复杂的非线性时变系统,负载扰动大,变量之间耦合严重,针对上述系统的性能特点提出采用线性自抗扰控制策略对系统进行控制的方法。首先为克服负载扰动变化,电机磁链呈非线性以及电流、位置等参数耦合的内外部干扰问题,设计扩张状态观测器对系统内扰和外扰进行准确估计并实时补偿。然后设计PD（比例-微分）控制器抑制系统给定与扩张状态观测器反馈的观测对象状态变量之间的跟踪误差。最后在仿真平台上对设计的控制系统进行试验并与传统PID控制方案进行对比,结果显示,对于给定的阶跃信号线性自抗扰控制器只需0.09s即可达到稳态且无超调,而PID控制器需要3s才能实现稳定跟踪。因此相比于传统PID控制,线性自抗扰控制器拥有更优的动静态性能,并且系统在外部负载扰动和内部模型参数变化的情况下也有良好的控制效果,表现出了很好的鲁棒特性。     

基于非线性块反步控制的无人直升机航迹跟踪算法研究

针对小型无人直升机系统高度非线性、强耦合和易受内外部扰动干扰的特点,提出了一种非线性块反步控制与广义比例积分观测器相结合的控制策略。该方法采用广义比例积分观测器构建多阶观测回路对系统状态量、扰动量及扰动量的多阶导数进行估计,然后将扰动的估计值代入到直升机系统模型中,采用反步法回归递推得到直升机的跟踪飞行控制律。通过对阶跃信号和复杂“8”字形航迹的航迹跟踪仿真,结果表明：在多种内外部扰动影响下,所设计的控制律具有良好的动态响应和航迹跟踪性能以及抗干扰能力。相较于常规非线性扰动观测器,广义比例积分观测器对高阶和快速时变扰动具有更高的预估精度,可以达到更好的扰动抑制效果。     

Experimental Study on Advanced Underwater Robot Control

The control issue of underwater robots is very challenging due to the nonlinearity, time variance, unpredictable external disturbances, such as the sea current fluctuation, and the difficulty in accurately modeling the hydrodynamic effect. Conventional linear controllers may fail in satisfying performance requirements, especially when changes in the system and environment occur during the operation since it is almost impossible to manually retune the control parameters in water. Therefore, it is highly desirable to have an underwater robot controller capable of self-adjusting control parameters when the overall performance degrades. This paper presents the theory and experimental work of the adaptive plus disturbance observer (ADOB) controller for underwater robots, which is robust with respect to external disturbance and uncertainties in the system. This control scheme consists of disturbance observer (DOB) as the inner-loop controller and a nonregressor based adaptive controller as the outer-loop controller. The effectiveness of the ADOB was experimentally investigated by implementing three controllers: PID, PID plus DOB, and ADOB on an autonomous underwater robot, ODIN III.     

Results on the Robust Observer-based Position Controller for Parallel Kinematic Machines

The problem of state observation and position control by output feedback for a nonlinear three degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel kinematic machine (PKM) system is considered, based on the limited signal availability (only the moving platform displacement measurements are assumed available). Unknown velocity signals are estimated via a nonlinear robust observer that is designed for the nonlinear system with observable linear dynamics part and bounded nonlinearities and disturbances, and that guarantees global exponential stability of the observation error. A proportional-derivative (PD) controller is designed to solve the position control problem, utilizing the estimated velocity, as well as the gravitation compensation, dynamic friction and external disturbance compensation for the PKM. The closed-loop system is proven to have global asymptotical stability according to the Lyapunov analysis method and LaSalle’s invariance principle. Performance of the resulting observer and controller is illustrated in a simulation study of a 3-DOF PKM. Modifications to the nonlinear observer and control law are discussed, that assure convergence of the position error and state observation error to zero when the upper bounds on the model uncertainties/disturbances are not known a priori.     

Nonsingular terminal sliding mode based finite-time control for spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper studies finite-time attitude tracking control problem of a rigid spacecraft system with external disturbances and inertia uncertainties. Firstly, a new finite-time attitude tracking control law is designed using nonsingular terminal sliding mode concepts. In the absence and presence of external disturbances and inertia uncertainties, this controller can drive the attitude and angular velocity tracking errors to reach zero in finite time. Secondly, a finite-time disturbance observer is introduced to estimate the disturbance, and a composite controller is developed which consists of a feedback control based on nonsingular terminal sliding mode method and compensation term based on finite-time disturbance observer. Finite-time convergence of attitude tracking errors and the stability of the closed-loop system is ensured by the Lyapunov approach. Numerical simulations on attitude control of spacecraft are also given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controllers.     

基于非线性干扰观测器的变几何进气道飞行器自适应模糊控制

可移动唇罩式变几何进气道高超声速飞行器是指飞行器发动机前端设有一个能沿着来流方向前后平移的唇罩,从而能够实现飞行器的最大气流捕获,以提高发动机的机动性能.针对变几何进气道飞行器强非线性以及存在参数不确定性等特点,提出一种基于非线性干扰观测器的自适应模糊控制策略.首先,基于反步思想将变几何进气道飞行器模型分解为速度子系统和高度子系统,并将其转化为严反馈形式控制系统;其次,利用模糊逻辑系统并结合自适应技术在线逼近模型参数不确定项;再次,采用非线性干扰观测器补偿模糊系统逼近误差和飞行器建模误差;最后,通过仿真结果表明所设计的控制器能对飞行器速度和高度参考指令实现准确、稳定地跟踪,并验证了变几何进气道飞行器的优势.     

Composite Hierarchical Anti-Disturbance Control of a Quadrotor UAV in the Presence of Matched and Mismatched Disturbances

Quadrotor helicopter is an unstable system subject to matched and mismatched disturbances. To stabilize the quadrotor dynamics in the presence of these disturbances, the application of a composite hierarchical anti-disturbance controller, combining a sliding mode controller and a disturbance observer, is presented in this paper. The disturbance observer is used to attenuate the effect of constant and slow time-varying disturbances. Whereas, the sliding mode controller is used to attenuate the effect of fast time-varying disturbances. In addition, sliding mode control attenuates the effect of the disturbance observer estimation errors of the constant and slow time-varying disturbances. In this approach, the upper bounds of the disturbance observer estimation errors are required instead of the disturbances’ upper bounds. The disturbance observer estimation errors are found to be bounded when the disturbance observer dynamics are asymptotically stable and the disturbance derivatives and initial disturbances are bounded. Moreover, due to the highly nonlinear nature of the quadrotor dynamics, the upper bounds of a part of the quadrotor states and disturbance estimates are required. The nonlinear terms in the rotational dynamics are considered as disturbances, part of which is mismatched. This assumption simplifies the control system design by dividing the quadrotor’s model into a position subsystem and a heading subsystem, and designing a controller for each separately. The stability analysis of the closed loop system is carried out using Lyapunov stability arguments. The effectiveness of the developed control scheme is demonstrated in simulations by applying different sources of disturbances such as wind gusts and partial actuator failure.     

Approximation-based disturbance observer approach for adaptive tracking of uncertain pure-feedback nonlinear systems with unmatched disturbances

This paper presents an approximation-based nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) methodology for adaptive tracking of uncertain pure-feedback nonlinear systems with unmatched external disturbances. Compared with existing control results using NDO for nonlinear systems in lower-triangular form, the major contribution of this study is to develop an NDO-based control framework in the presence of non-affine nonlinearities and disturbances unmatched in the control input. An approximation-based NDO scheme is designed to attenuate the effect of compounded disturbance terms consisting of external disturbances, approximation errors and control coefficient nonlinearities. The function approximation technique using neural networks is employed to estimate the unknown nonlinearities derived from the recursive design procedure. Based on the designed NDO scheme, an adaptive dynamic surface control system is constructed to ensure that all signals of the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded and the tracking error converges to a neighbourhood of the origin. Simulation examples including a mechanical system are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical result.